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Vanders Ch15b, Vanders Ch 16

Terms in this set (190)

1. Gastrointestinal function depends upon each of the following processes except
A. Digestion
B. Filtration
C. Secretion
D. Motility
E. Absorption
B. Filtration
2. The most important function of saliva is to
A. Moisten and lubricate food for swallowing
B. Digest starch
C. Enhance the sense of taste
D. Kill bacteria
E. Humidify the sinuses and pharynx
A. Moisten and lubricate food for swallowing
3. The functions of the stomach include
A. The complete digestion of protein
B. Dissolving all the food that enters it
C. Killing bacteria
D. Storing partially digested food
E. Killing bacteria and storing partially digested food
E. Killing bacteria and storing partially digested food
4. In the small intestine,
A. Acidic chyme is neutralized
B. Mineral ions are actively absorbed
C. Fatty acids are actively absorbed
D. Both acidic chyme is neutralized and mineral ions are actively absorbed occur
E. Both acidic chyme is neutralized and fatty acids are actively absorbed occur
D. Both acidic chyme is neutralized and mineral ions are actively absorbed occur
5. The enzyme that breaks down starch to short chains is secreted by
A. The salivary glands
B. Pancreatic exocrine cells
C. Pancreatic duct cells
D. The salivary glands and pancreatic exocrine cells
E. The salivary glands and pancreatic duct cells
D
6. Which of the following statements regarding digestion and absorption of carbohydrates is
true?
A. Carbohydrate digestion begins in the stomach
B. Lactose intolerance results from amylase insufficiency
C. Digestible polysaccharides are broken down to maltose and then to glucose
D. Sucrose is absorbed by active transport across the intestinal epithelium
E. All of the choices are true
C
7. The source of enzymes that cleave disaccharides into monosaccharides is
A. The pancreas
B. The liver
C. Gastric secretory cells
D. Cells lining the mucosa of the small intestine
E. Salivary glands
D
8. Which of the following molecules crosses the luminal membrane of intestinal cells by
facilitated diffusion?
A. Glucose
B. Lactose
C. Fructose
D. Both glucose and lactose are correct
E. All of the choices are correct
C
9. Which of the following enzymes is most active at an acid pH?
A. Amylase
B. Lipase
C. Trypsin
D. Pepsin
E. All of the choices are correct
D
10. Which of the following statements regarding protein digestion and absorption is true?
A. Only the stomach and exocrine pancreas produce enzymes that digest protein
B. The products of protein digestion are carried by blood directly to the liver
C. Pepsin digests protein in the small intestine
D. The enzymes that digest protein are secreted in active form
E. Only free amino acids are absorbed across the intestinal epithelium
B
11. Which of the following statements is true regarding the emulsification of fats?
A. Fat emulsification requires pancreatic lipase
B. Fat emulsification requires secretion of bile salts and phospholipids by the liver
C. Fat emulsification results in the formation of small fat droplets
D. Both fat emulsification requires pancreatic lipase and fat emulsification requires secretion
of bile salts and phospholipids by the liver are correct
E. Both fat emulsification requires secretion of bile salts and phospholipids by the liver and
fat emulsification results in the formation of small fat droplets are correct
E
12. Lipase
A. Catalyzes the breakdown of triacylglycerol to glycerol and three fatty acids
B. Emulsifies lipids
C. Is secreted by the endocrine pancreas
D. Both catalyzes the breakdown of triacylglycerol to glycerol and three fatty acids and
emulsifies lipids are correct
E. None of the choices are correct
E
13. Which of the following statements about the transport of the absorbed products of fat
digestion is true?
A. Free fatty acids and monoglycerides are transported to the liver via the hepatic portal vein
B. Products of fat digestion first go to the lymph system, and then to the veins leading to the
heart
C. Triacylglycerols are transported to the liver via the hepatic portal vein to be processed
D. Free fatty acids and monoglycerides are transported through the lymph in lipoproteins
called chylomicrons
E. None of the choices are correct
B
14. Fat-soluble vitamins
A. Must be digested to fatty acids and monoglyceride
B. Include vitamins A, B12, and D
C. Circulate in chylomicrons
D. Both must be digested to fatty acids and monoglyceride and include vitamins A, B12, and
D are correct
E. Both include vitamins A, B12, and D and circulate in chylomicrons are correct
C
15. Intrinsic factor
A. Is necessary for digestion of vitamin B12
B. Is secreted by parietal cells in the gastric mucosa
C. Deficiency is associated with anemia
D. Both is necessary for digestion of vitamin B12 and is secreted by parietal cells in the
gastric mucosa are correct
E. Both is secreted by parietal cells in the gastric mucosa and deficiency is associated with
anemia are correct
E
16. The absorption of iron
A. Is active
B. Is generally 100 percent of the amount ingested
C. Results in storage as ferritin in intestinal epithelial cells
D. Both is active and is generally 100 percent of the amount ingested are correct
E. Both is active and results in storage as ferritin in intestinal epithelial cells are correct
E
17. Receptors for digestive reflexes
A. Are located in the gastrointestinal tract wall
B. Include chemoreceptors, osmoreceptors, and mechanoreceptors
C. May relay information to integrative centers in the CNS or the enteric plexuses
D. May be endocrine cells
E. Are all of these choices
E
18. Which of the following statements about neural control of digestion is not true?
A. Parasympathetic stimulation is excitatory to digestion
B. Sympathetic stimulation is generally inhibitory to digestion
C. Local nerve networks (nerve plexuses) stimulate digestive functions
D. Under normal circumstances, nerve plexuses regulate digestion without input from the
autonomic nervous system
E. None of the choices are correct
E
19. Which of the following statements regarding neural regulation of gastrointestinal function
is true?
A. Networks of nerve cells in the wall of the GI tract innervate the wall's smooth muscle
B. Smooth muscle of the GI tract is innervated by both sympathetic and motor nerves
C. If the autonomic nerves to the GI tract were cut, digestion and absorption of food could no
longer take place
D. Both networks of nerve cells in the wall of the GI tract innervate the wall's smooth muscle
and smooth muscle of the GI tract is innervated by both sympathetic and motor nerves are
correct
E. Both networks of nerve cells in the wall of the GI tract innervate the wall's smooth muscle
and if the autonomic nerves to the GI tract were cut, digestion and absorption of food could
no longer take place are correct
A
20. Which of the following statements regarding hormonal regulation of gastrointestinal
function is true?
A. The presence of hydrogen ion in the small intestine stimulates secretion of secretin, which
in turn stimulates bicarbonate secretion by the pancreas
B. The presence of fatty acids in the small intestine stimulates secretion of CCK, which in
turn stimulates enzyme secretion by the pancreas
C. The presence of amino acids in the small intestine stimulates secretion of gastrin, which in
