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BIO 203: Module 8

Terms in this set (22)

Cortisol and ________________ are both hormones that bind to receptors found on/in liver cells, and both promote gluconeogenesis and increases in blood glucose concentration.
Glucagon
Match the following characteristics with the appropriate types of hormones

1. lipophobic

2. lipophilic

3. slow response time

4. rapid response time

5. G-protein coupled receptors

6. intracellular receptors

A. peptide

B. steroid
1. A. peptide

2. B. steroid

3. B. steroid

4. A. peptide

5. A. peptide

6. B. steroid
Match the following hormones with their appropriate chemical class

1. modified cholesterol molecules

2. cortisol

3. modified tyrosine molecules

4. epinephrine

5. short chains of amino acids

6. insulin

A. amine

B. peptide

C. steroid
1. C. steroid

2. C. steroid

3. A. amine

4. A. amine

5. B. peptide

6. B. peptide
How will an increase in ACTH production affect CRH levels in the blood?
Decrease CRH
Oxytocin and vasopressin are two peptide hormones that are synthesized and released by the posterior pituitary.
False
As a component of the overall response to stress, epinephrine is released from cells of the adrenal cortex into the interstitial compartment where it acts on neighboring cells.
False
How many mature sperm are derived from a single primary spermatocyte?
4
How many ova are produced from a single primary oocyte?
1
If an XX fetus is exposed to DHT early in development, at birth the child will have a uterus, and the external genitalia may be masculinized.
True
What is the name of the uterine tissue layer that changes in thickness during the menstrual cycle, and into which a fertilized embryo implants at the start of pregnancy?
Endometrium
Match the sex organs with the structures they are derived from

1. ovary

2. testis

3. uterus

4. Fallopian tubes

5. vas deferens

6. seminal vesicle

7. labia majora

8. scrotum

A. Müllerian duct

B. Wolffian duct

C. bipotential external genitalia

D. bipotential gonad
1. D. bipotential gonad

2. D. bipotential gonad

3. A. Müllerian duct

4. A. Müllerian duct

5. B. Wolffian duct

6. B. Wolffian duct

7. C. bipotential external genitalia

8. C. bipotential external genitalia
Match the descriptions with the correct phases of the ovarian cycle

1. progesterone levels are highest during this phase

2. menses occurs during the first part of this phase

3. LH levels peak during, or just before, this phase

4. This phase occurs approximately 14 days before the onset of menstruation

5. GnRH secretion is inhibited by estrogen secreted from the corpus luteum during this phase

6. This phase corresponds to the secretory phase of the uterine cycle

7. A follicle ruptures during this phase

8. The antrum of a follicle grows larger during the end of this phase

A. Follicular phase

B. Luteal phase

C. ovulation
1. B. Luteal phase

2. A. Follicular phase

3. C. ovulation

4. C. ovulation

5. B. Luteal phase

6. B. Luteal phase

7. C. ovulation

8. A. Follicular phase
Which of the following statements about GnRH are true? Choose all of the correct answers.
-Estrogen can increase or decrease the amount of GnRH secretion by the hypothalamus, depending on the amount of estrogen.
-During the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle, estrogen secreted by the corpus luteum provides negative feedback regulation of GnRH secretion
-Testosterone secreted by interstitial cells in the testes provides negative feedback regulation of GnRH secretion.
Which hormone keeps the corpus luteum from disintegrating at the beginning of a pregnancy?
human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
Which hormone is produced by the testes and is responsible for preventing the development of a uterus and fallopian tubes in male fetuses?
anti-Müllerian hormone
Which of the following conditions permits the bipotential gonads to develop into ovaries in a female fetus?
absence of the SRY gene
In most people, plasma cortisol levels are elevated in the morning. Beginning with the release of CRH, list the series of steps that lead to an increase in plasma cortisol levels.

Exocytosis of vesicles that contain CRH -->
Exocytosis of vesicles that contain CRH (hypothalamus) → CRH goes into plasma → portal vessels → CRH exits capillaries and binds to anterior pituitary cells → ACTH is released from ant pit cells → ACTH goes into plasma → ACTH exits capillaries and binds to adrenal cortex cells → Adrenal cortex secretes cortisol → cortisol goes into plasma = increase in plasma cortisol
Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (AIS) occurs in people who have an XY genotype and who lack receptors for androgens.

a) Describe the development of the following anatomical structures in someone with AIS:

-Gonads?
-Internal reproductive organs?
-External genitalia?

b) Would you expect someone with AIS to have an advantage in athletic competition? Why or why not?
a) Y chromosome with SRY gene is present → SRY protein directs the development of testes → Sertoli cells and Leydig cells are present.
Sertoli cells → Anti-Mullerian hormone is produced and released → Mullerian ducts regress (Fallopian tubes and uterus are absent)
Leydig cells produce testosterone → no receptors for androgens → Wolffian ducts regress (no vas deferens, epididymis, or seminal vesicles).
Testosterone is present and is converted to DHT → no receptors for androgens → external genitalia feminized.

b) "This is a topic that you should research on your own"
Which of the following statements is/are correct about the cortisol pathway?

a. Cortisol is secreted by cells in the adrenal medulla

b. Cells of the anterior pituitary gland express cortisol receptors (i.e., glucocorticoid receptors)

c. A decrease in cortisol causes a decrease in ACTH.

d. (a) and (b) are correct; (c) is incorrect

e. (a), (b), and (c) are all correct
b. Cells of the anterior pituitary gland express cortisol receptors (i.e., glucocorticoid receptors)
Which of the following statements is correct about an embryo with an XX genotype that is exposed to DHT early in development?

a. The bipotential gonads will develop into testes

b. The Wolffian duct will develop in this embryo

c. This embryo may have masculinized external genitalia

d. (a) and (b) are correct; (c) is incorrect

e. (a), (b), and (c) are all correct
c. This embryo may have masculinized external genitalia
Which of the following is/are true about the hormonal control of female reproduction

a. High testosterone in a female may prevent ovulation

b. The corpus luteum forms from follicular cells after ovulation

c. Ovulation occurs when estrogen and LH are high

d. (a) and (b) are correct; (c) is incorrect

e. (a), (b), and (c) are all correct
e. (a), (b), and (c) are all correct
Which of the following is/are true about the male reproductive system?

a. Sertoli cells secrete DHT, which stimulates spermatogenesis

b. Leydig cells express cell surface receptors that bind LH

c. Sperm are fully motile and mature when they leave the seminiferous tubules

d. (a) and (b) are correct; (c) is incorrect

e. (a), (b), and (c) are all correct
b. Leydig cells express cell surface receptors that bind LH
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