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FAA 107 MAIN TEST SOURCE, FAA Part 107, FAA 107

Terms in this set (512)

Above Ground Level (AGL)
Height above the ground over which you're flying
Advisory Circular
Type of publication offered by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). Unless they're incorporated into a regulation by specific reference, ACs are issued to inform the public of nonregulatory material and are not binding.
Aeronautical Advisory Stations (UNICOM).
Air to ground communication facility employed at airports with a low volume of general aviation traffic and where no control tower is active.
Aeronautical Decision Making (ADM)
Systematic mental approach to consistently determine the best course of action in a given situation
Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM)
Federal Aviation Association (FAA) official guide to basic flight information and Air Traffic Control (ATC) procedures.
Aeronautical Knowledge Test.
Federal Aviation Association (FAA) exam required to become a Remote Pilot in Command (PIC) for a Small Unmanned Aircraft System (sUAS).
Air Traffic Control (ATC).
Responsible for providing the safe, orderly, and expeditious flow of air traffic at airports where the type of operations and/or volume of traffic requires such a service.
Airmen's Meteorological Information (AIRMET)
Weather advisory that contains information about weather events that are potentially unsafe. Compared to SIGMETs, AIRMETs cover less severe weather.
Automated Surface Observing System (ASOS
Weather reporting system that provides surface observations up to the minute via digitized voice broadcasts and printed reports
Automated Terminal Information Service (ATIS)
Continuous broadcast of recorded aeronautical information in busier airports. Contain essential information such as weather information, active runways, available approaches, and NOTAM.
Automated Weather Observing System (AWOS).
Weather reporting system that consists of various sensors, a processor, a computer-generated voice subsystem, and a transmitter to broadcast weather data on a minute-by-minute basis.
Aviation Area Forecast (FA)
Encompasses the weather conditions over a large regional area. Beneficial in verifying airport conditions at airports that do not have terminal aerodrome forecasts.
Aviation Routine Weather Report (METAR).
Observation of current surface weather reported in a standard international format. Issued hourly unless significant weather changes have occurred.
B4UFly App
Smartphone app from the Federal Aviation Association (FAA) that helps unmanned aircraft operators determine whether there are any restrictions or requirements in effect at the location where they want to fly.
Center of Gravity (CG).
The point at which your aircraft would perfectly balance if it were suspended at that point.
Certificate of Waiver (CoW).
Allows a Small Unmanned Aircraft System (sUAS) operation to deviate from certain provisions of Part 107 as long as the FAA finds that the proposed operation can be safely conducted under the terms of that Certificate of Waiver.
Certificate of Waiver or Authorization (COA)
Applies only to public operators (government entities and organizations). Permits nationwide flights in Class G airspace at or below 400 feet, self-certification of the Small Unmanned Aircraft System (sUAS) pilot, and the option to obtain emergency COAs (e-COAs) under special circumstances.
Chart Supplement U.S. (formerly Airport/Facility Directory).
Provides the most comprehensive information on a given airport. Contains information on airports, heliports, and seaplane bases that are open to the public. Published across seven books, and the information in each of these books is updated every couple of months.
Common Traffic Advisory Frequency (CTAF)
Frequency designated for the purpose of carrying out airport advisory practices while operating to or from an airport without an operating control tower.
Control Station (CS)
An interface used by the remote pilot in command or the person manipulating the controls to control the flight path of the Small Unmanned Aircraft System (sUAS). (In basic terms, this is your remote control.)
Corrective Lenses
Spectacles or contact lenses.
Crew Resource Management (CRM).
Art and science of managing all the resources that are available to the Remote Pilot in Command (PIC) prior and during flight, including resources both on board the aircraft and from outside sources.
Error Chain.
When a series of judgmental errors leads to a human factors-related accident
FAA Airman Knowledge Testing Supplement for Sport Pilot, Recreational Pilot, and Private Pilot (FAA-CT-8080-2G).
Book of figures and charts that is issued during the FAA Aeronautical Knowledge Test at the computer testing centers and referenced in certain test questions.
FAA Regional Operations Center (ROC).
Network of Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Command Control Communication Centers.
Federal Aviation Administration (FAA).
National aviation authority of the United States, with powers to regulate all aspects of civil aviation.
Flight Services Station (FSS)
Air traffic facility that provides information and services to aircraft pilots before, during, and after flights. Unlike Air Traffic Control (ATC), FSS is not responsible for giving instructions or clearances or providing separation, but they do relay ATC clearances.
Flight Standards District Office (FSDO)
Locally affiliated field office of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA).
Instrument Flight Rules (IFR).
When operation of an aircraft under Visual Flight Rules (VFR) is not safe or legal because the visual cues outside the aircraft are obscured by weather or darkness, instrument flight rules must be used instead.
Mean Sea Level (MSL).
True altitude, or the average height above standard sea level where the atmospheric pressure is measured in order to calibrate altitude. Related term: Above Ground Level (AGL)
Model Aircraft.
An Unmanned Aircraft (UA) that is capable of sustained flight in the atmosphere; flown within visual line-of-sight (VLOS) of the person operating the aircraft; and flown for hobby or recreational purposes.
MULTICOM.
Frequency allocation used as a Common Traffic Advisory Frequency (CTAF) by aircraft near airports where no air traffic control is available. In the United States, the frequency is 122.9 MHz. At uncontrolled airports without a UNICOM, pilots are to self-announce on the MULTICOM frequency.
National Airspace System (NAS)
Reaches from the surface to 60,000 feet within the continental United States and its territories.
Notice to Airmen (NOTAM).
Issued when there's aeronautical information that could affect a pilot's decision to make a flight. It includes such information as airport or aerodrome primary runway closures, taxiways, ramps, obstructions, communications, airspace, and changes in the status of navigational aids, to name a few. Time-critical and either of a temporary nature or not sufficiently known in advance to permit publication on aeronautical charts or in other operational publications.
Person Manipulating the Controls
A person other than the Remote Pilot in Command (PIC) who is controlling the flight of an Small Unmanned Aircraft System (sUAS) under the supervision of the remote PIC.
Pilot Report (PIREP).
Report of actual weather conditions that the pilot collects mid-flight.
Precipitation Static (P-static)
Form of radio interference caused by rain, snow, or dust particles hitting the antenna and inducing a small radio-frequency voltage into it.
Radio Frequencies (RF)
Any of the electromagnetic wave frequencies in the range from around 3 kHz to 300 GHz, which include those frequencies used for communications or radar signals.
Radar Summary Chart.
Graphically-depicted collection of radar weather reports. Displays areas of precipitation and information regarding the characteristics of the precipitation.