turn stimulates HCl secretion by parietal cells
D. Both the presence of hydrogen ion in the small intestine stimulates secretion of secretin,
which in turn stimulates bicarbonate secretion by the pancreas and the presence of fatty acids
in the small intestine stimulates secretion of CCK, which in turn stimulates enzyme secretion
by the pancreas are true
E. All of the choices are true
D
21. Regarding endocrine regulation of gastrointestinal processes,
A. The hormone secreted by the stomach is secretin
B. CCK is the primary efferent pathway for a reflex arc controlling the levels of acid in the
small intestine
C. Gastrin secretion is controlled in part by parasympathetic nerves
D. Both the hormone secreted by the stomach is secretin and CCK is the primary efferent
pathway for a reflex arc controlling the levels of acid in the small intestine are correct
E. Both CCK is the primary efferent pathway for a reflex arc controlling the levels of acid in
the small intestine and gastrin secretion is controlled in part by parasympathetic nerves are
correct
C
22. Which of the following statements about gastrin is true?
A. It is a hormone that is secreted by cells in the epithelium of the duodenum
B. It is an enzyme that is secreted into the lumen of the stomach
C. It is a hormone that is secreted in response to sympathetic stimulation
D. It is an enzyme that breaks down proteins
E. It is a hormone that is secreted in response to the presence of peptides in the stomach
E
23. Cholecystokinin
A. Relaxes the sphincter of Oddi
B. Stimulates pancreatic enzyme secretion
C. Stimulates gallbladder contraction
D. Both stimulates pancreatic enzyme secretion and stimulates gallbladder contraction are
correct
E. All of the choices are correct
E
24. Which of the following statements concerning secretin is correct?
A. The most potent stimulus for secretin secretion is the presence of fat in the duodenum
B. Secretin is the most potent stimulus for pancreatic enzyme secretion
C. Secretin is the most potent stimulus for pancreatic bicarbonate secretion
D. Secretin stimulates secretion by the parietal and chief cells
E. All of the choices are correct
C
25. Which of the following statements regarding lipid digestion and absorption is true?
A. The presence of fatty acids in the duodenum stimulates the secretion of CCK, which in
turn stimulates secretion of pancreatic enzymes
B. The presence of fatty acids in the duodenum stimulates the secretion of CCK, which in turn
stimulates contraction of the gallbladder
C. The presence of fatty acids in the duodenum stimulates the secretion of CCK, which in turn
stimulates bile synthesis in the gallbladder
D. Both the presence of fatty acids in the duodenum stimulates the secretion of CCK, which
in turn stimulates secretion of pancreatic enzymes and the presence of fatty acids in the
duodenum stimulates the secretion of CCK, which in turn stimulates contraction of the
gallbladder are true
E. Both the presence of fatty acids in the duodenum stimulates the secretion of CCK, which in
turn stimulates secretion of pancreatic enzymes and the presence of fatty acids in the
duodenum stimulates the secretion of CCK, which in turn stimulates bile synthesis in the
gallbladder are true
D
26. Regarding the three phases of gastrointestinal control:
A. They refer to the places in the GI tract where digestion or absorption is occurring
B. They refer to the locations of receptors for stimuli that trigger hormonal or neural control
mechanisms for GI processes
C. The presence of acid in the small intestine is one stimulus for the intestinal phase of GI
control
D. Both they refer to the places in the GI tract where digestion or absorption is occurring and
the presence of acid in the small intestine is one stimulus for the intestinal phase of GI control
are correct
E. Both they refer to the locations of receptors for stimuli that trigger hormonal or neural
control mechanisms for GI processes and the presence of acid in the small intestine is one
stimulus for the intestinal phase of GI control are correct
E
27. Which of the following occurs during the cephalic phase of gastrointestinal control?
A. Secretion of saliva
B. Secretion of gastric acid
C. Secretion of secretin
D. Both secretion of saliva and secretion of gastric acid occur
E. All of these things occur
D
28. During the cephalic phase of gastric stimulation, all of the following occur except,
A. Seeing, smelling, and/or tasting food reflexly increase(s) gastric acid secretion
B. Parasympathetic stimulation of secretory cells in the gastric mucosa occurs
C. Gastrin is secreted into the gastric lumen
D. HCl is secreted into the gastric lumen
E. Pepsinogen is secreted into the gastric lumen
C
29. Which of the following is not a part of the swallowing reflex?
A. Respiration is inhibited
B. The glottis closes
C. The upper esophageal sphincter relaxes
D. The lower esophageal sphincter relaxes
E. The pyloric sphincter relaxes
E
30. The type of smooth muscle contraction that is necessary for swallowing is called
A. Peristalsis
B. Mass movement
C. Segmentation
D. Distension
E. Lengthening
A
31. Regurgitation of food from the stomach into the esophagus
A. Is ordinarily inhibited by the upper esophageal sphincter
B. Causes irritation of the esophageal mucosa
C. Causes heartburn
D. Both causes irritation of the esophageal mucosa and causes heartburn are correct
E. All of the choices are correct
D
32. The parietal cells of the gastric mucosa secrete
A. HCl
B. Pepsinogen
C. Intrinsic factor
D. HCl and pepsinogen
E. HCl and intrinsic factor
E
33. Which of the following is secreted by the chief cells of the gastric mucosa?
A. Pepsinogen
B. HCl
C. Intrinsic factor
D. Gastrin
E. Pepsin
A
34. Hydrochloric acid
A. Is secreted by chief cells in the antrum of the stomach
B. Secretion into the stomach lumen is stimulated by histamine
C. Secretion into the stomach lumen is stimulated by gastrin
D. Both is secreted by chief cells in the antrum of the stomach and secretion into the stomach
lumen is stimulated by histamine are correct
E. Both secretion into the stomach lumen is stimulated by histamine and secretion into the
stomach lumen is stimulated by gastrin are correct
E
35. Hydrochloric acid
A. Secretion in the stomach is accompanied by bicarbonate secretion into the blood
B. In the stomach activates trypsinogen
C. Secretion in the stomach is stimulated by the smell of food
D. Both secretion in the stomach is accompanied by bicarbonate secretion into the blood and
in the stomach activates trypsinogen are correct
E. Both secretion in the stomach is accompanied by bicarbonate secretion into the blood and
secretion in the stomach is stimulated by the smell of food are correct
E
36. Regarding the secretion of HCl in the stomach,
A. Hydrogen ion is actively transported into the gastric lumen by ATPase pumps in the
mucosal membrane
B. Hydrogen ion is actively transported into the lumen by secondary active transporters
coupled to K ion
C. The pH of the blood leaving the area of the parietal cells is lower than normal
D. Both hydrogen ion is actively transported into the gastric lumen by ATPase pumps in the
mucosal membrane and the pH of the blood leaving the area of the parietal cells is lower than
normal are correct
E. Both hydrogen ion is actively transported into the lumen by secondary active transporters
