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BIO 1 Final Review Part 2

Terms in this set (69)

An explanation for a biological process that is substantiated by a large body of evidence is called a
theory
A variety of finch species within the Hawaiian Islands have acquired different types of beaks needed for utilizing specific food resources. What is the likely process by which these different species of finches came about
vertical descent with mutation
Collecting data without a specific hypothesis in mind is called
discovery-based science
You collect data on the population size of finches on an island in the Galapagos and correlate that with the amount of rainfall. You find that finch population tends to be correlated with increased rainfall. To predict the population size with different rainfall levels you would create which type of model
mathematical model
Carbon has 4 electrons and hydrogen has 1 electron in its outermost electron shell. A carbon atom can form covalent bonds with how many hydrogen atoms?
4
The single atom you would choose to remove from living organisms in order to remove the highest percentage of atoms would be.
hydrogen
Molecules are generally rigid structures and rarely change shape.
false
The smallest functional units of matter that cannot be further broken down by ordinary chemical or physical means are
atoms
The most accurate nucleotide base composition of the DNA double helix is
T+G = A+C
An amino acid is to a protein as a ________ is to a nucleic acid.
nucleotide
The structural difference between saturated and unsaturated fats causes what type of change at room temperature?
Linear structure of a fatty acid causes solid formation at room temperature
A disaccharide, such as maltose, consists of two molecules of glucose linked by what type of bond?
glycosidic
In animal cells, microtubules grow from
centrosomes containing centrioles.
The first step in cotranslational sorting occurs when the peptide is directed to the endoplasmic reticulum.
true
In eukaryotes, most proteins contain short stretches of amino acid sequences called sorting signals that direct the protein to the correct cellular location.
true
The function of eukaryotes membranes include
cell signaling.
barriers separating extracellular and intracellular environments.
cell-to-cell adhesion.
Which molecule would you predict moves through a lipid bilayer most rapidly without the help of a transport protein?
C4H10
Animal cells are permeable to water and urea but NOT to sucrose. Initially, the inside of a cell contains 1 M sucrose and 1 M urea and the outside 2 M sucrose and 1 M urea. After the system reaches equilibrium, what changes are observed?
The molarity of sucrose would be similar inside and outside the cell and water would move out of the cell causing the cell to shrivel.
Cellular membranes are mosaic and
fluid
Which membrane component is important for allowing large, charged molecules to pass through the membrane?
transmembrane proteins
What process(es) are required for phospholipids to flip-flop across the lipid bilayer?
The process requires energy and the flippase enzyme.
A logical consequence of the second law of thermodynamics could be stated
every chemical reaction must increase the total entropy of the universe.
Your liver produces 90% of the cholesterol found in your body. When cholesterol levels get too high, the first enzyme in the pathway of cholesterol synthesis is inhibited. This is an example of
feedback inhibition
will accumulate if a cell is treated with a proteasome inhibitor.
Unfolded proteins with ubiquitin attached
The half-life of a molecule is the time it takes for 50% of the molecule to be broken down and recycled.
true
Some bacteria can use sulfur instead of oxygen as a final electron acceptor. What would they produce during anaerobic respiration?
H2S
Which of the following are the final by-products of glucose oxidation during aerobic cell respiration?
ATP, heat, and carbon dioxide
In a PET scan a patient is injected with radioactively labeled glucose. Why would cancer cells take up more of the radioactive glucose than surrounding noncancerous tissues?
because they produce more enzymes found in glycolysis.
In prokaryotic cells, the electron transport system occurs in the mitochondria.
false
Which of the following statements is true?
the citric acid cycle occurs in the mitochondria matrix.
Plants require a lot of water for transpiration, metabolism, and photosynthesis. How is water used in photosynthesis?
as an electron donor
The Calvin cycle is only capable of fixing carbon dioxide in the dark.
false
Which portion of the photosynthetic apparatus absorbs light?
both photosystem I and photosystem II
How might a plant cope with the fact that the Calvin cycle uses more ATP than NADPH, yet produces roughly the same amount of both energy intermediates in photosystems I and II?
Photosynthesis can revert from a noncyclic to cyclic electron flow, producing more ATP than NADPH.
Both ATP and NADPH are required for
the Calvin cycle only
Beginning with the simplest level of structure, which order of organization of genetic material is CORRECT?
nucleotide, DNA, gene, chromosome, genome
Which of the following statements about DNA replication is INCORRECT?
It is powered by the hydrolysis of ATP.