Remote Pilot Certificate
License that allows a person who passed the Aeronautical Knowledge Exam to serve as the Remote Pilot in Command (PIC) for a Small Unmanned Aircraft System (sUAS).
Remote Pilot in Command (Remote PIC or Remote Pilot)
A person who holds a Remote Pilot Certificate with a Small Unmanned Aircraft System (sUAS) rating and has the final authority and responsibility for the operation and safety of an sUAS operation conducted under Part 107.
Sectional Chart
Aeronautical chart showing topographical features that are important to aviators, such as terrain elevations, ground features identifiable from altitude and ground features useful to pilots. Also shows information on airspace classes, ground-based navigation aids, radio frequencies, longitude and latitude, navigation waypoints, and navigation routes.
Security Identification Display Areas (SIDA)
Limited access areas within airports that require a person to have a badge
Significant Weather Prognostic Charts.
Best used by a pilot for determining areas to avoid, like freezing levels and turbulence.
Small Unmanned Aircraft (Small UA).
A Unmanned Aircraft (UA) weighing less than 55 pounds, including everything that is onboard or otherwise attached to the aircraft, and can be flown without the possibility of direct human intervention from within or on the aircraft.
Small Unmanned Aircraft System (sUAS).
A small Unmanned Aircraft (UA) and its associated elements, including communication links and the components that control the small UA, that are required for the safe and efficient operation of the small UA in the National Airspace System (NAS). To reiterate, the difference between the Small Unmanned Aircraft and the Small Unmanned Aircraft System is simply that the system is the aircraft PLUS all the other equipment and components, such as the remote control / transmitter
Statute Miles (SM)
Legal or formal name for a mile, or 5280 feet.
Significant Meteorological Information (SIGMET)
Weather advisory that contains information about significant weather events like thunderstorms and severe turbulence.
Temporary Flight Restrictions (TFR)
Restriction on an area of airspace due to the movement of government VIPs, special events, natural disasters, or other unusual events.
Terminal Aerodrome Forecast (TAF)
Terminal Aerodrome Forecast (TAF). Weather report established for the five statute mile radius around an airport and usually provided for larger airports. Valid for up to a 30-hour time period and updated four times a day.
Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations Part 107 (Part 107)
Lays out the operating and certification requirements to allow Small Unmanned Aircraft Systems (sUAS) to operate for non-hobby and non-recreational purposes.
Small Unmanned Aircraft Systems Airman Certification Standards
Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) document that communicates the aeronautical knowledge standards for
a Remote Pilot Certificate with an sUAS rating. The FAA views the ACS as the foundation to an integrated and systematic approach to airman certification.
Unmanned Aircraft (UA)
An aircraft operated without the possibility of direct human intervention from within or on the aircraft. The difference between an Unmanned Aircraft and a Small Unmanned Aircraft is that a Small Unmanned Aircraft weighs less than 55 pounds
Visibility.
Greatest horizontal distance at which prominent objects can be viewed with the naked eye.
Visual Flight Rules (VFR).
Set of regulations under which a pilot operates an aircraft in weather conditions generally clear enough to allow the pilot to see where the aircraft is going.
Visual Line-of-Sight (VLOS).
Remote Pilot in Command (PIC) and person manipulating the controls must be able to see the small UA at all times during flight, unless you have a waiver that permits otherwise. Defined as within 1,500 feet of the operator and no more than 400 feet above ground. VLOS must be accomplished and maintained by unaided vision, although eyeglasses and contact lenses are allowed.
Visual Observer (VO).
A person acting as a flightcrew member who assists the Small Unmanned Aircraft (UA) Remote Pilot in Command (PIC) and/or the person manipulating the controls to see and avoid other air traffic or objects aloft or on the ground.
Winds and Temperatures Aloft (FB).
Computer-prepared forecast for specific locations in the contiguous U.S.
Absolute Altitute
the height above ground level (AGL)
True Altitude
the height above mean sea level (MSL)
Density Altitude
how we measure the density of air
Indicated Altitude
the height your altimeter shows you (when you're at sea level under standard conditions, indicated altitude is the same as true altitude)
Higher Density Altitude Occurs at:
Higher elevations
Lower atmospheric pressures
Higher temperatures
Higher humidity
Lower Density Altitude Occurs at:
Lower elevations
Higher atmospheric pressures
Lower temperatures
Lower humidity
Convective Currents
cause that bumpy, turbulent air sometimes experienced when flying at lower altitudes during warmer weather. On a low-altitude flight over different types of surfaces, updrafts are likely to occur over areas like pavement or sand, and downdrafts often occur over water or expansive areas of vegetation like a group of trees.
Wind Shear
Wind shear is a sudden, drastic change in wind speed and/or direction over a relatively small area. Wind shear can occur at all altitudes, in all directions, and it's typically characterized by directional wind changes of 180° and speed changes of 50 knots or more.
Wind Shear is associated with?
passing frontal systems, thunderstorms, and temperature inversions with strong upper level winds (greater than 25 knots).
Microburst
Associated w/ convective precipitation
1 mile horizontally , 1000ft veritically 15minutes
difficult to detect
Stability of atmosphere correlates with?
its ability to resist vertical motion. A stable atmosphere makes vertical movement of air difficult. An unstable atmosphere allows an upward or downward disturbance to grow into a vertical (or convective) current.
Adiabatic heating / Cooling
temperature change, which takes place in all upward and downward moving air
Adiabitic cooling average rate of change
2 degrees C / 1000ft
Conditions of most stable air?
Cool Dry Air, Stratiform Clouds present
Temperature Inversion
Temp of Air rises w/ Altitude,
For every 20F increase in temp? The air can hold how much humididity?
double
Sublimation
Direct change of ice to water vapor.
Relative Humidity
Relative humidity is the actual amount of moisture in the air compared to the total amount of moisture the air could hold at that temperature. For example, if the current relative humidity is 65 percent, the air is holding 65 percent of the total amount of moisture that it is capable of holding at that temperature and pressure
Temperature / Dew Point Relationship
The dew point, given in degrees, is the temperature at which the air can hold no more moisture. As moist, unstable air rises, clouds often form at the altitude where temperature and dew point reach the same value. At this point, the air is completely saturated, and moisture begins to condense out of the air in the form of fog, dew, frost, clouds, rain, hail, or snow.
Calculate Cloud Base
Surface Temp - Dew Point = Spread/4.4 * 1000
Continental polar air mass
forms over a polar region and brings cool, dry air with it.
Maritime tropical
forms over warm tropical waters and brings warm, moist air with it.