coupled to K ion and the pH of the blood leaving the area of the parietal cells is lower than
normal are correct
A
37. During the contractions of gastric emptying
A. The stomach is induced to contract by increased sympathetic activity
B. The pyloric sphincter opens to allow stomach contents to pass quickly and completely into
the duodenum
C. The pyloric sphincter closes to allow only a small amount of liquefied chyme to pass into
the duodenum at each contraction of the stomach
D. Both the stomach is induced to contract by increased sympathetic activity and the pyloric
sphincter opens to allow stomach contents to pass quickly and completely into the duodenum
are correct
E. Both the stomach is induced to contract by increased sympathetic activity and the pyloric
sphincter closes to allow only a small amount of liquefied chyme to pass into the duodenum at
each contraction of the stomach are correct
C
38. Which of the following is the most potent inhibitor (directly or indirectly) of gastric
motility and emptying?
A. Fat in the duodenum
B. Acid in the stomach
C. Carbohydrate in the stomach
D. Gastrin
E. Distension of the stomach
A
39. Which of the following breakfasts would remain in the stomach longest?
A. Toast, orange juice, and coffee
B. Fried eggs, bacon, and hash browns
C. A bowl of cereal with skim milk
D. A boiled egg, toast, and juice
E. The type of meal one consumes does not affect the rate of gastric emptying
B
40. Regarding motility in the GI tract,
A. Food is propelled along the tract by waves of smooth-muscle contraction and relaxation
called peristalsis
B. During a meal, intestinal motility functions primarily to mix chyme and bring it into
contact with the gastric mucosa
C. The rate of gastric emptying is controlled by hormones and by autonomic nerves
D. Both food is propelled along the tract by waves of smooth-muscle contraction and
relaxation called peristalsis and during a meal, intestinal motility functions primarily to mix
chyme and bring it into contact with the gastric mucosa are correct
E. All of the choices are correct
E
41. The primary kind of motility in the stomach during digestion of a meal is
A. Peristalsis
B. Segmentation
C. Relaxation of the pyloric sphincter
D. Mass movement
E. Regurgitation
A
42. With regard to gastric motility,
A. The basic electrical rhythm of the gastric smooth muscle (three depolarizations per minute)
is the same regardless of whether or not food is present
B. Gastric smooth muscle contracts three times a minute regardless of whether or not food is
present
C. The force of contraction is increased by gastrin and inhibited by enterogastrones
D. Both the basic electrical rhythm of the gastric smooth muscle (three depolarizations per
minute) is the same regardless of whether or not food is present and gastric smooth muscle
contracts three times a minute regardless of whether or not food is present are correct
E. Both the basic electrical rhythm of the gastric smooth muscle (three depolarizations per
minute) is the same regardless of whether or not food is present and the force of contraction is
increased by gastrin and inhibited by enterogastrones are correct
E
43. Bicarbonate is produced by
A. Parietal cells of the stomach
B. Pancreatic duct cells
C. Kidney tubule epithelial cells
D. Pancreatic duct cells and kidney tubule epithelial cells
E. All of the choices are correct
E
44. Which of the following is not secreted by the exocrine pancreas?
A. Bicarbonate ions
B. Amylase
C. Bile salts
D. Trypsinogen
E. Lipase
C
45. Which of the following statements about pancreatic enzymes is not correct?
A. Trypsinogen is secreted in an inactive form
B. Pancreatic amylase digests carbohydrates
C. Pancreatic lipase digests fats
D. Except for trypsinogen, other proteolytic enzymes are secreted in active form
E. Trypsinogen is activated by enterokinase
D
46. A person who lacks the exocrine portion of the pancreas would be unable to
A. Digest fats
B. Digest protein
C. Digest carbohydrate
D. Emulsify fats
E. All of the choices are correct
A
47. Which of the following statements regarding protein digestion and absorption is true?
A. Cells in the stomach secrete pepsin, which breaks down proteins into smaller peptides
B. Pepsin and trypsin are proteolytic enzymes that are most active in an acid pH
C. More acid is secreted during the digestion of a high-protein meal than during the digestion
of a meal containing little protein
D. The presence of peptides in the stomach inhibits secretion of gastrin
E. None of the choices are true
C
48. Bile is synthesized and secreted by the
A. Gallbladder
B. Gastric mucosa
C. Pancreas
D. Duodenum
E. Liver
E
49. A person without a gallbladder
A. Cannot secrete bile
B. Cannot store bile
C. Will have difficulty digesting a large, fat-rich meal
D. Both cannot store bile and will have difficulty digesting a large, fat-rich meal are correct
E. All of the choices are correct
D
50. Bile pigments
A. Are important for fat digestion
B. Are formed from catabolism of the globin part of hemoglobin
C. Impart color to the bile, feces, and urine
D. Both are important for fat digestion and are formed from catabolism of the globin part of
hemoglobin are correct
E. Both are formed from catabolism of the globin part of hemoglobin and impart color to the
bile, feces, and urine are correct
C
51. Peristaltic contractions occur in
A. The small intestine
B. The large intestine
C. The stomach
D. The esophagus
E. All of the choices are correct
E
52. The primary kind of motility in the small intestine during digestion of a meal is
A. Peristalsis
B. Segmentation
C. Relaxation of the pyloric sphincter
D. Migrating motility complex
E. Mass movement
B
53. Regarding the motility of the small intestine,
A. It varies depending upon whether a meal is being digested and absorbed
B. During a meal, intestinal motility functions primarily to mix chyme and bring it into
contact with intestinal mucosa
C. Segmentation is the primary means of propelling unabsorbed matter toward the large
intestine
D. Both it varies depending upon whether a meal is being digested and absorbed and during a
meal, intestinal motility functions primarily to mix chyme and bring it into contact with
intestinal mucosa are correct
E. All of the choices are correct
D
54. Ulcers are
A. Most common in the gastric mucosa
B. Always caused by hypersecretion of gastric acid
C. Treated by methods that inhibit acid secretion
D. Both most common in the gastric mucosa and always caused by hypersecretion of gastric
acid are correct
E. Both always caused by hypersecretion of gastric acid and treated by methods that inhibit
acid secretion are correct
C
55. Which of the following is not true about gallstones? Gallstones
A. Are crystallized bile salts
B. May cause pain
C. May cause impaired fat digestion
D. May cause general nutritional deficiencies
E. May cause jaundice
A
56. Which of the following would be most likely to cause metabolic alkalosis?
A. Severe vomiting
B. Severe diarrhea
C. Hyperventilation
D. Strenuous exercise
E. Hypoventilation
A
57. Which of the following would be most likely to cause metabolic acidosis?
A. Severe vomiting
B. Severe diarrhea
C. Hyperventilation
D. Hypoventilation
E. None of the choices are correct
B
58. Lactose intolerance
A. Is an inability to digest milk sugar
B. Is most common in very young children
