BIOL 260 HW CH 18-23 Skyline/Summer 21'/Dr.Aq....o

CH# 18
What are the components of the blood?
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CH# 18
What are the components of the blood?
both plasma and formed elements
If a person is suspected in having a malarial infection, which of the following will be elevated?
eosinophils
A person was diagnosed with thrombocytopenia due to the new medication that was prescribed. Which of the following would you watch out for on this individual?
excessive bleeding
Which of the following blood type is considered a universal recipient?
AB+
What is the blood type of this individual whose result is shown by the figure?
A+
Image: What is the blood type of this individual whose result is shown by the figure?
CH#19
Which of the following best gives you the equation for cardiac output?
CO = HR X SV
Which of the following best give you the equation for stroke volume?
SV = EDV - ESV
Which of the following type of agents will lead to increase in heart rate?
Positive chronotropic agents
Which of the following wave represents atrial depolarization?
P wave
What are the factors that affect the stroke volume?
Contractility
Correct! Preload
Correct! Afterload
CH#20 What are the sources of resistance to blood flow?Vessel length, diameter and blood viscosityWhere is the pressure the greatest in systemic BP?AortaThe pressure that propels the blood to the tissues is expressed in which of the following equations?MAP = DP + 1/3 PPWhat are the factors that aides in venous return?Respiratory Pump Muscular PumpWhich of the following hormones are involved in short term mechanism control of the blood pressure. (Select all that apply)Vasopressin Angiotensinogen Anti-Diuretic Hormone Angiotensin II ANPCH#21 Digested fats are absorbed from the intestine by the lymph capillaries.TrueThere are more efferent lymphatic vessels leaving a lymph node than there are afferent vessels entering a lymph node.FalseThe thymus is most active during ________.ChildhoodAntibodies that act against a particular foreign substance are released by ________.plasma cellsWhich cells become immunocompetent due to thymic hormones?lymphocytesCH #22 Changes in arterial pH can modify respiration rate and rhythm even when carbon dioxide and oxygen levels are normal.TrueDuring normal quiet breathing, approximately 750 ml of air moves into and out of the lungs with each breath.FalseThe loudness of a person's voice depends on the ________.Force with which air rushes across the vocal foldsIntrapulmonary pressure is the ________.pressure within the alveoli of the lungsSurfactant helps to prevent the alveoli from collapsing by ________.interfering with the cohesiveness of water molecules, thereby reducing the surface tension of alveolar fluidCH #23 Process by which simpler chemical units pass through the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract into the blood or lymph.AbsorptionIncreases HCl secretion and stimulates contraction of intestinal muscle.GastrinPepsinogen is the precursor to the gastric enzyme for protein digestion and is secreted by the parietal cells.FalseThe absorptive effectiveness of the small intestine is enhanced by increasing the surface area of the mucosal lining. Which of the following accomplish this task?plicae circulares, villi, and microvilliGastrin, histamine, endorphins, serotonin, cholecystokinin, and somatostatin are hormones or paracrine that are released directly into the lamina propria. Which of the following cell types synthesize and secrete these products?enteroendocrine cellsThe macula densa cells are chemoreceptors that respond to changes in the urea content of the filtrate.FalseWhich of the following does not describe the juxtaglomerular complex?Its macula densa cells produce aldosterone.Which of the following is not a part of the juxtaglomerular complex?podocyte cellsWhat is the most direct function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?help regulate blood pressure and the rate of blood filtration by the kidneysThe chief force pushing water and solutes out of the blood across the filtration membrane is ________.glomerular hydrostatic pressure (glomerular blood pressure)The filtration membrane includes all except ________.renal fasciaGiven the following values, compute for the net filtration pressure. Glomerular hydrostatic pressure = 55 mm Hg Glomerular osmotic pressure = 30 mm Hg Capsular hydrostatic pressure = 15 mm Hg10 mm HgThe _____ is the general tendency of vascular smooth muscle to contract when stretched. This will help maintain the normal GFR.myogenic mechanismAngiotensin II is a substance made by the body to lower blood pressure during stress.FALSEWhich of the choices below are the most important hormone regulators of electrolyte reabsorption and secretion?angiotensin II and aldosteroneSite at which most of the tubular reabsorption occurs?Proximal convoluted tubulesWhich of the