Air Mass passing over Warm Surface
Convective Currents form
Good Visibility
unstable air
Air Mass passing over Cold Surface
No Convective Currents Form
Poor Visibility
Stable Air
Warm Front Characteristics
Moves forward and replaces cold air, warm air rises, temperature drops / condensation occurs. high humidity. Moves slowly 10-25mph
Cold Front Characteristics
A cold front happens when a cold, dense, mass of stable air advances and replaces a body of warmer air. Cold fronts move twice as fast as warm fronts, usually progressing at a rate of 25 to 30 mph. However, extreme cold fronts have been recorded moving at speeds of up to 60 mph.
Thunderstroms form when?
Sufficient Water Vapor
Unstable Laps Rate
Initial Upward Boost (heat)
Thunderstorm Stage 1
Cumulus Stage - lifiting action of air begins - 15 Minutes
Thunderstorm Stage 2
Mature Stage -Rain, down rushing air, increases winds temp decreases
Thunderstrom Stage 3
Dissipating Stage - Anvil Shape, Downdraft spreads and replaces updraft
Thunderstorm operations
Rule of Thumb 20 Nautical Miles
Define Fog
Cloud begins 50ft above surface
Radiation Fog
Low Lying Areas (Mountain Valley)
Ground cools due to terrestrial radiation
Forms clear nights, no wind. burns off with Sun
Advection Fog
Coastal Areas - Sea breezes
Warm Air moves over cold surface, wind is required, can persist for days. Wind less than 15 knots
Upslope fog
moist, stable air is forced up sloping land features like a mountain range. Does not burn off w/ Sun, can persist for days
Steam fog
Forms over bodies of water during cold times. Cold dry air moves over warm water. icing can occur
Ice Fog
Temp below freezing water vapor forms ice crystals
Distance from Clouds Vertically
500ft Ceiling
Distance from Clouds Horizontally
2000ft
Minimum Flight Visiblity
3 Statute Miles
The briefing indicates you can expect a low-level temperature inversion with high relative humidity. What weather conditions would you expect?
Smooth air, poor visibility, fog, haze, or low clouds.
Moisture is added to air by
evaporation and sublimation.
Which combination of atmospheric conditions will reduce aircraft takeoff and climb performance?
High temperature, high relative humidity, and high density altitude.
Which factor would likely increase density altitude?
An increase in ambient temperature.
What conditions are necessary for a thunderstorm to form?
High humidity, lifting force, and unstable conditions
Generally for aircraft, the most hazardous kind of thunderstorm is a
squall line thunderstorm.
What is a characteristic of stable air?
Stratiform clouds
Standard briefing
should be obtained before every flight
Outlook briefing
provided when it is 6 or more hours before proposed take-off
Abbreviated briefing
will be provided when the pilot requests information to:
Aviation Area Forcasts
Issued 3 times daily
Valid for 18 hours
Cover an area the size of several states
Visibility is always stated in statute miles (SM)
Times are issued in UTC (Coordinated Universal Time)
Have 4 Sections
4 Sections of Aviation Area Forcasts
Communication and Header
Precautionary Statement
Synopsis Section
A VFR Clouds / WX Section
3 Purposes of Wind and Temperatures Aloft
Determine most favorable Altitude based on winds and direction of flight
Identify ares of possible aircraft icing
Predicting turbulence by observing abrupt changes in wind direction and speed
PIREPS
report of actual weather conditions that the pilot collects mid-flight.
MSL
"mean sea level." It's your true altitude, or the average height above standard sea level where the atmospheric pressure is measured in order to calibrate altitude.
AGL
"above ground level." Very simply, it's the height above the ground over which you're flying.
SIGMET
Significant Meteorological Information, and it's a weather advisory that contains information about significant weather events like thunderstorms and severe turbulence.
AIRMET
Airmen's Meteorological Information, and it's a weather advisory that contains information about weather events that are potentially unsafe. Compared to SIGMETs, AIRMETs cover less severe weather: things like moderate turbulence and icing, sustained surface winds of 30 knots or more, or widespread restricted visibility.
VFR
Visual Flight Rules
500ft below
1000ft above
2000ft horizontal
IFR
Instrument Flight Rules
When operation of an aircraft under VFR is not safe or legal, because the visual cues outside the aircraft are obscured by weather or darkness, instrument flight rules must be used instead
Cloud Cover: Clear
No Clouds
Cloud Cover: Few
1/8 cloud cover
Cloud Cover: Scatters
1/2 cloud cover
Cloud Cover: Broken
7/8 cloud cover
Cloud Cover: Overcast
Full cover
Cloud Cover: Ceeilings
Broken & Overcast
4 Panels on Prognostic Chart
2 Upper 12 / 24 hr charts weather to 24,000ft
2 Lower 12/24 hrs surface conditions
Class B
Big City (Blue Circles), 10,000ft MSL
Class C
Cities (Solid Magenta Lines) Typical: 5 Miles 14,000ft MSL
Class D
Diminutive (Dashed Blue Lines)
Typical: Surface to 2,500ft AFL
Class E
Everywhere, 700ft AGL to 17,999 MSl
Magnenta Scuzz
Class G
Uncontrolled Airspace, typical upper limit is 700ft or 1200ft AGL
Prohibited
Prohibited areas are published in the Federal Register and are depicted on aeronautical charts. The area is charted as a "P" followed by a number
Restricted
Restricted areas are charted with an "R" followed by a number (e.g., R-4401) and are depicted on the en route chart appropriate for use at the altitude or flight level (FL) being flown
Warnng
Warning areas are similar in nature to restricted areas; however, the United States government does not have sole jurisdiction over the airspace. A warning area is airspace of defined dimensions containing activity that may be hazardous to nonparticipating aircraft.
Military Operations Areas (MOAs)
Military Operations Areas (MOAs) are established for the purpose of separating certain military training activities from instrument flight rules (IFR) traffic.

You may be cleared through an MOA only if ATC can provide IFR separation
Alert
nform nonparticipating pilots of areas that may contain a high volume of pilot training or an unusual type of aerial activity. All activity within an alert area shall be conducted in accordance with regulations, without waiver, and pilots of participating aircraft, as well as pilots transiting the area, shall be equally responsible for collision avoidance.
Controlled Firing
The difference between CFAs and other special use airspace is that activities must be suspended when a spotter aircraft, radar, or ground lookout position indicates an aircraft might be approaching the area. There is no need to chart CFAs since they do not cause a nonparticipating aircraft to change its flightpath.
Local Airport Advisory (LAA)
1) located on the landing airport, 2) have a discrete ground-to-air communication frequency or the tower frequency when the tower is closed, 3) have automated weather reporting with voice broadcasting, 4) and offer a continuous ASOS/AWOS data display, other continuous direct reading instruments, or manual observations available to the specialist.