C. Can cause painful bloating and diarrhea
D. Both is an inability to digest milk sugar and is most common in very young children are
correct
E. Both is an inability to digest milk sugar and can cause painful bloating and diarrhea are
correct
E
59. Constipation
A. Is associated with symptoms caused by accumulation of toxins in the stool
B. Is caused by failure to defecate at least once a day
C. May be relieved by ingestion of foods with a high proportion of indigestible carbohydrates
D. Both is associated with symptoms caused by accumulation of toxins in the stool and is
caused by failure to defecate at least once a day are correct
E. Both is caused by failure to defecate at least once a day and may be relieved by ingestion
of foods with a high proportion of indigestible carbohydrates are correct
C
60. Ulcerative lesions along the gastrointestinal tract are more common in the ________
because _______ bacterial infections contribute to a breakdown of normal protective
mechanisms native to this region.
A. Large intestine, E. Coli
B. Small intestine, C. Difficile
C. Pancreas, S. aureus
D. Stomach, H. pylori
E. Liver, S. pyogenes
D
61. Lactase enzyme
A. Is involved directly in the digestion of proteins
B. Is necessary for the breakdown of milk fats
C. Is embedded in the luminal plasma membranes of intestinal epithelial cells
D. Promotes the formation of and storage of bile by the gallbladder
E. Is overproduced and released by secretory cells in the small intestine in the condition
known as lactose intolerance
C
62. Inflammatory bowel disease is characterized by all of the following, except:
A. Bleeding, edema, and ulceration anywhere along the gastrointestinal tract
B. Diarrhea and excessively loose and watery stools
C. Perforations in the mucosa and intestinal wall leading to infection by bacteria which are
normally present and benign
D. Can cause inflammation and thickening of the bowel wall to the point of preventing the
usual passage of feces
E. Pain in the lower right abdomen frequently mistaken for appendicitis
B
63. The exact causes of inflammatory bowel diseases continue to be explored, but it is
relatively clear that
A. The condition is quite common among people of all ages and subgroups within the
population
B. Inflammatory bowel disease is likely to be passed on through genetic inheritance
C. Individuals suffering from its effects are largely experiencing the consequences of the
complete failure of normal immune mechanisms in the gastrointestinal tract
D. It can be easily diagnosed since its symptoms are always very specific and the affected
areas are always limited to a very focused area within the small intestine
E. By careful examination of one's diet is relatively easy to recommend the elimination of
certain foods and the addition of others to provide immediate relief without the need to
administer specific drug therapy
B
64. The lumen of the gastrointestinal tract is continuous with the external environment.
TRUE
65. The liver and pancreas are components of the gastrointestinal tract.
FALSE
66. The pH of the contents of the stomach lumen is considerably higher than that of interstitial fluid.
FALSE
67. The volume of fluids secreted by the gastrointestinal tract in a day is far greater than the volume of food and drink ingested.
TRUE
68. Glucose absorption occurs by active transport.
TRUE
69. Polysaccharides must be broken down to disaccharides in order to be absorbed.
FALSE
70. The products of lipid digestion diffuse into the intestinal epithelium as micelles.
FALSE
71. In patients lacking exocrine pancreas secretion, fat digestion is normal provided bile is still produced.
FALSE
72. The breakdown products of dietary fats are resynthesized into fat by intestinal cells and pass from these cells into lacteals.
TRUE
73. Contraction of the circular smooth muscle in the gastrointestinal tract wall decreases the diameter of the lumen, while contraction of the longitudinal smooth muscle shortens the tract.
TRUE
74. Following a "meal" that consists solely of carbohydrate (for example, sugar cubes), no amino acids will be absorbed by the small intestine.
FALSE
75. Short chains of amino acids and some intact proteins are absorbed from the small intestine.
TRUE
76. Three enzymes secreted by the pancreas and important for protein digestion are trypsin, chymotrypsin, and pepsin.
FALSE
77. The function of micelles is to store the products of lipid digestion in water-soluble form.
TRUE
78. The most abundant solute in chyme is sodium.
TRUE
79. Neural regulation of digestive processes is accomplished exclusively by the enteric nervous system of the gastrointestinal tract.
FALSE
80. The presence of acid and peptides in the stomach stimulates the gastric phase of gastrointestinal control.
TRUE
81. The presence of food in the mouth stimulates salivary gland secretion.
TRUE
82. Food is propelled down the esophagus primarily as a result of segmentation contractions of esophageal smooth muscle.
FALSE
83. The amount of HCl secreted by the stomach during the digestion of a meal is dependent upon the type of food ingested.
TRUE
84. In general, sympathetic stimulation increases gastric secretion and motility, while parasympathetic stimulation decreases these two processes.
FALSE
85. Removal of the stomach would interfere with absorption of vitamin B12.
TRUE
86. "Heartburn" following a large meal is usually due to pressure of the stomach against the heart.
FALSE
87. Gastric chief cells secrete pepsin.
FALSE
88. Normally, the amount of bicarbonate ions secreted into the intestine nearly equals the amount of acid secreted by the stomach during digestion.
TRUE
89. About 95 percent of the bile secreted by the liver is recycled back to the liver by the enterohepatic circulation.
FALSE
90. The same hormone that stimulates secretion of bicarbonate ion by the pancreas also stimulates bicarbonate ion secretion into the bile.
TRUE
91. The same hormone that stimulates pancreatic enzyme secretion stimulates hepatic secretion of bile salts.
FALSE
92. Bile secreted by the liver contains the major enzymes for digesting fats.
FALSE
93. During a meal, peristalsis is the predominant form of movement in the small intestine.
FALSE
94. The presence of high-osmolarity chyme in the small intestine stimulates both water movement into the intestinal lumen from the blood and the discharge of more chyme from the stomach into the duodenum.
FALSE
95. The gastroileal reflex coordinates the emptying of chyme from the ileum into the colon with the emptying of chyme from the stomach into the duodenum.
TRUE
96. The primary function of the large intestine is to store and dilute unabsorbed fecal material.
FALSE
97. Because the large intestine has a greater diameter than the small intestine, the large intestine has a greater surface area.
FALSE
98. Flatus is primarily a result of air being swallowed with food.
FALSE
99. Voluntary control of defecation requires learning to keep the external anal sphincter smooth muscle contracted.
FALSE
100. Lactose intolerance is caused by an amylase deficiency.
FALSE
101. Severe diarrhea can lead to metabolic acidosis.
TRUE
102. Any agent that interferes with water absorption or that causes water secretion into the gastrointestinal tract can cause diarrhea.
TRUE
1.
Absorbed glucose is
A.
Stored as fat in skeletal muscle