DNA is a double helix structure whose strands are held together by hydrogen bonds with A to T and C to G base pairing
true
Bacteria are grown in 15N (heavy) medium and then transferred to 14N (light) medium and are allowed to replicate for one generation. The DNA is subsequently isolated and centrifuged in a CsCl2 gradient to yield what type of gradient band(s)?
one half-heavy (intermediate to heavy and light) band
What products of nonstructural genes are never translated?
transfer RNA and ribosomal RNA
How many distinct aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases does each cell make?
~20
______ is to transcription as ________ are to translation.
RNA polymerase; ribosomes
What molecule(s) exhibits self-splicing?
rRNA and tRNA
Craig Mellow investigated RNA interference by injecting antisense and double-stranded RNAs into C. elegans. If the antisense and double-stranded RNAs were very similar, but not identical, to C. elegans mex-3, what would be the results of their experiment?
The C. elegans mex-3 RNA would be inhibited, but not degraded, so the embryos from worms injected with antisense and double-stranded RNA would be green.
Which mechanism is NOT used by ncRNAs to bind to other molecules?
A stem loop structure in the ncRNA binds to a specific DNA sequence.
What is the first step in the production of a miRNA?
transcription from a nuclear gene
What is required for ncRNAs to form stem-loop structures?
regions of complementary base-sequence
Certain drugs use RNA interference as a mechanism of action. What molecule would the active compounds of these drugs be composed of?
nucleic acid
The lacA gene found within the lac operon encodes for galactosidase transacetylase. This enzyme attaches a(n) ________ group to lactose and lactose analogs.
acetyl
A strain of bacteria containing F′ factor genes is called a
?
The lacP site within the lac operon is upstream of the genes that encode for lactose uptake and metabolism proteins. The lacP site is
the lac promoter site where RNA polymerase binds
What is the function of the MutS protein in methyl-directed mismatch repair?
to find mismatches
Mutations can produce a polypeptide with increased function.
true
Certain types of cancer are caused by viruses.
true
Which of the following base pairs would be targeted and repaired by a mismatch repair system?
A-G
The rate of transcription for a gene is found to be affected by a mutation. Where would you expect the mutation to appear on the DNA?
In the promotor for the gene
If a cell contains 20 chromosomes in G1, it will contain 40 chromosomes at the end of S.
false
A species that three sets of homologous chromosomes can have ________ different combinations of chromosomes in its gametes.
8
The life cycle of a sexually reproducing organisms includes
mitosis, meiosis, and fusion of the gametes.
Which of the following statements regarding the G1 (first gap) phase of the eukaryotic cell cycle is NOT true?
If environmental conditions are favorable during the G1 phase, G1 cyclins are degraded causing the cell to prepare to replicate its DNA.
In Hodags (mythical creatures of Wisconsin), brown fur (B) is dominant over gray fur (b) and long horns (H) are dominant over short horns (h). Two true-breeding hodags, one with brown fur and long horns and the other with gray fur and short horns mate and produce an F1. Two F1 individuals are mated. What proportion of the offspring will exhibit a phenotypic combination that is different from the P generation? Assume the genes for fur color and horn length are on different chromosomes.
6/16
Eyelash length is an inherited trait. In the human population, there is an eyelash length gene. There are two possible variants of this gene—an allele for long eyelashes (> 1cm) and an allele for short eyelashes (1 cm or less). The allele for long eyelashes is dominant (L) and the allele for short eyelashes is recessive (l). An individual who is heterozygous for eyelash length would produce which of the following gametes?
Half of the gametes would have the L allele and half of the gametes would have the l allele.
Anury is the absence or abbreviation of the tail in animals, including sheep. It is inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion. A ram with anury is mated to a ewe with a normal tail. The ram's father had anury, his mother did not. What is the probability that the ram and ewe will produce a lamb with anury? (ram = male; ewe = female
50%
Color blindness is a recessive X-linked trait. A normal couple has a color-blind child. Who else in this family is probably color-blind?
the child's maternal grandfather
A couple has five sons. What is the probability that their next child will be a girl?
50%
Apical-basal patterning genes are expressed in
the apical basal and central regions
Cellular migration occurs in developing animals, but not in developing plants.
true
In a normal fruit fly (Drosophila), the second thoracic segment has wings and the third thoracic segment has halteres (small knobbed structures that act as a balance and guidance system). A mutant fruit fly is identified in which the third thoracic segment produces wings instead of halteres. This abnormal fly has a mutation in which of the following?
a homeotic gene
Transcription factors control which of the following phases of pattern formation in the human embryo?
formation of body axes, segmentation, development of segment characteristics, and cell differentiation
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