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Final Review: All Vocabulary Words!

Terms in this set (85)

Hormone
molecule that carries messages through the blood to regulate cellular functions
Gland
organ that produces and releases molecules such as hormones
Receptor
protein on the cell membrane that fits with another molecule, such as a hormone
Endocrine system
system of organs that secrete hormones to carry messages through the blood
Cell membrane
outer layer of a cell
Feedback mechanism
series of cause and effect actions
Positive feedback
feedback mechanism that magnifies an effect
Negative feedback
feedback mechanism that causes a return to the original state
Homeostasis
process of maintaining a stable internal environment
Cell
basic unit of life
Organelle
structure that carries out a specific function inside a cell
Molecule
group of atoms bonded together
Tissue
group of similar cells that perform a particular function
Organ
group of tissues that work together to perform closely related functions
Organ System
group of organs that work together to perform a major function
Feedback Mechanism
set of cause and effect actions
Negative Feedback
type of feedback where the effect counteracts the change in order to maintain homeostasis
Positive Feedback
type of feedback where the effect is magnified
Cell Membrane
layer around the cell that controls what comes in and out
Concentration
how close together molecules are
Passive Transport
diffusion across a membrane (from high to low concentration)
Active Transport
movement across a membrane from low to high concentration, which requires energy
Osmosis
Diffusion of water
Phospholipid Bilayer
two layers of phosphorus and lipids that make up the cell membrane
Concentration gradient
a difference concentration across a distance
Equilibrium
when the concentration is the same on both sides of a membrane
Facilitated diffusion
diffusion through a protein channel
Protein
Macromolecule made of amino acid monomers that helps cells function properly
Lipid
Macromolecule made of fatty acid monomers that provides long-term energy
Carbohydrate
Macromolecule made of mono- and di-saccharide monomers that provides short-term energy
Nucleic Acid
Macromolecule made of nucleotide monomers that stores genetic information and sometimes energy
Nucleotide
Monomer of nucleic acids that contains sugar, phosphorus, and nitrogen
Amino Acid
Monomer of protein that contains hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen
Monosaccharide
Single sugar that is shaped like a ring and is a monomer of carbohydrates
Fatty Acid
Monomer of lipids that is made of a long chain of hydrogen and carbon
Disaccharide
Double sugar that is a monomer of carbohydrates and is made of two rings
Polysaccharide
Carbohydrate that is made of many sugars
Macromolecule
Large molecule made of monomers
Monomer
Small molecule that combines to make macromolecules
Pancreas
organ that produces enzymes and hormones
Villi
bumps inside the small intestine that allow more nutrients to be absorbed
Pharynx
organ that is a pathway for food and air
Esophagus
organ that is a pathway for food only
Stomach
organ that digests food using muscle contractions, acid, and enzymes
Small Intestine
organ that absorbs nutrients from food
Large intestine
organ that absorbs water from food
Enzyme
protein that helps with digestion by speeding up reactions
Digestive System
organ system that breaks down food
Mouth
organ where digestion begins, using teeth and enzymes
Respiratory System
organ system that carries out gas exchange
Nose
organ that brings in and filters air
Trachea
organ that carries air from the nose or mouth down the throat
Lungs
organs that provide a space for gas exchange
Alveoli
tiny sacs in the lungs that exchange carbon dioxide for oxygen
Diaphragm
muscular organ under the lungs that pushes air in and out
Cellular respiration
process of using glucose to produce energy
ATP
cellular energy
Diffusion
molecules spreading out from high to low concentration
Larynx
pathway for air that allows for sound/speech
Circulatory System
organ system that moves blood through the body
Heart
organ that pumps blood
Blood Vessel
tube that carries blood
Red Blood Cell
cell in the blood that carries oxygen
Capillary
tiny blood vessel
Artery
blood vessel that transports blood away from the heart
Vein
blood vessel that transports blood toward the heart
Cellular Respiration
process of using glucose to produce energy
Excretory System
organ system that removes waste from the body
Liver
organ that removes toxins from blood that is leaving the digestive system
Gallbladder
organ in the liver that produces bile that carries waste and breaks down fats
Kidney
organ that filters nitrogenous waste from the blood and sends it to the bladder
Bladder
organ that stores waste and extra water from the blood
Rectum
organ at the end of the large intestine that removes solid waste
Lung
organ that provides a space for gas exchange
Skin
largest organ of the body, where extra water and salts are removed
Nervous System
organ system that use electrochemical signals to send messages around the body
Brain
organ that controls the body
Spinal cord
organ that is the main pathway for messages sent to and from the brain
Sensory Neuron
nerve cell that carries messages TOWARD the brain
Motor Neuron
nerve cell that carries messages AWAY FROM the brain
Neurotransmitter
molecule that carries messages from one neuron to another
Central Nervous System (CNS)
brain and spinal cord
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
nerves that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body
Nerve
organ that carries electrochemical signals
Neuron
nerve cell
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