Military Training Routes (MTRs)
A Military Training Route (MTR) is used by the military for conducting low-altitude, high-speed flight training

Typically, the routes above 1,500 ft. AGL are flown under instrument flight rules (IFR), and the routes flown under 1,500 ft. AGL are flown under visual flight rules (VFR)
How are TFRs issued
NOTAM - Notice to Airman
NOTAMs consist of :
Flight Restriction, Time Period, Area Defined, Altitudes affected FAA coordination facility, telephone number, reason for restriction
Within how many days must an sUAS accident be reported to the FAA?
10 days
According to 14 CFR Part 107, an sUAS is a unmanned aircraft system weighing:
Less than 55 lbs
According to 14 CFR Part 107, what is required to operate a small unmanned aircraft within 30 minutes after sunset?
Use of anit-collision lights
Advisory Circulars are:
Issued to inform the public of non-regulatory material and are not binding.
Advisory Circulars required to recall on test?
60 - Airmen
70 - Airspace
90 - Air Traffic & General Operating Rules
A person applying for a remote pilot certificate with an sUAS rating must be at least:
16years old
Before each flight, the Remote PIC must ensure that:
Objects carried on the sUAS are secure
The only cloud type forcast in TAF reports?
Cumulonimbus
The number of drones you can fly simultaneously.
1
The maximum height you can fly AGL or above a taller building within a 400-foot radius.
400 feet
Fastest you can fly.
100 MPH/87 Knots
The lightest drone that must be registered.
0.55 lbs
Heaviest legal drone
55 lbs
Maximum blood alcohol level.
0.04
The time that must pass since you have had alcohol.
8 hours
The maximum time you can take to file an FAA accident report.
10 days.
The time you have to notify the FAA if you move.
30 days
The lead time required when requesting an FAA waiver
90 days
Time that must pass after a final narcotics conviction.
1 year.
The youngest person who can register a drone.
13 years old.
How long this certification is good for.
24 months.
The twilight time before sunrise or after sunset when you can still fly.
30 minutes.
The distance your anti-collision lights must be visible from when flying during twilight. Also the minimum visibility you must have while flying.
3 statute miles.
Minimum number of feet below a cloud you must fly.
500 feet.
Minimum number of feet horizontally from a cloud you must fly.
2,000 feet.
The repair cost of accident damage that requires you to report an accident to the FAA
$500
The "serious injury" AIS level that requires you to file an accident report.
Level 3.
The MULTICOM frequency for self-announce procedures.
122.9
The distance you should operate from a tower to avoid hitting guy wires.
2000 feet.
Occurs when the wing exceeds its critical angle of attack.
Stalls
Supposed to be defined in the Pilot's Operating Handbook or UAS Flight Manual, but those don't exist for drones.
Center of Gravity (CG) Limits.
Determines when the craft stalls. This doesn't change if the vehicle weight changes.
Angle of attack
Increases during any maneuver.
Load Factor
This is the answer to any question about who is responsible.
Remote PIC.
Aircraft always turn left when circling a runway, because drivers sit on the left side of the car in the US, and pilots sit on the left of the plane, too. It's easier for them to look out the left window to see the tower.
Left
You're supposed to have one, even though most drones can't be user-repaired and don't provide a schedule.
Maintenance schedule.
Helps to prevent an accident chain.
Risk Management.
Taking risks to impress others
Machismo
Doing something without thinking about it.
Impulsivity.
Thinking accidents won't happen to you.
Invulnerability.
What's the use? They don't control their destiny.
Resignation
Nobody can tell me what to do.
Anti-authority
It's how you manage your "crew" and you
should integrate it into all phases of the operation.
Crew Resource Management (CRM)
That's how you should scan for traffic-let your eyes rest in different areas for a while, rather than continuously scanning.
Systematically focus on different segments of the sky for short intervals.
is like climbing a ladder (north-south)
Latitude
is the long way around the planet (the Earth is fat cuz it spins).
Longitude
Contains the weather forecast.
Standard briefing
is weather
AWOS
is for pilots to talk to each other when there's no tower.
CTAF
is a base station that broadcasts to pilots when there's no tower.
UNICOM
is used as the CTAF when there's no CTAF (122.9 or 122.95).
MULTICOM
Warm air on top of cold air. Fog, haze, low clouds, poor visibility, but smooth air.
Temperature inversion
Turbulence (because the air is unstable), showery precipitation.
Moist, unstable air
Smooth air, poor visibility, and steady (not showery) precipitation (because stable air is usually humid).
Stable air
Intermittent precipitation.
Unstable air.
Stable
Cool + Dry
Unstable
Hot + Humid
Just means "high altitude". Air is thinner, so lift is decreased.
High density altitude.
Means a rain cloud
nimbus
Wind is 180 degrees at 4 knots. The first three digits (180) are the
compass heading (180). The last two #s are the wind speed (04).
18004KT
Compass headings are always relative to true North in print, not magnetic North.
If it's in print, it must be true.
...
Sky is overcast at 700 feet. Remember, #s are always in hundreds.
OVC007
Visibility is 1 1⁄2 statute miles (SM)
1 1/2SM
BLPY
Blowing spray
BR
Mist
DS
Dust Storm
DU
Widespread Dust
DZ
Drizzle
FC
Funnel Cloud
+FC
Tornado/Water Spout
FG
Fog
FU
Smoke
GR
Hail
GS
Small Hail/Snow Pellets
HZ
Haze
IC
Ice Crystals
PL
Ice Pellets
PO
Dust/Sand Whirls
RA
Rain
SA
Sand
SG
Snow Grains
SN
Snow
SQ
Squall
SS
Sandstorm
UP
Unknown Precipitation
VA
Volcanic Ash
+
heavy
-
light
(Common Traffic Advisory Frequency) is marked with a C
CTAF
is for the weather
AWOS
mark VR checkpoints which mean more planes might be there.
Red flags
Measure minutes between latitude and longitude degrees. Each tick is one minute. Bigger ticks mark 5 minutes.
Tick marks.
Must get ATC (Air Traffic Control) authorization for class B, C, and D.
...
From 18,000 feet to 60,000 feet, all over the US.
Class A airspace
Surrounding major airports, 0-10,000 feet. Consists of multiple layers,
like an upside-down wedding cake.
Class B airspace
Surrounding airports with a control tower, radar, and over a specific amount of traffic. Usually 5 NM (nautical mile) radius from 0-4,000 feet, and a 10 NM radius from 1,200-4,000 feet.
Class C airspace
Surrounding airports with a control tower. 0-2,500 feet, no specific radius, just shaped around flight patterns. Outside control tower hours, Class D airspace is Class G.
Class D airspace
Usually it starts at 1,200 feet and goes up to 18,000 feet.
Class E airspace
Uncontrolled airspace (below class E airspace).