B.
Stored as glycogen in adipose tissue

C.
Converted to fat in the liver

D.
Utilized by most cells for energy

E.
Converted to fat in the liver and utilized by most cells for energy
E. Converted to fat in the liver and utilized by most cells for energy
After absorbing nutrients in the intestines, blood then travels to
A.
The liver which metabolizes many of the absorbed nutrients

B.
The right atrium via the vena cava

C.
The abdominal aorta for distribution to the tissues

D.
The spleen so any ingested microbes can be destroyed
A.
The liver which metabolizes many of the absorbed nutrients
3.
Which of the following is not a fate of absorbed glucose?
A.
It is converted to glycogen by liver cells

B.
It is converted to fatty acids and glycerol phosphate by adipose cells

C.
It is converted to glycogen by muscle cells

D.
It is converted to amino acids by liver cells

E.
It is converted to fatty acids and glycerol phosphate by liver cells
D.
It is converted to amino acids by liver cells
4.
During the absorptive state of metabolism, the primary energy source for most of the body's cells is ________, except for ________, which use ________ for energy.
A.
Amino acids; brain cells; glucose

B.
Fatty acids; brain cells; glucose

C.
Glucose; liver cells; amino acids

D.
Glucose; liver cells; ketones

E.
Fatty acids; skeletal-muscle cells; glucose
C.
Glucose; liver cells; amino acids
5.
During the absorptive state of metabolism,
A.
Liver glycogen is broken down to glucose, which is released into the blood

B.
Glycogen in muscle cells is broken down to glucose, which is used for energy

C.
Lipoprotein lipase breaks down triacylglycerols in adipose-tissue capillaries

D.
Both liver glycogen is broken down to glucose, which is released into the blood and glycogen in muscle cells is broken down to glucose, which is used for energy occur

E.
Both glycogen in muscle cells is broken down to glucose, which is used for energy and lipoprotein lipase breaks down triacylglycerols in adipose-tissue capillaries occur
C.
Lipoprotein lipase breaks down triacylglycerols in adipose-tissue capillaries
6.
Chylomicron triacylglycerols are
A.
Readily absorbed by all cells, especially adipose cells

B.
Converted to monoglycerides and fatty acids by an enzyme inside cells

C.
Converted to monoglycerides and fatty acids by an enzyme in the capillaries

D.
Readily absorbed by all cells, especially adipose cells and converted to monoglycerides and fatty acids by an enzyme inside cells

E.
Converted to monoglycerides and fatty acids by an enzyme inside cells and converted to monoglycerides and fatty acids by an enzyme in the capillaries
C.
Converted to monoglycerides and fatty acids by an enzyme in the capillaries
The enzyme that converts chylomicron triacylglycerols into fatty acids is
A.
Pancreatic lipase

B.
Pancreatic amylase

C.
Lipoprotein lipase

D.
Pepsin

E.
Hexokinase
B.
Pancreatic amylase
Excess absorbed glucose is initially converted to triacylglycerides and very low density lipoprotein by
A.
Adipose cells

B.
Liver cells

C.
Intestinal mucosa cells

D.
Muscle cells

E.
Lymphoid cells
B.
Liver cells
Excess dietary amino acids in a nongrowing person are
A.
Converted to protein for storage

B.
Converted to fat for energy or storage

C.
Excreted without being absorbed

D.
Converted to protein for storage and converted to fat for energy or storage

E.
All of the choices are correct.
B.
Converted to fat for energy or storage
10.
During the absorptive state of metabolism, amino acids
A.
Are used for protein synthesis in most body cells

B.
Are used for protein synthesis in the liver

C.
May be converted to fat or glucose in the liver

D.
Both are used for protein synthesis in most body cells and are used for protein synthesis in the liver are correct

E.
All of the choices are correct.


WidmaierRaffStrang - Chapter 16 #10
D.
Both are used for protein synthesis in most body cells and are used for protein synthesis in the liver are correct
11.
Which of the following tissues is most dependent upon a constant blood supply of glucose?
A.
Liver

B.
Brain

C.
Adipose tissue

D.
Skeletal muscle

E.
Cardiac muscle
B.
Brain
During the postabsorptive period,
A.
Glycogen in muscle cells is broken down to glucose, which is released into the blood

B.
Liver glycogen is broken down to glucose, which is released into the blood

C.
Triacylglycerols in adipose tissue are broken down to glucose by lipolysis

D.
Both glycogen in muscle cells is broken down to glucose, which is released into the blood and liver glycogen is broken down to glucose, which is released into the blood occur

E.
Both glycogen in muscle cells is broken down to glucose, which is released into the blood and triacylglycerols in adipose tissue are broken down to glucose by lipolysis occur
B.
Liver glycogen is broken down to glucose, which is released into the blood
Insulin
A.
Increases the uptake and utilization of glucose by muscle and adipose-tissue cells

B.
Increases the uptake and utilization of glucose by most nerve cells

C.
Decreases the uptake of amino acids by muscle cells

D.
Both increases the uptake and utilization of glucose by muscle and adipose-tissue cells and increases the uptake and utilization of glucose by most nerve cells are correct

E.
Both increases the uptake and utilization of glucose by muscle and adipose-tissue cells and decreases the uptake of amino acids by muscle cells are correct
A.
Increases the uptake and utilization of glucose by muscle and adipose-tissue cells
As a result of binding to its receptor in skeletal-muscle plasma membranes, insulin
A.
Stimulates glycogen synthase

B.
Stimulates glycogen phosphorylase

C.
Inhibits the enzymes that mediate protein catabolism

D.
Both stimulates glycogen synthase and inhibits the enzymes that mediate protein catabolism are correct

E.
Both stimulates glycogen phosphorylase and inhibits the enzymes that mediate protein catabolism are correct
D.
Both stimulates glycogen synthase and inhibits the enzymes that mediate protein catabolism are correct
15.
With regard to fat metabolism, insulin increases
A.
The activity of lipoprotein lipase