choices below is a function of the nephron loop?form a large volume of very dilute urine or a small volume of very concentrated urineExcretion of dilute urine requires ________.impermeability of the collecting tubule to waterWhat would happen if the capsular hydrostatic pressure were increased above normal?Net filtration would decrease.Which of the following process by the kidneys will eliminates undesirable substances that have been passively reabsorbed, such as, urea and uric acid?Tubular secretionWhich of the following acts as the trigger for the initiation of micturition (voiding)?the stretching of the bladder wallIf one says that the clearance value of glucose is zero, what does this mean?Normally all the glucose is reabsorbed.A condition due to excessive water intake that results in net osmosis into tissue cells. This leads to severe metabolic disturbances.HyponatremiaThe term hypotonic hydration refers to ________.a condition that may result from renal insufficiency or drinking extraordinary amounts of waterA falling blood pH and a rising partial pressure of carbon dioxide due to pneumonia or emphysema indicates ________.respiratory acidosisAnnie has just eaten a large order of heavily salted French fries, some pickled eggs, and some cheese. How will consuming this much salt affect her physiology?There will be a temporary increase in blood volume.Select the correct statement about renal mechanism of acid-base balance.Renal regulation of acid-base balance depends on secretion of H+.Water imbalance, in which output exceeds intake, causing an imbalance in body fluids, is termed dehydration.TrueUse the following ABG Normal Values for the following question. HCO3- = 22 to 26 mEq/L PaCO2 = 35 to 45 mm Hg PaO2 = 80 to 100 mmHg SaO2 = 95% to 100% Clinical Case Problem: A 72-year-old Male with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) A 72-year-old Male with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is seen in the emergency room. Over the past 2 days he has experienced a worsening cough with yellow-brown sputum production and fever to 101 °F. On examination, his respiratory rate is 26/min using accessory muscles. His acid/base gas (ABG) values on room air are pH, 7.24; PaO2, 54 mmHg; SaO2, 88%; PaCO2, 60 mm Hg; and HCO3-, 26 mEq/L. Which process is disturbing the acid-base balance?respiratory acidosisUse the following ABG Normal Values for the following question. HCO3- = 22 to 26 mEq/L PaCO2 = 35 to 45 mm Hg PaO2 = 80 to 100 mmHg SaO2 = 95% to 100% Clinical Problem Case: A 22-year-old Female Who is Dizzy and Has Tingling Around Her Mouth and Fingertips A 22-year-old female comes into the emergency room with dizziness and tingling around her mouth and fingertips. Her BP is 140/70, pulse is 110 beats/min, RR is 30, and temperature is 98.6 °F. Her ABG values on room air are pH, 7.52; PaO2, 90 mm Hg; SaO2, 97%; PaCO2, 25 mmHg; and HCO3-, 22 mEq/L. Which process is disturbing the acid-base balance?respiratory alkalosisUse the following ABG Normal Values for the following question. HCO3- = 22 to 26 mEq/L PaCO2 = 35 to 45 mm Hg PaO2 = 80 to 100 mmHg SaO2 = 95% to 100% Clinical Case Problem: A 28-year-old Pregnant Female with Persistent Vomiting A 28-year-old female in the first trimester of pregnancy come into the emergency room with several days of morning sickness with persistent vomiting. She is now lethargic. Her BP is 90/60, P is 120, RR is 16, and temperature is 99.0 °F. Her ABG values on room air are pH, 7.50; PaO2, 80 mmHg; SaO2, 94%; PaCO2, 49 mm Hg; and HCO3-, 38 mEq/L. Which process is disturbing the acid-base balance?metabolic alkalosis with respiratory compensationUse the following ABG Normal Values for the following question. HCO3- = 22 to 26 mEq/L PaCO2 = 35 to 45 mm Hg PaO2 = 80 to 100 mmHg SaO2 = 95% to 100% Clinical Case Problem: A 60-year-old Male Resuscitated in the Cardiac Care Unit A 60-year-old male, admitted to the Cardiac Care Unit for chest pain, suddenly becomes unresponsive in cardiac arrest. He is resuscitated after a 20-minute code. His ABG values on 100% O2 are pH, 7.28; PaO2, 211; SaO2, 100%; PaCO2, 35; and HCO3-, 14 mEq/L. Which process is disturbing the acid-base balance?metabolic acidosisUse the following ABG Normal Values for the following question. HCO3- = 22 to 26 mEq/L PaCO2 = 35 to 45 mm Hg PaO2 = 80 to 100 mmHg SaO2 = 95% to 100% Clinical Case Problem: A 60-year-old Male Resuscitated in the Cardiac Care Unit A 60-year-old male, admitted to the Cardiac Care Unit for chest pain, suddenly becomes unresponsive in cardiac arrest. He is resuscitated after a 20-minute code. His ABG values on 100% O2 are pH, 7.28; PaO2, 211; SaO2, 100%; PaCO2, 35; and HCO3-, 14 mEq/L. Which of the following organ will compensate for the disturbance of the patients' acid-base balance?lungsUse the following ABG Normal Values for the following question. HCO3- = 22 to 26 mEq/L PaCO2 = 35 to 45 mm Hg PaO2 = 80 to 100 