Class G airspace
Places like Camp David and the White House.
Prohibited Areas (P-###)
It's not prohibited, but if you fly here, it could be dangerous. The government might be testing artillery or missiles or UFOs.
Restricted Areas (R-###)
Domestic and international waters, from NM outward from the US coast. It's cool to fly there it's just not really managed by the US.
Warning Areas (W-###)
MOAs consist of airspace with defined limits established for the purpose of separating certain military training activities from IFR traffic. Whenever an MOA is being used, nonparticipating IFR traffic may be cleared through an MOA if IFR separation can be provided by ATC. Otherwise, ATC reroutes or restricts nonparticipating IFR traffic.
Military Operations Areas (MOAs)
Depicted on aeronautical charts with an "A" followed by a number (e.g., A-
211) to inform nonparticipating pilots of areas that may contain a high volume of pilot training or an unusual type of aerial activity. Think skydiving training facility
Alert Areas
Numbers (like 41/12) are written in 100s of feet above sea level (MSL). So, 41/12 means 4100 ft, 1200 ft. SFC = Surface
...
latitude
north and south
longitude
east to west
Advisory Circulars
AC
Aeronautical Decision Making
ADM
Aircraft Flight Manual
AFM
Above Ground Level
AGL
Aeronautical information manual
AIM
Abbreviated Injury Scale
AIS
Above Sea Level
ASL
Automated Surface
Observing System (monitors the
weather)
ASOS
Air Traffic Control
ATC
Air Traffic Control Tower
ATCT
Automatic Terminal Information System (a loop of useful information broadcast over the radio near an airport)
ATIS
Aviation Weather Center
AWC
Automated Weather
Observing System
AWOS
Code of Federal Regulations
CFR
Center of Gravity
CG
Certificate of Waiver
CoW
Crew Resource Management
CRM
Control Station (your remote
control)
CS
Common Traffic Advisory
Frequency
CTAF
Federal Aviation
Administration
FAA
Flight Data Center
FDC
Department of Defense Flight
Information Publication
FLIP
Flight Level
FL
Flight Service Station.
Provides pilot briefings, enroute communications, search-and-rescue services, help lost aircraft, etc.
FSS
Flight Termination Point
FTP
Instrument Flight Rules
IFR
Instrument Landing System
ILS
Letter of Agreement
LOA
Aviation Routine Weather
Reports
METAR
Military Operations Area
MOA
Mean Sea Level
MSL
Military Training Routes
MTR
Not an acronym, just
the radio frequency (122.9) we use
to announce aircraft when there's no ATC.
MULTICOM
National Airspace System
NAS
Nautical Miles
NM
Notice to Airman
NOTAM
Notice to Airman Publication
NTAP
National Transportation
Safety Board
NTSB
National Weather Service
NWS
Overcast (from METAR)
OVC
Pilot In Control. You, flying the
drone.
PIC
Pilot Operating Handbook
POH
Rain
RA
Surface
SFC
Secure Identification Display
Area. The part of the airport where
you need to be wearing a badge.
SIDA
Statute Miles
SM
Safety Management System
SMS
Small Unmanned Aircraft
Systems (aka., drone, UA, UAS)
sUAS
Terminal Aerodrome Forecast
TAF
Temporary Flight Restriction
TFR
Unmanned Aircraft (aka., drone,
sUAS, UAS)
UA
Unmanned Aircraft System
(aka., drone, sUAS, UA)
UAS
Not an acronym:
Universal Communications. A radio broadcast that tells you about non- flight services, such as fuel, taxis, and car rentals.
UNICOM
Visual Flight Rules
VFR
Visual Line-of-Sight
VLOS
Visual Observer
VO
Very High Frequency
Omnidirectional Range. They're
navigation beacons.
VOR
Visual Flight Rules Military
Training Routes
VR
A
Alpha
B
Bravo
C
Charlie
D
Delta
E
Echo
F
Foxtrot
G
Golf
H
Hotel
I
India
J
Juliett
K
Kilo
L
Lima
M
Mike
N
November
O
Oscar
P
Papa
Q
Quebec
R
Romeo
S
Seirra
T
Tango
U
Uniform
V
Victor
W
Whisky
X
Xray
Y
Yankee
Z
Zulu
Small tick marks
1 minute
medium tick marks
5 minutes
large tick marks
10 minutes
KGGG
K then three letter airport code
161753Z
16 day of the month 1753 the time of day and Z-Zulu
AUTO
automatic made report by a weather station
14021G26KT
140 degrees 21 knots gusting to 26 knots
VRB05KT
Variable winds at 5 knots
+TSRA BR
heavy thunderstorm and rain showers and mist
BKN008
Broken clouds at 800 feet
OVC012CB
overcast clouds at 1,200 feet Cumulus clouds
18/17
18 degrees celsius and dew point is 17 degrees celsius
P6SM
P if it is 6 or more and indicates that you have great visibility
PROB30
30% chance
Less than 1/8 (Clear)
SKC,CLR,FEW
1/8-2/8 (Few)
FEW
3/8-4/8 (Scattered)
SCT
5/8-7/8 (Broken)
BKN
8/8 or (Overcast)
OVC
Low density altitude
have higher density of air
(this is good)
High density altitude
have lower density of air
(this is bad)
Fronts
divide weather patterns
Wind shear
any altitude
Structural icing
rain or cloud 0 degrees celsius or colder
0 degrees
North
90 degrees
East
180 degrees
South
270 degrees
West
TS(thunderstorm) Life Cycle
1. Cumulus
2. Mature
3. Dissipating
To check NOTAM go to
1800WXBrief.com
Nimbus
Big heavy clouds
Stratus
High whispy clouds
Humidity
Less visibility more efficient
Above Ground Level (AGL)
Height above the ground over which you're flying
Advisory Circular
Type of publication offered by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). Unless they're incorporated into a regulation by specific reference, ACs are issued to inform the public of nonregulatory material and are not binding.
Aeronautical Advisory Stations (UNICOM).
Air to ground communication facility employed at airports with a low volume of general aviation traffic and where no control tower is active.
Aeronautical Decision Making (ADM)
Systematic mental approach to consistently determine the best course of action in a given situation
Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM)
Federal Aviation Association (FAA) official guide to basic flight information and Air Traffic Control (ATC) procedures.
Aeronautical Knowledge Test.
Federal Aviation Association (FAA) exam required to become a Remote Pilot in Command (PIC) for a Small Unmanned Aircraft System (sUAS).
Air Traffic Control (ATC).
Responsible for providing the safe, orderly, and expeditious flow of air traffic at airports where the type of operations and/or volume of traffic requires such a service.