B.
The activity of intracellular lipase

C.
Triacylglycerol synthesis by increasing glucose transport into adipose tissue cells

D.
Both the activity of lipoprotein lipase and triacylglycerol synthesis by increasing glucose transport into adipose tissue cells

E.
Both the activity of intracellular lipase and triacylglycerol synthesis by increasing glucose transport into adipose tissue cells
D.
Both the activity of lipoprotein lipase and triacylglycerol synthesis by increasing glucose transport into adipose tissue cells
When plasma glucose concentration increases, the secretion of insulin is ________ and the secretion of glucagon is ________. However, an increase in sympathetic activity will cause ________ secretion of insulin and ________ secretion of glucagon.
A.
Decreased; increased; increased; decreased

B.
Increased; decreased; decreased; increased

C.
Increased; decreased; increased; decreased

D.
Increased; increased; decreased; increased

E.
Decreased; decreased; increased; unchanged
B.
Increased; decreased; decreased; increased
17.
Glucagon secretion is stimulated by
A.
Hypoglycemia

B.
Hyperglycemia

C.
High plasma concentration of epinephrine

D.
Hypoglycemia and high plasma concentration of epinephrine

E.
Hyperglycemia and high plasma concentration of epinephrine
D.
Hypoglycemia and high plasma concentration of epinephrine
The major metabolic effects of glucagon include
A.
Promoting glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in the liver

B.
Promoting lipolysis in adipose tissue

C.
Promoting glucose uptake into skeletal muscle

D.
Promoting glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in the liver and promoting lipolysis in adipose tissue

E.
All of the choices are correct.
A.
Promoting glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in the liver
The major metabolic effects of glucagon include
A.
Inhibiting glucose uptake by muscle cells

B.
Promoting breakdown of proteins in skeletal muscle to yield amino acids

C.
Promoting glycogenolysis and lipolysis

D.
All of the choices are correct

E.
None of the choices are correct.
E.
None of the choices are correct.
Which of the following does not characterize the postabsorptive state?
A.
There is a substantial reduction in blood glucose concentration compared to the absorptive state

B.
Gluconeogenesis occurs

C.
Glucose-sparing reactions occur

D.
Insulin secretion is reduced

E.
Glucagon secretion is increased
A.
There is a substantial reduction in blood glucose concentration compared to the absorptive state
Gluconeogenesis
A.
Refers to the synthesis of glycogen in the muscle

B.
Converts glucose to glycogen in the liver

C.
Is stimulated by cortisol

D.
Both refers to the synthesis of glycogen in the muscle and converts glucose to glycogen in the liver are correct

E.
Both refers to the synthesis of glycogen in the muscle and is stimulated by cortisol are correct
C.
Is stimulated by cortisol
Gluconeogenesis is stimulated by decreased levels of
A.
Epinephrine

B.
Insulin

C.
Glucocorticoids

D.
Epinephrine and insulin

E.
Insulin and glucocorticoids
B.
Insulin
23.
Which of the following acts to decrease blood glucose levels?
A.
Glucagon

B.
Insulin

C.
Growth hormone

D.
Epinephrine

E.
Cortisol


WidmaierRaffStrang - Chapter 16 #23
B.
Insulin
24.
Which of the following is most descriptive of a state of prolonged fasting?
A.
Insulin secretion would be low while the secretion of glucagon, ACTH, and cortisol would be elevated

B.
Brain metabolism will shift to reduce utilization of glucose and to increase oxidation of ketones

C.
Muscle protein will be broken down to provide substrates for hepatic and renal gluconeogenesis

D.
Both insulin secretion would be low while the secretion of glucagon, ACTH, and cortisol would be elevated and brain metabolism will shift to reduce utilization of glucose and to increase oxidation of ketones are correct

E.
All of the choices are correct.
E.
All of the choices are correct.
25.
Cortisol
A.
Is required for cells to respond normally to hormones promoting gluconeogenesis and lipolysis

B.
Is permissive for insulin actions

C.
In high amounts increases gluconeogenesis and inhibits glucose uptake

D.
Both is required for cells to respond normally to hormones promoting gluconeogenesis and lipolysis and is permissive for insulin actions are correct

E.
Both is required for cells to respond normally to hormones promoting gluconeogenesis and lipolysis and in high amounts increases gluconeogenesis and inhibits glucose uptake are correct


WidmaierRaffStrang - Chapter 16 #25
E.
Both is required for cells to respond normally to hormones promoting gluconeogenesis and lipolysis and in high amounts increases gluconeogenesis and inhibits glucose uptake are correct
26.
During fasting, ketones produced by the liver
A.
Are a waste product of amino acid metabolism

B.
Can be used by the brain as an energy source

C.
Are a by-product of anaerobic metabolism

D.
Are converted to fatty acids and released into the blood

E.
Are used to synthesize glucose by gluconeogenesis
B.
Can be used by the brain as an energy source
27.
During exercise,
A.
Blood glucose levels fall dramatically

B.
Epinephrine and glucagon stimulate glycogenolysis in liver cells

C.
Decreased blood glucose and increased epinephrine stimulate insulin secretion

D.
Epinephrine stimulates glucagon secretion and inhibits skeletal muscle uptake of glucose

E.
Skeletal muscles increase their rate of utilization of fatty acids
B.
Epinephrine and glucagon stimulate glycogenolysis in liver cells
28.
Which event occurs during exercise but not during fasting?
A.
Increased breakdown of triacylglycerols

B.
Increased glycogenolysis

C.
Increased glucose uptake by muscle

D.
Increased fatty acid oxidation

E.
Increased cortisol secretion
C.
Increased glucose uptake by muscle
29.
In Addison's disease, the adrenal cortices degenerate. What will be the metabolic consequences to patients with this disease if they engage in strenuous physical activity or are required to fast?
A.
Hepatic gluconeogenesis will be impaired

B.
Skeletal muscle glycogenolysis will be impaired

C.
Lipolysis will be unaffected

D.
Both hepatic gluconeogenesis will be impaired and skeletal muscle glycogenolysis will be impaired are correct

E.
Both hepatic gluconeogenesis will be impaired and lipolysis will be unaffected are correct
a.Hepatic gluconeogenesis will be impaired
30.
Which of the following is not a symptom that is associated with untreated IDDM?
A.
Hypoglycemia

