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Chapter Two

Terms in this set (56)

Systematic Observations
Attempt to exclude preconcieved notions fo the observers that may lead to selective observations, overgeneralizing events of simple accuracy
Empirical Observations
Establishing patterns of variation across time/place in the relationship between variable/interest which provide basis for the observation
Scientific Inquiry
Two froms of logical reasoning representing different stages in knowledge of a topic
Induction
Casual to systematic observations that allow for patterns to provide basis for theorizing
Deduction
Systematic explanation for the observations that link 2+ aspects of social life
Concepts
Represents aspects of social reality by naming groups of observations that share similar features
Theories
May outline underlying motivations or identity how concepts are linked
Hypothesis
Testable STATEMENT indicating 2+ concepts are related
Scope
Conditions to which hypothesis or theory are expected to uphold
Operationalism
Translation that allows movement from the abtract way of theorizing to the concerete level of measurement
Independent Variable
Presumed CAUSE affecting beliefs, feelings or behaviors
Dependent Variable
Presumed EFFECT
Quantitative Research
Collecting & analysis of data (all methods)
Qualitative Research
Use of words and numbers to represernt the data & analysis
Research Methodologies
Archived Method, Experiments
Interviews
Surveys
Observation
Experiments
Exposure of study to participants with specifically designed situation and variables
Random Assignment
Allows every participant to have a chance to be chosen
Spurious
False or fake
Experiments lead to _______ validity
Internal
Demand Characterisitics
The participants feel a need to act a certain way because of the study
Experimenter Effects
Expectations of behaviors unwittingly communnicated by the person running the study
Deception
Providing false information or withholding information with the goal of leading study participants to believe something is true when its not
Debriefing
Post-experimental explanation of a study
Internal Validity
Extent to which findings regarding a casual relationship are likely exist and be valid
Reliability
Exists when a study's results are able to be replicated
Field Experiments
experiments that want to control multiple variables in natural settings
Ecological Validity
Study findings apply to behavior in everyday, natural settings
Survery Approach
Assess patterns within a large population for a certain reason or issue
Random Sampling
Involves a group with the interest of the study within the population being looked at
Stratified Random Sampling
Random sampling within a category of the population
convience sampling
selected purely on availability
ex) College Sophmore Problem
Snowball Sampling
Relies on refferals of participants who have characteristisc being looked into during the study but those characteristics are uncommon
External Validity
extent to which researchers can generalize and apply the findings to the real world population
Survey Instrument
Researchers measure the IV and DV
Likert Scaled Responses
used to measure attitude or perceptions using written statements and rating on a scale
ex) How likely are you to... on a scale of 1-10
Composite Scale
Combination of Likert scales
Nominal Measures
variables having distinct categories associated with them
Ordinal Measures
more or less of a particular variable
Interval Measures
the actual distance between variables is meaningful since it relies on a standard interval between responses
Structured Interview
All interviewees are asked the same open-ended questions
Semi-Structured
Most questions are asked to the participants but additional questions may be asked
Narratives
General questions that allow the respondent to tell a story
Structured Observations
Involve a nonparticipant observer who's goal is to ensure the behavior
Intra-observer reliability
observers are assessed to make sure their coding is consistent over time
Inter-observer reliability
include 2+ observers at one time to minimize bias and add consistency
Field Research
participant observers
field notes
less structured detailing activities, conversations, responses to informal questions, and overall processes
Ethnography
written account organizing the observations and interpretations (attempt to reveal the meanings attributed to behavior)
Informants
individuals occupying particular positions to provide background information and help organizing the data gathered and understanding the findings
Reactivity
researchers must be aware of how their presence may affect the behavior of the people and the interactions being studied
Triangulation
qualitative researchers cross-check findings with multiple sources of data
Archived Methods
various strategies of analyzing existing information, including documents, texts, pictures or videos, songs, websites, or statistics, collected or produced by others and often for purposes other than research
analysis of existing statistics
gathered from routine data collected
Ecological fallacy
inferences about individual behaviors from aggregated data
Confederates
research assistants instructed to act in a particular way by the experimenter but unknown to participants raises the concerns with deception
Shared Meaning
when a symbol has the same effect for everyone
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