Airmen's Meteorological Information (AIRMET)
Weather advisory that contains information about weather events that are potentially unsafe. Compared to SIGMETs, AIRMETs cover less severe weather.
Automated Surface Observing System (ASOS
Weather reporting system that provides surface observations up to the minute via digitized voice broadcasts and printed reports
Automated Terminal Information Service (ATIS)
Continuous broadcast of recorded aeronautical information in busier airports. Contain essential information such as weather information, active runways, available approaches, and NOTAM.
Automated Weather Observing System (AWOS).
Weather reporting system that consists of various sensors, a processor, a computer-generated voice subsystem, and a transmitter to broadcast weather data on a minute-by-minute basis.
Aviation Area Forecast (FA)
Encompasses the weather conditions over a large regional area. Beneficial in verifying airport conditions at airports that do not have terminal aerodrome forecasts.
Aviation Routine Weather Report (METAR).
Observation of current surface weather reported in a standard international format. Issued hourly unless significant weather changes have occurred.
B4UFly App
Smartphone app from the Federal Aviation Association (FAA) that helps unmanned aircraft operators determine whether there are any restrictions or requirements in effect at the location where they want to fly.
Center of Gravity (CG).
The point at which your aircraft would perfectly balance if it were suspended at that point.
Certificate of Waiver (CoW).
Allows a Small Unmanned Aircraft System (sUAS) operation to deviate from certain provisions of Part 107 as long as the FAA finds that the proposed operation can be safely conducted under the terms of that Certificate of Waiver.
Certificate of Waiver or Authorization (COA)
Applies only to public operators (government entities and organizations). Permits nationwide flights in Class G airspace at or below 400 feet, self-certification of the Small Unmanned Aircraft System (sUAS) pilot, and the option to obtain emergency COAs (e-COAs) under special circumstances.
Chart Supplement U.S. (formerly Airport/Facility Directory).
Provides the most comprehensive information on a given airport. Contains information on airports, heliports, and seaplane bases that are open to the public. Published across seven books, and the information in each of these books is updated every couple of months.
Common Traffic Advisory Frequency (CTAF)
Frequency designated for the purpose of carrying out airport advisory practices while operating to or from an airport without an operating control tower.
Control Station (CS)
An interface used by the remote pilot in command or the person manipulating the controls to control the flight path of the Small Unmanned Aircraft System (sUAS). (In basic terms, this is your remote control.)
Corrective Lenses
Spectacles or contact lenses.
Crew Resource Management (CRM).
Art and science of managing all the resources that are available to the Remote Pilot in Command (PIC) prior and during flight, including resources both on board the aircraft and from outside sources.
Error Chain.
When a series of judgmental errors leads to a human factors-related accident
FAA Airman Knowledge Testing Supplement for Sport Pilot, Recreational Pilot, and Private Pilot (FAA-CT-8080-2G).
Book of figures and charts that is issued during the FAA Aeronautical Knowledge Test at the computer testing centers and referenced in certain test questions.
FAA Regional Operations Center (ROC).
Network of Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Command Control Communication Centers.
Federal Aviation Administration (FAA).
National aviation authority of the United States, with powers to regulate all aspects of civil aviation.
Flight Services Station (FSS)
Air traffic facility that provides information and services to aircraft pilots before, during, and after flights. Unlike Air Traffic Control (ATC), FSS is not responsible for giving instructions or clearances or providing separation, but they do relay ATC clearances.
Flight Standards District Office (FSDO)
Locally affiliated field office of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA).
Instrument Flight Rules (IFR).
When operation of an aircraft under Visual Flight Rules (VFR) is not safe or legal because the visual cues outside the aircraft are obscured by weather or darkness, instrument flight rules must be used instead.
Mean Sea Level (MSL).
True altitude, or the average height above standard sea level where the atmospheric pressure is measured in order to calibrate altitude. Related term: Above Ground Level (AGL)
Model Aircraft.
An Unmanned Aircraft (UA) that is capable of sustained flight in the atmosphere; flown within visual line-of-sight (VLOS) of the person operating the aircraft; and flown for hobby or recreational purposes.
MULTICOM.
Frequency allocation used as a Common Traffic Advisory Frequency (CTAF) by aircraft near airports where no air traffic control is available. In the United States, the frequency is 122.9 MHz. At uncontrolled airports without a UNICOM, pilots are to self-announce on the MULTICOM frequency.
National Airspace System (NAS)
Reaches from the surface to 60,000 feet within the continental United States and its territories.
Notice to Airmen (NOTAM).
Issued when there's aeronautical information that could affect a pilot's decision to make a flight. It includes such information as airport or aerodrome primary runway closures, taxiways, ramps, obstructions, communications, airspace, and changes in the status of navigational aids, to name a few. Time-critical and either of a temporary nature or not sufficiently known in advance to permit publication on aeronautical charts or in other operational publications.
Person Manipulating the Controls
A person other than the Remote Pilot in Command (PIC) who is controlling the flight of an Small Unmanned Aircraft System (sUAS) under the supervision of the remote PIC.
Pilot Report (PIREP).
Report of actual weather conditions that the pilot collects mid-flight.
Precipitation Static (P-static)
Form of radio interference caused by rain, snow, or dust particles hitting the antenna and inducing a small radio-frequency voltage into it.
Radio Frequencies (RF)
Any of the electromagnetic wave frequencies in the range from around 3 kHz to 300 GHz, which include those frequencies used for communications or radar signals.
Radar Summary Chart.
Graphically-depicted collection of radar weather reports. Displays areas of precipitation and information regarding the characteristics of the precipitation.
Remote Pilot Certificate
License that allows a person who passed the Aeronautical Knowledge Exam to serve as the Remote Pilot in Command (PIC) for a Small Unmanned Aircraft System (sUAS).
Remote Pilot in Command (Remote PIC or Remote Pilot)
A person who holds a Remote Pilot Certificate with a Small Unmanned Aircraft System (sUAS) rating and has the final authority and responsibility for the operation and safety of an sUAS operation conducted under Part 107.
Sectional Chart
Aeronautical chart showing topographical features that are important to aviators, such as terrain elevations, ground features identifiable from altitude and ground features useful to pilots. Also shows information on airspace classes, ground-based navigation aids, radio frequencies, longitude and latitude, navigation waypoints, and navigation routes.
Security Identification Display Areas (SIDA)
Limited access areas within airports that require a person to have a badge
Significant Weather Prognostic Charts.
Best used by a pilot for determining areas to avoid, like freezing levels and turbulence.
Small Unmanned Aircraft (Small UA).
A Unmanned Aircraft (UA) weighing less than 55 pounds, including everything that is onboard or otherwise attached to the aircraft, and can be flown without the possibility of direct human intervention from within or on the aircraft.
