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lesson 10: control of geohelminths

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prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections
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prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections
- 24% or 1.5 billion of the worl's population infected, higher in developing countries

- greatest numbers in sub-Saharan Africa, the Americas, China and East Asia

- over 267 mil preschool-age children and over 569 mil school-age children in need of treatment and preventive intervention
the significance of intestinal parasitic infections
- health effects include anemia, impairment of growth and development, malabsorption, malnutrition, abdominal pain and diarrhea, and death

- it is often symptomatic, but absolute number infected makes these parasites a significant health problem
pathogens that may be excreted in urine
Lepto sipra interrogans - through animal and human urine (low importance)

Salmonella typhia and Salmonella paratyphi - probably unsual, excreted in urine in systemic infection (low importance compared to other transmission routes)

Schistosoma haematobium - not directly, but indirectly, larvae infect humans in fresh water (importance need to be considered in endemic areas where freshwater is available)
bacteria
Camplobacter jejunvcoll - causes Campylobacteriosis which cause diarrhoea, cramping, abdominal pain, fever, nausea, arthritis and Guillian-Barre syndrom

Pseudomonas aeruginosa - causes varying symptoms, bacteraemia, skin infections, ear infections, meningitis, and pneumonia

Salmonella typhiparatyphi - causes typhoid fever, which causes fever, headache, malaise, anorexia, bradyoarda, cough

Salmonella Spp - causes salmonellosis which causes diarrhoea, fever, abdominal cramps

Shigella Spp - causes shigellosis which causes dysentery (bloody diarrhea), vomiting, cramps, fever, and Peiter's syndrome

Vibrio cholerae - causes cholera which causes watery diarrhoea, lethal if severe and untreated

Yersinia Spp - causes Yersinioses which causes fever, abdominal pain, diarrhoea, joint pains, and rash
virus
Adenovirus - causes various symptoms which are respiratory illness and added due to enteric types (entric adenovirus 40 and 41, astrovirus, calicivirus, coxsackievirus)

Echovirus - causes aseptic meningitis, eneophaliitis and is often asymptomatic

Enterovirus types 68-71 - causes meningitis, encephalitis and paralysis

Hep A - causes hepatitis which causes fever, malaise, anorexia, nausea, abdominal discomfort, jaundice

Hep E - causes hepatitis

poliovirus - causes poliomyelitis (polio) often asymptomatic, fever, nausea, vomiting, headache and paralysis