B.
Metabolic acidosis

C.
Dehydration

D.
Glucosuria (glucose in urine)

E.
Elevated glucagon secretion


WidmaierRaffStrang - Chapter 16 #30
A.
Hypoglycemia
31.
Untreated insulin-dependent diabetic subjects will die because of
A.
Intoxication due to the alcohol-like properties of ketones in their blood

B.
Dehydration due to glycosuria and ketonuria, which causes reduced cerebral blood flow

C.
Acidosis due to excessive levels of plasma ketones

D.
Intoxication due to the alcohol-like properties of ketones in their blood and dehydration due to glycosuria and ketonuria, which causes reduced cerebral blood flow

E.
Dehydration due to glycosuria and ketonuria, which causes reduced cerebral blood flow and acidosis due to excessive levels of plasma ketones
E.
Dehydration due to glycosuria and ketonuria, which causes reduced cerebral blood flow and acidosis due to excessive levels of plasma ketones
Compared to a normal person, a person with untreated type I diabetes mellitus would have
A.
Decreased glycogen stores in muscles

B.
Increased appetite

C.
Decreased blood pH

D.
Decreased glycogen stores in muscles and decreased blood pH

E.
All of the choices are correct.
E.
All of the choices are correct.
Symptoms of untreated insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus include
A.
Hyperglycemia

B.
Reduced blood volume

C.
Depressed respiration

D.
Hyperglycemia and reduced blood volume

E.
All of the choices are correct.
D.
Hyperglycemia and reduced blood volume
In subjects with noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus,
A.
Pancreatic beta cell responses to increased plasma glucose concentration are normal

B.
Insulin target tissues have fewer than normal or abnormal insulin receptors

C.
Increased exercise and caloric restriction generally improve their condition

D.
Both pancreatic beta cell responses to increased plasma glucose concentration are normal and insulin target tissues have fewer than normal or abnormal insulin receptors are correct

E.
Both insulin target tissues have fewer than normal or abnormal insulin receptors and increased exercise and caloric restriction generally improve their condition are correct
E.
Both insulin target tissues have fewer than normal or abnormal insulin receptors and increased exercise and caloric restriction generally improve their condition are correct
35.
Cholesterol is a
A.
Precursor of steroid hormones

B.
Component of plasma membranes

C.
Precursor of bile pigments

D.
Both precursor of steroid hormones and component of plasma membranes are correct

E.
All of the choices are correct.
D.
Both precursor of steroid hormones and component of plasma membranes are correct
Cholesterol or its derivatives are directly involved in each of the following except
A.
Reproductive functions

B.
Generation of energy

C.
Absorption of fat-soluble vitamins

D.
Regulation of metabolism

E.
Plasma membrane functions
B.
Generation of energy
37.
Which of the following statements regarding plasma cholesterol concentration and the development of atherosclerosis is correct?
A.
It is preferable to have a high LDL:HDL ratio because LDL operate to remove cholesterol from the peripheral tissues and carry it to the liver, which secretes it into the small intestine

B.
It is preferable to have a low LDL:HDL ratio because HDL operate to remove cholesterol from the peripheral tissues and carry it to the liver, which secretes it into the small intestine

C.
It is preferable to have equal concentrations of LDL and HDL

D.
Neither LDL nor HDL are involved in cholesterol regulation

E.
Plasma cholesterol concentration has no relationship to atherosclerosis
B.
It is preferable to have a low LDL:HDL ratio because HDL operate to remove cholesterol from the peripheral tissues and carry it to the liver, which secretes it into the small intestine
38.
Which of the following leads to increase in the ratio of LDL:HDL?
A.
Estrogens

B.
Smoking

C.
Exercise

D.
Estrogens and smoking

E.
Estrogens and exercise


WidmaierRaffStrang - Chapter 16 #38
B.
Smoking
The anabolic effects of insulin are accomplished by
A.
Increasing the number of glucose transporters on cell membranes

B.
Increasing amino acid uptake by cells

C.
Stimulating the secretion of IGF-I by liver cells

D.
Increasing the number of glucose transporters on cell membranes and increasing amino acid uptake by cells

E.
All of the choices are correct.
E.
All of the choices are correct.
40.
Catabolic hormones or conditions include the following:
A.
Elevated plasma cortisol concentration

B.
Hypothyroidism

C.
Elevated plasma androgen concentrations

D.
Elevated plasma cortisol concentration and hypothyroidism

E.
All of the choices are correct.


WidmaierRaffStrang - Chapter 16 #40
A.
Elevated plasma cortisol concentration
In the body,
A.
Most of the energy released during metabolism is used for doing work

B.
The energy used for doing work is incorporated into ATP

C.
Heat energy can be used for doing work

D.
Both most of the energy released during metabolism is used for doing work and the energy used for doing work is incorporated into ATP are correct

E.
Both the energy used for doing work is incorporated into ATP and heat energy can be used for doing work are correct
B.
The energy used for doing work is incorporated into ATP
42.
Which of the following contribute the most to differences in the basal metabolic rate among individuals?
A.
Sex, weight, age, and muscular activity

B.
Age, height, and recent ingestion of food

C.
Environmental temperature, body surface area, and emotional state

D.
Sex, age, body surface area, and circulating levels of thyroid hormone

E.
Environmental temperature, muscular activity, and emotional state
D.
Sex, age, body surface area, and circulating levels of thyroid hormone
43.
A person's lowest metabolic rate
A.
Occurs during sleep

B.
Is referred to as the basal metabolic rate

C.
Occurs during exercise

D.
Occurs after a meal

E.
Both occurs during sleep and is referred to as the basal metabolic rate are correct
A.
Occurs during sleep
44.
The factor that increases metabolic rate to the greatest extent is increased
A.
Skeletal-muscle activity

B.
Mental activity

C.
Dietary caloric intake

D.
Environmental temperature

E.
Blood glucose levels


WidmaierRaffStrang - Chapter 16 #44
A.
Skeletal-muscle activity
A person who is hypothyroid would be expected to
A.
Have a higher than normal basal metabolic rate

B.
Have a less than normal tolerance for cold temperatures

C.
Be mentally and physically sluggish

D.
Both have a higher than normal basal metabolic rate and have a less than normal tolerance for cold temperatures are correct

E.
Both have a less than normal tolerance for cold temperatures and be mentally and physically sluggish are correct
E.
Both have a less than normal tolerance for cold temperatures and be mentally and physically sluggish are correct
46.
If more calories are ingested in food than are expended by metabolism,
A.
A person will gain weight

B.
A person will lose weight

C.
A person will stay the same weight because the excess energy is destroyed

D.
One cannot predict what will happen because only the calories associated with the consumption of fat affect whether one gains or loses weight
A.
A person will gain weight
What factors affect the brain's control of food intake in a normal person?
A.
Increased plasma insulin inhibits food intake