Small Unmanned Aircraft System (sUAS).
A small Unmanned Aircraft (UA) and its associated elements, including communication links and the components that control the small UA, that are required for the safe and efficient operation of the small UA in the National Airspace System (NAS). To reiterate, the difference between the Small Unmanned Aircraft and the Small Unmanned Aircraft System is simply that the system is the aircraft PLUS all the other equipment and components, such as the remote control / transmitter
Statute Miles (SM)
Legal or formal name for a mile, or 5280 feet.
Significant Meteorological Information (SIGMET)
Weather advisory that contains information about significant weather events like thunderstorms and severe turbulence.
Temporary Flight Restrictions (TFR)
Restriction on an area of airspace due to the movement of government VIPs, special events, natural disasters, or other unusual events.
Terminal Aerodrome Forecast (TAF)
Terminal Aerodrome Forecast (TAF). Weather report established for the five statute mile radius around an airport and usually provided for larger airports. Valid for up to a 30-hour time period and updated four times a day.
Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations Part 107 (Part 107)
Lays out the operating and certification requirements to allow Small Unmanned Aircraft Systems (sUAS) to operate for non-hobby and non-recreational purposes.
Small Unmanned Aircraft Systems Airman Certification Standards
Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) document that communicates the aeronautical knowledge standards for
a Remote Pilot Certificate with an sUAS rating. The FAA views the ACS as the foundation to an integrated and systematic approach to airman certification.
Unmanned Aircraft (UA)
An aircraft operated without the possibility of direct human intervention from within or on the aircraft. The difference between an Unmanned Aircraft and a Small Unmanned Aircraft is that a Small Unmanned Aircraft weighs less than 55 pounds
Visibility.
Greatest horizontal distance at which prominent objects can be viewed with the naked eye.
Visual Flight Rules (VFR).
Set of regulations under which a pilot operates an aircraft in weather conditions generally clear enough to allow the pilot to see where the aircraft is going.
Visual Line-of-Sight (VLOS).
Remote Pilot in Command (PIC) and person manipulating the controls must be able to see the small UA at all times during flight, unless you have a waiver that permits otherwise. Defined as within 1,500 feet of the operator and no more than 400 feet above ground. VLOS must be accomplished and maintained by unaided vision, although eyeglasses and contact lenses are allowed.
Visual Observer (VO).
A person acting as a flightcrew member who assists the Small Unmanned Aircraft (UA) Remote Pilot in Command (PIC) and/or the person manipulating the controls to see and avoid other air traffic or objects aloft or on the ground.
Winds and Temperatures Aloft (FB).
Computer-prepared forecast for specific locations in the contiguous U.S.
Absolute Altitute
the height above ground level (AGL)
True Altitude
the height above mean sea level (MSL)
Density Altitude
how we measure the density of air
Indicated Altitude
the height your altimeter shows you (when you're at sea level under standard conditions, indicated altitude is the same as true altitude)
Higher Density Altitude Occurs at:
Higher elevations
Lower atmospheric pressures
Higher temperatures
Higher humidity
Lower Density Altitude Occurs at:
Lower elevations
Higher atmospheric pressures
Lower temperatures
Lower humidity
Convective Currents
cause that bumpy, turbulent air sometimes experienced when flying at lower altitudes during warmer weather. On a low-altitude flight over different types of surfaces, updrafts are likely to occur over areas like pavement or sand, and downdrafts often occur over water or expansive areas of vegetation like a group of trees.
Wind Shear
Wind shear is a sudden, drastic change in wind speed and/or direction over a relatively small area. Wind shear can occur at all altitudes, in all directions, and it's typically characterized by directional wind changes of 180° and speed changes of 50 knots or more.
Wind Shear is associated with?
passing frontal systems, thunderstorms, and temperature inversions with strong upper level winds (greater than 25 knots).
Microburst
Associated w/ convective precipitation
1 mile horizontally , 1000ft veritically 15minutes
difficult to detect
Stability of atmosphere correlates with?
its ability to resist vertical motion. A stable atmosphere makes vertical movement of air difficult. An unstable atmosphere allows an upward or downward disturbance to grow into a vertical (or convective) current.
Adiabatic heating / Cooling
temperature change, which takes place in all upward and downward moving air
Adiabitic cooling average rate of change
2 degrees C / 1000ft
Conditions of most stable air?
Cool Dry Air, Stratiform Clouds present
Temperature Inversion
Temp of Air rises w/ Altitude,
For every 20F increase in temp? The air can hold how much humididity?
double
Sublimation
Direct change of ice to water vapor.
Relative Humidity
Relative humidity is the actual amount of moisture in the air compared to the total amount of moisture the air could hold at that temperature. For example, if the current relative humidity is 65 percent, the air is holding 65 percent of the total amount of moisture that it is capable of holding at that temperature and pressure
Temperature / Dew Point Relationship
The dew point, given in degrees, is the temperature at which the air can hold no more moisture. As moist, unstable air rises, clouds often form at the altitude where temperature and dew point reach the same value. At this point, the air is completely saturated, and moisture begins to condense out of the air in the form of fog, dew, frost, clouds, rain, hail, or snow.
Calculate Cloud Base
Surface Temp - Dew Point = Spread/4.4 * 1000
Continental polar air mass
forms over a polar region and brings cool, dry air with it.
Maritime tropical
forms over warm tropical waters and brings warm, moist air with it.
Air Mass passing over Warm Surface
Convective Currents form
Good Visibility
unstable air
Air Mass passing over Cold Surface
No Convective Currents Form
Poor Visibility
Stable Air
Warm Front Characteristics
Moves forward and replaces cold air, warm air rises, temperature drops / condensation occurs. high humidity. Moves slowly 10-25mph
Cold Front Characteristics
A cold front happens when a cold, dense, mass of stable air advances and replaces a body of warmer air. Cold fronts move twice as fast as warm fronts, usually progressing at a rate of 25 to 30 mph. However, extreme cold fronts have been recorded moving at speeds of up to 60 mph.
Thunderstroms form when?
Sufficient Water Vapor
Unstable Laps Rate
Initial Upward Boost (heat)
Thunderstorm Stage 1
Cumulus Stage - lifiting action of air begins - 15 Minutes
Thunderstorm Stage 2
Mature Stage -Rain, down rushing air, increases winds temp decreases
Thunderstrom Stage 3
Dissipating Stage - Anvil Shape, Downdraft spreads and replaces updraft
Thunderstorm operations
Rule of Thumb 20 Nautical Miles
Define Fog
Cloud begins 50ft above surface
Radiation Fog
Low Lying Areas (Mountain Valley)
Ground cools due to terrestrial radiation
Forms clear nights, no wind. burns off with Sun
Advection Fog
Coastal Areas - Sea breezes
Warm Air moves over cold surface, wind is required, can persist for days. Wind less than 15 knots
Upslope fog
moist, stable air is forced up sloping land features like a mountain range. Does not burn off w/ Sun, can persist for days
Steam fog
Forms over bodies of water during cold times. Cold dry air moves over warm water. icing can occur
Ice Fog
Temp below freezing water vapor forms ice crystals
Distance from Clouds Vertically
500ft Ceiling
Distance from Clouds Horizontally
2000ft
Minimum Flight Visiblity
3 Statute Miles
The briefing indicates you can expect a low-level temperature inversion with high relative humidity. What weather conditions would you expect?
