Upgrade to remove ads
Only $35.99/year

Chapter 10- Emotional Development

Terms in this set (79)

Neural and physiological responses to the environment, subjective feelings, cognitions related to those feelings, and the desire to take action.
emotions
What is the theory in which emotions are viewed as innate, and each emotion has a specific and distinctive set of bodily and facial reactions?
discrete emotions theory
________________ argues that neurological and biological systems have evolved to allow humans, from infancy, to experience and then express a set of basic emotions through adaptation to our surroundings. (Charles Darwin)
discrete emotions theory
What is the theory that argues that the basic function of emotions is to promote action toward achieving a goal?
functionalist perspective
What view on emotion are they not discrete from one another and cary somewhat based on the social environment?
functionalist perspective
According to most researchers, what are the six basic emotions that are universal in all human creatures?
happiness, fear, anger, sadness, surprise, and disgust
What is AFFEX?
A prominent system for coding emotions in infants that links particular facial expressions and facial movements with particular emotions.
The emotion characterized by smiling, either with a closed mouth or with an open upturned mouth; raised cheeks, which in turn make the eyes squint a bit:
Happiness
The emotion characterized by strongly furrowed brow that comes down in the center, almost making an X of the brow muscles; open square-shaped mouth, sometimes baring teeth; flared nostrils.
Anger
The emotion characterized by eyes wide open; eyebrows raised into arches; mouth open in round O shape.
Surprise
The emotion characterized by downturned corners of the mouth, lips pushed together and possibly trembling, slightly furrowed brow.
Sadness
The emotion characterized by eyes wide open; brows raised in the middle, making a triangle shape; corners of mouth pulled back into a grimace, with mouth either open or closed.
Fear
The emotion characterized by nose crinkled and nostrils flared; mouth open wide with lips pulled back and possibly with tongue sticking out
Disgust
Smiles that are directed at people that first emerge around the third month of life.
Social smiles
At what age do initial signs of fear appear in infants?
7 months
Why do infants show fear of strangers?
Because they do not have the ability to escape from potentially dangerous situations on their own and expressions of fear and distress are powerful tools for bringing help and support when they are needed.
The feelings of distress that children, especially infants and toddlers, experience when they are separated, or expect to be separated, from individuals to whom they are emotionally attached.
separation anxiety
_________ is a child's response to a frustrating or threatening situation and is largely an interpersonal experience.
Anger
What is the likely cause of the general decline in children's expression of anger?
Their increasing ability to express themselves with language and to regulate their emotions.
Infants emotional display of ______ involves a cognitive understanding that something is not as it usually is.
Surprise
What is the evolutionary basis of disgust?
It helps humans avoid potential poisons or disease causing bacteria.
Emotions such as guilt, shame, embarrassment, and pride that relate to our sense of self and our consciousness of others' reactions to us.
Self-conscious emotions
When are self-conscious emotions fully developed?
Nearly two years old
What is an example of discontinuous growth of emotional development?
self-conscious emotions; linked to the emergence of a sense of self.
What are the self conscious emotions?
shame, embarrassment, guilt, envy, pride
People may feel ______ associated with a specific behavior they have undertaken, but feelings of ______ are associated with their self-worth.
guilt; shame
At what age can infants distinguish facial expressions of happiness, surprise, and anger?
3 months
The use of a parent's or another adult's facial expression or vocal cues to decide how to deal with novel, ambiguous, or possibly threatening situations.
social referencing
Children's inability to recognize emotions in others has been linked with the development of __________.
mental health problems
What is the ability to cognitively process information about emotions and to use that information to guide both though and behavior?
emotional intelligence
What is false emotion?
Displaying expression for an emotion that you are not actually feeling.
What is a social group's informal norms about when, where, and how much one should show emotions and when and where displays of emotion should be suppressed or masked by displays of other emotions?
display rules
What is the key to successful social interactions?
Displaying context-appropriate emotion and avoiding uncontrolled emotions.
Children as young as ______ years of age can recognize exaggerated and fake emotional display.
1.5
What does the experiment where 4, 6, and 8 year olds try to trick the experimenter with false emotions demonstrate?
Clear evidence that children experience a steep increase in their understanding and implementation of display rules in middle childhood; linked to increases in children's cognitive capacities.
A set of both conscious and unconscious processes used to both monitor and modulate emotional experiences and expressions.
emotion regulation
The process by which a caregiver provides the needed comfort or distraction to help a child reduce his or her distress.
co-regulation
By what age can infants show signs of rudimentary emotion and regulation in aversively arousing or uncertain situations?
5 months
Repetitive actions that regulate arousal by providing a mildly positive physical sensation.
self-comforting behaviors
Looking away from an upsetting stimulus in order to regulate one's level of arousal.