B.
The hormone leptin decreases appetite

C.
Increased body temperature decreases food intake

D.
Decreased plasma glucose concentration stimulates appetite

E.
All of the choices are correct.
E.
All of the choices are correct.
48.
Both IDDM and NIDDM subjects will experience increased appetite because
A.
The brain needs insulin and functional insulin receptors to utilize glucose

B.
High levels of glucose in plasma stimulate appetite

C.
Specific appetite/satiety centers in the hypothalamus are not able to obtain enough glucose

D.
Of all of these things

E.
Of none of these things
C.
Specific appetite/satiety centers in the hypothalamus are not able to obtain enough glucose
The thermoneutral zone is
A.
That area of the body that is midway between body core temperature and environmental temperature

B.
The temperature of the body core

C.
The environmental temperature at which the body can regulate core temperature without either increasing or decreasing heat production

D.
That area of the body that is midway between body core temperature and environmental temperature and the environmental temperature at which the body can regulate core temperature without either increasing or decreasing heat production

E.
The temperature of the body core and the environmental temperature at which the body can regulate core temperature without either increasing or decreasing heat production
C.
The environmental temperature at which the body can regulate core temperature without either increasing or decreasing heat production
50.
The major means of increasing heat production in response to a cold environment is
A.
Vasoconstriction of blood vessels in the skin

B.
Wearing warm clothing

C.
Shivering thermogenesis and increased voluntary activity

D.
Vasodilation of blood vessels in skin

E.
Increasing food intake to elevate the metabolic rate
C.
Shivering thermogenesis and increased voluntary activity
The primary integrator of body temperature control reflexes is the
A.
Medullary cardiovascular center

B.
Cerebral cortex

C.
Thyroid gland

D.
Hypothalamus

E.
Adrenal medulla
D.
Hypothalamus
52.
Acclimatization to heat includes
A.
Increased production of sweat for any given increase in environmental temperature

B.
Secretion of more concentrated sweat than before acclimatization

C.
Increased production of aldosterone by the adrenal cortex

D.
Increased production of sweat for any given increase in environmental temperature and secretion of more concentrated sweat than before acclimatization

E.
Increased production of sweat for any given increase in environmental temperature and increased production of aldosterone by the adrenal cortex
E.
Increased production of sweat for any given increase in environmental temperature and increased production of aldosterone by the adrenal cortex
Endogenous pyrogen
A.
Is released by infection-fighting leukocytes

B.
Acts on the temperature-integrating centers of the hypothalamus

C.
Has actions that are enhanced by aspirin

D.
Both is released by infection-fighting leukocytes and acts on the temperature-integrating centers of the hypothalamus are correct

E.
All of the choices are correct.
D.
Both is released by infection-fighting leukocytes and acts on the temperature-integrating centers of the hypothalamus are correct
During the absorptive state, the body makes use of stored nutrients for energy
F
The source of the triacylglycerol used for synthesis of very low density lipoproteins in the liver is absorbed fatty acids and glycerol.
F
Most of the glucose stored after a high-carbohydrate meal is stored in the form of glycogen.
F
Most of the triacylglycerols absorbed as chylomicrons are ultimately stored as fat in the adipose tissue.
True
During the absorptive state, there is net synthesis of fat, glycogen, and protein, but this process is reversed during the postabsorptive state.
true
Most of the energy used by the body during fasting is provided by gluconeogenesis.
false
Fatty acids released by lipolysis of triacylglycerol in adipose tissue travel in the plasma as VLDL.
false
The major energy sources for non-nervous tissue during the postabsorptive period are fatty acids and ketones
true
Insulin has no effect on the carrier-mediated transport of glucose in the liver; therefore, insulin does not stimulate the uptake of glucose by that organ.
false
The effects of insulin in any given cell on membrane transport and on enzyme activity are mediated by the same receptor.
true
Insulin inhibits the enzymes in the liver that catalyze reactions leading to gluconeogenesis.
true
The metabolic events characteristic of the absorptive state can be attributed to the presence of large amounts of insulin in the blood, whereas the events of the postabsorptive state can be attributed largely to decreased insulin levels.
true
The most important of the glucose-counterregulatory controls in normal circumstances is epinephrine.
false
The chemoreceptors for the reflexes that stimulate sympathetic activity and epinephrine secretion in response to hypoglycemia are located in the carotid and aortic bodies.
false
Pituitary growth hormone has effects on protein metabolism similar to those of insulin, but its effects on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism are similar to those of elevated cortisol.
true
During stress, elevated levels of plasma cortisol stimulate the catabolism of muscle protein and the conversion of alpha-keto acids to glucose in the liver.
true
During exercise, glucose uptake by muscle cells is increased because of increased insulin secretion.
false
The primary fuel source for most cells in untreated insulin-dependent diabetes is alpha-keto acids.
false
Metabolic acidosis caused by excessive blood levels of ketones is one of the most serious consequences of untreated insulin-dependent diabetes
true
One serious consequence of insulin lack is the decreased ability of the brain to take up glucose efficiently, a condition that can lead to brain dysfunction and death
false
The excretion of glucose in the urine of a diabetic patient is a result of the inability of the kidney tubules to reabsorb glucose in the absence of insulin.
false
Cholesterol is metabolized to bile salts in the liver
true
76.
Plasma cholesterol concentration is not homeostatically regulated, but instead depends solely on the intake of cholesterol in the diet.
false
All other things being equal, a person who is hypothyroid will have a higher BMR than a person whose thyroid function is normal.
false
The calorigenic effect of thyroid hormones refers to their effect in increasing the rate at which the body synthesizes protein and fat.
false
When total-body energy balance is positive in an adult, energy is being stored as fat.
true
Insulin is a satiety signal that suppresses appetite, whereas glucagon stimulates appetite.
false
Anorexia nervosa is excessive thinness usually caused by hyperthyroidism.
false
In response to cold stimuli, human beings increase their rate of heat production primarily by increasing basal metabolic rate
false
The body's most effective mechanism for reducing heat loss is vasoconstriction of blood vessels in the skin.
true
Heat loss from evaporation occurs only when one is sweating
false
The reason high humidity plays such a significant role in increasing the discomfort felt on very hot days is that it decreases the cooling properties of conduction.
false
Receptors for the regulation of body temperature are heat and cold receptors in the skin, the CNS, and internal organs.
true
The integrating centers for temperature-regulating reflexes are located in the brain stem.
false
Fever differs from other forms of hyperthermia in that it results from resetting the hypothalamic "thermostat" to a higher level.
true
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