mmHg SaO2 = 95% to 100% Clinical Case Problem: A 72-year-old Male with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) A 72-year-old Male with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is seen in the emergency room. Over the past 2 days he has experienced a worsening cough with yellow-brown sputum production and fever to 101 °F. On examination, his respiratory rate is 26/min using accessory muscles. His acid/base gas (ABG) values on room air are pH, 7.24; PaO2, 54 mmHg; SaO2, 88%; PaCO2, 60 mm Hg; and HCO3-, 26 mEq/L. Which of the following organ will compensate for the disturbance of the patients' acid-base balance?KidneyRespiratory acidosis can occur when ________.a person's breathing is shallow due to obstructionWhich of the following describes the distribution of sodium and potassium between cells and body fluids?K+ mainly in the cells, Na+ in the body fluidsWhich of the following is not a chemical buffer system?nucleic acidWhich of the following hormones is important in stimulating water conservation in the kidneys?antidiuretic hormoneOne of the major physiological factors that triggers thirst is ________.a rise in plasma osmolalityIt is necessary for the testes to be kept below body temperature for abundant, viable sperm formation.TRUEA human egg or sperm contains 23 pairs of chromosomes.FALSEWhich of the following glands are responsible for 70% of the synthesis of semen?the seminal vesiclesSelect the correct statement about male sexual response.Erection is the result of vascular spaces in the erectile tissues filling with blood.Normally menstruation occurs when ________.blood levels of estrogen and progesterone decreaseWhy doesn't semen enter the urinary bladder during ejaculation?The smooth muscle sphincter at the base of the urinary bladder closes.Organism responsible for up to half of the diagnosed cases of pelvic inflammatory disease.ChlamydiaHow do the testes respond to exposure to excessive body warmth?They move away from the pelvic cavity.During the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle ________.progesterone levels are at their highestA boy who has not passed through puberty sustains an injury to his anterior pituitary such that FSH is no longer released, but LH is normal. After he grows to maturity, one would expect that he would ________.be unable to produce viable spermErection of the penis results from ________.a parasympathetic reflexWhich is not a part of the proliferative phase of the female menstrual cycle?corpus luteumWhich of the following will occur after ovulation?The endometrium enters its secretory phase.Which hormone is absolutely necessary for ovulation to occur?LHSelect the correct statement about testosterone control.GnRH from the hypothalamus causes FSH and LH release from the anterior pituitary.Treponema pallidum causes the sexually transmitted disease called ________.syphilisA follicle with two or more layers of granulosa cells plus oocyte is in what stage of development?secondary follicle **An STI that is caused by HHV type 2 and has a characteristic of latent periods and flare-ups will likely be treated with _____.acyclovirWhat structure in the male is responsible for the production of mucus that will lubricate the glans penis as well as neutralizing the traces of acidic urine in the urethra?Cowper's glandsWhich of the following imaging techniques would be best to use to study the growth and development of a fetus?UltrasonographyProduces antibodies that attach to foreign substances.ImmuneAlthough a man who weighs 175 pounds on Earth would be lighter on the moon and heavier on Jupiter, his ________ would not be different.MassChromosomal centromeres split and chromosomes migrate to opposite ends of the cell.AnaphaseNumerous nerve impulses arriving at a synapse at closely timed intervals exert a cumulative effect.Temporal summationWhich of the following will occur when an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) is being generated on the dendritic membrane?A single type of channel will open, permitting simultaneous flow of sodium and potassium.The area of the cortex that is responsible for sensations of the full bladder and the feeling that your lungs will burst when you hold your breath too long is the ________.visceral sensory areaStriking the "funny bone" (ulnar nerve) may cause injury to a nerve of this plexus.Brachial plexusA condition often leading to blindness due to increased intraocular pressure.GlaucomaThe receptor membranes of gustatory cells are ________.gustatory hairsSympathetic division stimulation causes ________.increased blood glucose, decreased GI peristalsis, and increased heart rate and blood pressureOnce a sympathetic preganglionic axon reaches a trunk ganglion, it can do all but which one of the following?synapse with a parasympathetic neuron in the same trunk ganglionThe size and shape of a pea; produces hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands.HypophysisA man has been told that he is not synthesizing enough follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and for this reason he may be unable to father a child. Choose the correct statement to explain this problem.FSH stimulates sperm production in the testes.Have very fast-acting myosin ATPases and depend upon anaerobic metabolism during contraction.Fast (oxidative or glycolytic), fatigable fibersImmediately following the arrival of the stimulus at a skeletal muscle cell there is a short period called the ________ period during which the neurotransmitter is released by exocytosis, diffuses across the synaptic cleft, and binds to its receptors.latentMATCHING: Match the following with their function. Choices are used once or not-at-all. NEPHRON PICTURESite of filtrate formation. C Blood supply that directly receives substances from the tubular cells. D Site that drains the distal convoluted tubule. B Site where it is only permeable to solute. EMATCHING: Match the following with its correct function/description. Choices are used once or not-at-all. A) Aldosterone B) Hyponatremia C) Addison's disease D) Edema E) HypoproteinemiaD- An atypical accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space. E- A condition of unusually low levels of plasma proteins resulting in tissue edema. A- Regulates sodium ion concentrations in the extracellular fluid.Choose the correctly paired endocrine function of the kidneys. (Select all that apply)renin:regulation of blood pressure erythropoietin: regulation of RBC production renin: regulation of kidney functionThe effects of angiotensin II is to ________. (Select all that apply)constrict arterioles and increase blood pressure Stimulates the reabsorption of sodium Causes glomerular mesangial cells to contract, decreasing the surface area available for filtrationWhat are the parts of the nephron where reabsorption is hormonally regulated? (Select all that apply)Collecting duct Distal convoluted tubulesWhat are the physical characteristics of normal urine? (Select all that apply)Slightly acidic Slightly aromatic when fresh Clear, pale to deep yellow (due to urochrome)What are the three major renal processes of urine formation? (Select all that apply)tubular reabsorption tubular secretion glomerular filtrationWhich of the following are disorders of water balance? (Select all that apply)edema or tissue swelling, which is usually due to an increased capillary hydrostatic pressure hypotonic hydration, in which sodium content is normal but water content is high excess water in interstitial spaces due to a low level of plasma proteinsWhich of the following organs function as the most important physiological buffer systems? (Select all that apply) liverlungs kidneysWhich of the following are not associated with hyperventilation? (Select all that apply)metabolic acidosis respiratory acidosis increase in carbon dioxide decrease in hydrogen ionsWhich of the following are methods of regulating hydrogen ion concentration in blood? (Select all that apply) Correct Answer renal mechanismrenal mechanism respiratory changes buffer systemsWhen a person is not able to regulate calcium due to kidney failure, this may lead to the following in the individual. (Select all that apply)inhibits neurons and muscle cells, and may cause heart arrhythmias. may cause heart arrhythmias inhibits muscle cellsWhich of the choices below are functions of the vagina? (Select all that apply)serves as the birth canal Receives semen from the penis during sexual intercourse Serves as a passageway for menstrual flowWhich of the following referring to the uterine cycle are true? (Select all that apply)Days 1-5: menstrual phase -Days 6-14: proliferative (preovulatory) phase -Progesterone levels prompt the formation of the cervical mucus plug. -a decrease in the days 15-28: secretory (postovulatory) phase (constant 14-day length) levels of ovarian hormones signal menstruationWhich of the following phases or processes in the monthly reproductive cycle of the female occur simultaneously? (Select all that apply)-corpus luteum degenerates -ovarian hormone (progesterone) levels dropOn day 1 of the 28-day ovarian cycle, the increase in estrogen levels can lead to which of the following? (Select all that apply)- inhibit the release of FSH - inhibit the release of LH -stimulate the synthesis of FSH and LH - stimulate the storage of FSH and LHWhich of the following choices are correctly paired homologous structure between female and male? (Select all that apply)-Greater vestibular gland: Bulbourethral gland -Glans clitoris: glans penisWhat are the factors that affect the stroke volume? (Select all that apply)-Contractility -Afterload -PreloadWhich of the following hormones are involved in short term mechanism control of the blood pressure. (Select all that apply)Anti-Diuretic Hormone Vasopressin ANP Angiotensin II