self-distraction
Examples of infants using self-comforting behaviors:
sucking fingers and rubbing hands together
Over the course of the first year of life, infants decrease their use of self-comforting behaviors in stressful situations and increase their use of ___________.
self-distraction
The ability to achieve personal goals in social interactions while simultaneously maintaining positive relationships with others.
social competence
Children who can successfully regulate their emotions tend to..
-be well adjusted and liked by peers and adults
-less likely to be victims of bullying
-do better in school
Parent's _______________ provides children with a model of when and how to _________________.
expression of emotion; express emotion
Conflict or anger in the home correlates positively with
children who develop anger, behavior problems, and deficits in social competence and self-regulation.
The process through which children acquire the values, standards, skills, knowledge, and behaviors that are regarded as appropriate for their present and future roles in their particular culture.
emotion socialization
The use of discussion and other forms of instruction to teach children how to cope with and properly express emotions.
Emotion coaching
Individual differences in emotion, activity level, and attention that are exhibited across contexts and that are present from infancy and thus thought to be genetically based.
Temperament
Alexander Thomas and Stella Chess, pioneers of temperament research, classified infants into three groups:
1. Easy
2. Difficult
3. Slow-to-warm-up
______ babies adjusted readily to new situations, quickly established daily routines such as sleeping and eating, and generally were cheerful in mood and easy to calm. 40%
Easy
________ babies were slow to adjust to new experiences, tended to react negatively and intensely to novel stimuli and events, and were irregular in their daily routines and bodily functions. 10%
Difficult
___________ babies were somewhat difficult at first but became easier over time as they had repeated contact with new objects, people, and situations. 15%
slow-to-warm-up
Mary Rothbart identified these five key dimensions of temperament:
Fear, distress/anger/frustration, attention span, activity level, and smiling/laughter.
T/F: Temperament is considered to be relatively consistent across time and across situations.
True
The degree to which an individual's temperament is compatible with the demands and expectations of his or her social environment
goodness of fit
A circumstance in which the same temperament characteristic that puts some children at high risk for negative outcomes when exposed to a harsh home environment also causes them to blossom when their home environment is positive.
differential susceptibility
A children's sense of well-being both internally, such as in their emotions and stress levels, and externally, such as in their relationships with family members and peers.
mental health
A physiological reaction to some change or threat in the environment.
stress
The experience of overwhelming levels of stress without support from adults to help mitigate the effects of stress.
toxic stress
Traumatic childhood experiences, such as abuse, neglect, violence exposure, or death of a parent, that are linked to mental and physical health problems later in life
adverse childhood experiences (ACEs)
Severe stress brought on by a sudden catastrophic event.
traumatic stress
A state of having problems with emotional reactions to the environment and with social relationships in ways that affect daily life.
mental disorder
The concept that various causes can lead to the same mental disorder.
equifinality
the concept that certain risk factors do not always lead to a mental disorder.
multifinality
A mental disorder that involves a sad or irritable mood along with physical and cognitive changes that interfere with daily life.
depression
The act of focusing on one's own negative emotions and negative self-appraisals and on their causes and consequences, without engaging in efforts to improve one's situation.
rumination
Extensively discussing and self-disclosing emotional problems with another person
co-rumination
A set of mental disorders that involve the inability to regulate fear and worry
anxiety disorders
__________________ are believed to involve overactivation of areas of the brain associated with reaction to threat, including the amygdala and hippocampus brain structures, as well as the sympathetic nervous system
anxiety disorders
Most common anxiety disorder in young children?
separation anxiety disorder
A psychotherapeutic approach known as __________________ has been found to be very effective in treating both depression and anxiety in children.
cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)
What percent of children and adolescents around the world experience depression?
3%
What percent of children and adolescents around the world experience anxiety?
7%
Summarize the findings by Mischel and his colleagues from their famous marshmallow test.
The ability to exhibit self-control early in life can predict success later in life.
Tom is walking down the street and suddenly encounters a dog that is crouched and growling. Tom begins to perspire, his breathing quickens, and his heart rate increases. This reaction is an example of which component of emotion?
physiological factors
How do self-conscious emotions differ from the set of basic emotions discussed in this chapter?
Self-conscious emotions develop after the child has acquired a sense of himself as separate from others.
Twin studies conducted by Lemery-Chalfant and colleagues have led to this important conclusion regarding temperament?
Genes and environment play equal roles in determining temperament.
What are the two components of mental health?
Internal well-being and external relationships
Students also viewed