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6.4.5 → Pregnancy and Parenting

Terms in this set (142)

According to the CDC, how many babies were born in the United States in 2013?
4 million
Of the 4 million babies born in the United States in 2013, how many of those births were to women 19 and under?
About 275,000
_______: The nine-month period of carrying a developing embryo or fetus in the uterus.
pregnancy
_________ occurs when an egg from a woman is joined by a sperm from a man
Fertilization
What are two ways an egg can be fertilized?
1. Naturally, as a result of intercourse
2. Through the intervention of doctors.
______: The process by which a sperm cell penetrates an egg after sexual intercourse.
fertilization
______: The union of a male sperm cell and a female egg cell.
conception
_____: A fertilized egg that has begun cell division.
zygote
What are the four stages in fertilization that leads to conception?
1. Release of an egg
2. Intercourse and ejaculation
3. Fusion of sperm and egg
4. implantation
A woman typically releases one egg each month from one of her (1)______ into the (2)______. This process is called (3)_____. Little hairs inside the Fallopian tube, called (4)____, help the egg slowly float down the tube toward the (5)____. Typically, the egg lives for only one day after its release from the ovary.
1. ovaries
2. Fallopian tube
3. ovulation
4. cilia
5. uterus
How long does the egg live after its release from the ovary?
one day
How long does sperm live once it enters the woman's body?
3-5 days
When a man _______inside a woman's ______, he releases about 300 to 400 million sperm.
1. ejaculates
2. vagina
Sperm contain _______in their heads and have long tails that help them swim to the uterus and through it toward the egg.
genetic material
How much sperm is released when the male ejaculates?
300- 400 million
Discuss the fusion of sperm and egg.
Only about 50 to 200 of the original 300 million sperm will make it to the egg. Usually, only one sperm will penetrate the outer membrane of the egg. This causes a chemical change in the egg that prevents other sperm from entering. The genetic material in the sperm's head fuses with the genetic material in the egg's nucleus. This is called fertilization.
Discuss the process of implantation.
The fertilized egg is now considered a zygote. It begins a process of rapid growth and cell division as it travels down the Fallopian tube. It can take five to seven days to reach the uterus. The buildup of extra tissue during the menstrual cycle may allow the zygote to implant in the uterine wall. Once implantation occurs, the woman has conceived — she is pregnant.
What is the average length of pregnancy?
40 weeks
______: An unborn child.
fetus
_____: The organ that supports a growing embryo.
placenta
Normal, healthy births usually take place between the _____ and _____ weeks
38
42
Deliveries before the 38th week are considered _______.
premature
What happens after 42 weeks of pregnancy?
Doctors may use drugs to induce, or bring on, labor.
Pregnancies are divided into ______, which are three-month sections
trimesters
Why are pregnancies divided into trimesters?
Each trimester has unique characteristics
How much do most babies weigh at birth?
6 - 8 pounds
Which weeks are the first trimester of pregnancy?
first 12 weeks
Which weeks are the second trimester of pregnancy?
12 - 24 weeks
Which weeks are the third trimester of pregnancy?
Final 3 months (after 24 weeks)
Discuss the first trimester,
During the first 12 weeks of pregnancy, the woman's body develops structures to support the developing embryo. The placenta begins to support the embryo from the mother's blood supply through the umbilical cord. The woman begins to gain weight and may experience symptoms including tiredness and morning sickness.

For the first six to eight weeks, the growing organism is called an embryo. After eight weeks, it is called a fetus. By the end of the first trimester, the fetus has arms, legs, feet, toes, and fingers. The heart and central nervous system are formed. Male or female sex organs are formed as well. At the end of the first 12 weeks, the fetus is approximately four inches long and weighs about one ounce. The first trimester is the time when miscarriage, a spontaneous expulsion of the fetus, is most likely to happen. Many such early miscarriages occur before a woman even knows she is pregnant.
Discuss the second trimester.
The second trimester occurs between the 12th and 24th weeks of pregnancy. This time is typically much easier on the woman. The morning sickness and some of the tiredness have usually passed. Weight gain continues. The woman may have aches, a sore back, and the appearance of stretch marks. Around the 16th week, the mother can start feeling the fetus's movements.