Smooth air, poor visibility, fog, haze, or low clouds.
Moisture is added to air by
evaporation and sublimation.
Which combination of atmospheric conditions will reduce aircraft takeoff and climb performance?
High temperature, high relative humidity, and high density altitude.
Which factor would likely increase density altitude?
An increase in ambient temperature.
What conditions are necessary for a thunderstorm to form?
High humidity, lifting force, and unstable conditions
Generally for aircraft, the most hazardous kind of thunderstorm is a
squall line thunderstorm.
What is a characteristic of stable air?
Stratiform clouds
Standard briefing
should be obtained before every flight
Outlook briefing
provided when it is 6 or more hours before proposed take-off
Abbreviated briefing
will be provided when the pilot requests information to:
Aviation Area Forcasts
Issued 3 times daily
Valid for 18 hours
Cover an area the size of several states
Visibility is always stated in statute miles (SM)
Times are issued in UTC (Coordinated Universal Time)
Have 4 Sections
4 Sections of Aviation Area Forcasts
Communication and Header
Precautionary Statement
Synopsis Section
A VFR Clouds / WX Section
3 Purposes of Wind and Temperatures Aloft
Determine most favorable Altitude based on winds and direction of flight
Identify ares of possible aircraft icing
Predicting turbulence by observing abrupt changes in wind direction and speed
PIREPS
report of actual weather conditions that the pilot collects mid-flight.
MSL
"mean sea level." It's your true altitude, or the average height above standard sea level where the atmospheric pressure is measured in order to calibrate altitude.
AGL
"above ground level." Very simply, it's the height above the ground over which you're flying.
SIGMET
Significant Meteorological Information, and it's a weather advisory that contains information about significant weather events like thunderstorms and severe turbulence.
AIRMET
Airmen's Meteorological Information, and it's a weather advisory that contains information about weather events that are potentially unsafe. Compared to SIGMETs, AIRMETs cover less severe weather: things like moderate turbulence and icing, sustained surface winds of 30 knots or more, or widespread restricted visibility.
VFR
Visual Flight Rules
500ft below
1000ft above
2000ft horizontal
IFR
Instrument Flight Rules
When operation of an aircraft under VFR is not safe or legal, because the visual cues outside the aircraft are obscured by weather or darkness, instrument flight rules must be used instead
Cloud Cover: Clear
No Clouds
Cloud Cover: Few
1/8 cloud cover
Cloud Cover: Scatters
1/2 cloud cover
Cloud Cover: Broken
7/8 cloud cover
Cloud Cover: Overcast
Full cover
Cloud Cover: Ceeilings
Broken & Overcast
4 Panels on Prognostic Chart
2 Upper 12 / 24 hr charts weather to 24,000ft
2 Lower 12/24 hrs surface conditions
Class B
Big City (Blue Circles), 10,000ft MSL
Class C
Cities (Solid Magenta Lines) Typical: 5 Miles 14,000ft MSL
Class D
Diminutive (Dashed Blue Lines)
Typical: Surface to 2,500ft AFL
Class E
Everywhere, 700ft AGL to 17,999 MSl
Magnenta Scuzz
Class G
Uncontrolled Airspace, typical upper limit is 700ft or 1200ft AGL
Prohibited
Prohibited areas are published in the Federal Register and are depicted on aeronautical charts. The area is charted as a "P" followed by a number
Restricted
Restricted areas are charted with an "R" followed by a number (e.g., R-4401) and are depicted on the en route chart appropriate for use at the altitude or flight level (FL) being flown
Warnng
Warning areas are similar in nature to restricted areas; however, the United States government does not have sole jurisdiction over the airspace. A warning area is airspace of defined dimensions containing activity that may be hazardous to nonparticipating aircraft.
Military Operations Areas (MOAs)
Military Operations Areas (MOAs) are established for the purpose of separating certain military training activities from instrument flight rules (IFR) traffic.

You may be cleared through an MOA only if ATC can provide IFR separation
Alert
nform nonparticipating pilots of areas that may contain a high volume of pilot training or an unusual type of aerial activity. All activity within an alert area shall be conducted in accordance with regulations, without waiver, and pilots of participating aircraft, as well as pilots transiting the area, shall be equally responsible for collision avoidance.
Controlled Firing
The difference between CFAs and other special use airspace is that activities must be suspended when a spotter aircraft, radar, or ground lookout position indicates an aircraft might be approaching the area. There is no need to chart CFAs since they do not cause a nonparticipating aircraft to change its flightpath.
Local Airport Advisory (LAA)
1) located on the landing airport, 2) have a discrete ground-to-air communication frequency or the tower frequency when the tower is closed, 3) have automated weather reporting with voice broadcasting, 4) and offer a continuous ASOS/AWOS data display, other continuous direct reading instruments, or manual observations available to the specialist.
Military Training Routes (MTRs)
A Military Training Route (MTR) is used by the military for conducting low-altitude, high-speed flight training

Typically, the routes above 1,500 ft. AGL are flown under instrument flight rules (IFR), and the routes flown under 1,500 ft. AGL are flown under visual flight rules (VFR)
How are TFRs issued
NOTAM - Notice to Airman
NOTAMs consist of :
Flight Restriction, Time Period, Area Defined, Altitudes affected FAA coordination facility, telephone number, reason for restriction
Within how many days must an sUAS accident be reported to the FAA?
10 days
According to 14 CFR Part 107, an sUAS is a unmanned aircraft system weighing:
Less than 55 lbs
According to 14 CFR Part 107, what is required to operate a small unmanned aircraft within 30 minutes after sunset?
Use of anit-collision lights
Advisory Circulars are:
Issued to inform the public of non-regulatory material and are not binding.
Advisory Circulars required to recall on test?
60 - Airmen
70 - Airspace
90 - Air Traffic & General Operating Rules
A person applying for a remote pilot certificate with an sUAS rating must be at least:
16years old
Before each flight, the Remote PIC must ensure that:
Objects carried on the sUAS are secure
The only cloud type forcast in TAF reports?
Cumulonimbus
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