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BIOL 1010 Test 3 Unit 4

Terms in this set (58)

sexual reproduction
the production of offspring from a two (or more) parent organisms by the fusion of parental gametes
asexual reproduction
the production of offspring from a single parent organism without the fusion of gametes
binary fission (asexual reproduction)
production of offspring via duplication of genetic material and cell division
budding (asexual reproduction)
development of offspring via cell division (and larval growth) at some generative anatomical point in the parent organism
fragmentation (asexual reproduction)
development of offspring via organismal division at some regenerative anatomical point in the parent organism
parthenogenesis (asexual reproduction)
development of offspring via development on an unfertilized egg
gametes
haploid cells produced by the process of meiosis (female: ovum, egg) (male: sperm)
sexual reproduction
for metazoans involves the union of an ovum (n) and sperm (n) to form a zygote (2n)
hermaphroditism
male and female reproductive organs (capable of producing gametes) are present in the same individual
sequential hermaphroditism
sex changes at some point in the life of an organism
external fertilization
the fusion of gametes outside of the body
internal fertilization
the fusion of gametes inside of the body
types internal fertilization
oviparity, ovoviviparity, viviparity
oviparity
fertilized eggs are laid outside the female body; embryo receives nutrients from yolk
ovoviviparity
fertilized eggs are retained in the female; embryo obtains its nourishment from the yolk
viviparity
embryo develop within the female, receiving nourishment from the mother's blood through a placenta
testis
site of sperm production
scrotum
protection
epididymis
collection of sperm from testes
vas deferens
passage of sperm from testes to urethra
seminal vesicle (and prostate)
production seminal fluid (semen)
urethra
passage and exit of sperm (also urine)
penis
organ for delivery of sperm (and for urine waste) arousal
ovary
site of oocyte production
oviduct (Fallopian tube)
passage of egg from ovary
uterus
site of implantation of fertilized egg and fetal development
vagina
passage of endometrium (menstruation), fetus (birth canal), receive and store sperm
vulva
protection; arousal
genitals
are external reproductive organs
penis and clitoris
develop from same fetal tissue, erogenous tissue
glans
erogenous tissue
muscular body
erect during arousal
prepuce
external covering of penis/clitoris
arousal
prepares reproductive organs for action (in humans, purely for pleasure)
reproductive endocrinology
- gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) is released by hypothalamus
• GnRH stimulates luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) release by anterior pituitary
• LH and FSH stimulate release of 'sex hormones' (testosterone, estradiol, progesterone) by testes and ovaries
• sex hormones have negative feedback on hypothalamus and anterior pituitary
spermatogenesis
commences at puberty and occurs throughout the life of a male
stem cells (2n)
in testes undergo mitosis to form spermatogonia
spermatogonia (2n)
undergo mitosis to form spermatocytes
spermatocytes (2n)
undergo meiosis to form spermatids
spermatids (n)
develop into motile sperm
male reproductive endocrinology
- Hypothalamus releases GnRH, anterior pituitary releases LH and FSH
- Testosterone produced by testes provides negative feedback to hypothalamus and anterior pituitary
oogenesis
begins in embryonic development, pauses, then continues once oocyte at a time every 21-35 days
1. oogonia (2n)
are produced in embryonic ovary, undergo mitosis to form primary oocytes
2. primary oocytes (2n)
remain dormant within ovarian follicle until puberty, arrested at the prophase of meiosis I
3. primary oocyte (2n)
completes meiosis I, resulting in a first polar body (will undergo apoptosis) and a secondary oocyte
4. secondary oocyte (n)
begins meiosis II but arrests at metaphase
5. ovulation
is when the secondary oocyte exits the ovarian follicle
6. sperm enters secondary oocyte
then completes meiosis II, resulting in a second polar body and a mature egg
7. fertilization
occurs when sperm nucleus is deposited into mature egg (2n)
8. Corpus luteum
formed by the ruptured follicle secretes hormones to maintain endometrium (uterine lining)
menstrual cycle
continual process of ovulation and menstruation
implantation
blastocysts implant to uterine wall and begins to establish the placenta and begin gastrulation
after implantation
human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is released from placenta to stop menstruation
follicular phase
-LH and FSH promote follicular growth (oocyte production)
-LH and FSH cause ovary to produce estradiol
ovulatory phase
• surge in LH and FSH stimulates ovulation
luteal phase
-Corpus luteum produces progesterone, preventing endometrial shedding
-eventually, this signal disappears (menses)
pregnancy
Placenta secretes hCG to take over endometrial control from corpus luteum
placenta
and organ of the fetus that forms in the uterine wall to support the developing fetus
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