The second trimester is marked by the growth and maturation of the fetus's organs and body systems. Hair forms on the fetus's head, and eyelashes and eyebrows appear. By the end of the second trimester, the fetus is almost 12 inches long and usually weighs more than one pound. At the end of the 24th week, most fetuses are capable of living outside the womb, but only if given proper intensive care in a hospital.
Discuss the third trimester.
During the final three months of pregnancy, the woman's body is preparing to give birth. Because of the large size of her belly, she may experience heartburn, trouble sleeping, and shortness of breath. It is also common for the woman's breasts to feel tender as they prepare for breastfeeding. She may feel some contractions as the uterus prepares for birth.

During the third trimester, the fetal systems continue to grow and mature. The last system to fully develop is the respiratory system. The fetus's eyes open, and he or she makes sucking movements (often on the thumb and toes) as a reflex to prepare for breastfeeding. The third trimester is the time of the fetus's greatest weight gain. Most babies weigh between six and nine pounds at birth.
For the first six to eight weeks, the growing organism is called an _____. After eight weeks, it is called a ______.
1. Embryo
2. Fetus
_______: The organ that supports the developing fetus.
Placenta
______: The process of uterine muscle contractions that ends pregnancy. This leads to the birth of a baby.
labor
_______ is the process of labor and delivery that brings the baby out of the uterus, through the vagina, and into the world.
Childbirth
How long does childbirth typically last?
12 - 14 hours
Some women deliver very quickly, while others have taken more than ___ hours.
30
Generally, what are the steps involved in childbirth?
1. The beginnings of labor
2. going to the hospital
3. the first stage of childbirth
4. the second stage of childbirth
5. the third stage of childbirth
Discuss the beginnings for labor
1. The uterus begins to contract in strong muscular cramps.

2. The thick mucus plug that has sealed the cervix and protected the uterus dissolves and is expelled from the body.

3. The woman's water breaks.
→This is the breaking of the fluid sac in which the baby has been growing inside the uterus. That sac contains amniotic fluid, and when it breaks, much of that fluid trickles or gushes out of the vagina.
Discuss the "going to the hospital" phase of childbirth.
At some point in the beginning of labor, many women decide to go to the hospital. Others choose an alternative birthing center. Women may also have their delivery at home, often with the assistance of a midwife. Whatever the decision, she should plan what to do if problems occur.
What is the benefit of delivering a baby in the hospital?
Hospitals are best equipped to handle some of the complications or problems that might arise during childbirth. For example, the baby may be in a position that makes it difficult for it to pass through the birth canal safely, or the baby's umbilical cord may get wrapped around his or her neck during labor, cutting off the oxygen flow. Sometimes there is extensive bleeding, which puts the mother's life at risk.
Discuss the "first stage" of childbirth.
During the first stage of childbirth, the cervix thins out and stretches open to 10 centimeters, which is about the size of a bagel. This allows the baby's head (the largest part of the baby) to pass into the vagina. The most intense contractions generally occur during this stage. Many women experience chills, vomiting, and irritability.

If a woman decides to use drugs to ease the pain of labor, this is when they are given. There are many options for pain management that should be discussed with the woman's health care provider. All have some small risks, but most do not harm the baby.

Even though a woman does the intense physical work of childbirth, her partner, family members, childbirth coach, or midwife can provide support and encouragement.
Discuss the "second stage" of childbirth.
In the second stage of childbirth, known as delivery, the baby is actually pushed out of the vagina. This stage can last for a few pushes or for an hour or more.

Sometimes when the baby is coming out of the vagina, the skin around the labia and between the labia and anus tears. To prevent this, many women have an episiotomy, in which the health care provider cuts the skin before it can tear.

In situations when vaginal birth is considered too dangerous, a Caesarean section, or C-section, may be required. Some reasons for a C-section include if a woman or the baby has a health condition, or if the woman is having multiple babies (twins, triplets, or more). During this procedure, an incision is made through the mother's abdomen and the front of the uterus. This opening allows the baby to be removed without ever passing through the vagina. During pregnancy, a woman and her doctor may know that a C-section will be needed. Sometimes it is performed as an emergency procedure during delivery.
What may be required if a vaginal birth is considered too dangerous?
a Caesarean section, or C-section, may be required.
What is a Caesarean section?
During this procedure, an incision is made through the mother's abdomen and the front of the uterus. This opening allows the baby to be removed without ever passing through the vagina. During pregnancy, a woman and her doctor may know that a C-section will be needed. Sometimes it is performed as an emergency procedure during delivery.
Discuss the "third stage" of childbirth
Immediately after delivery, the health care provider or other birth attendant will cut the umbilical cord at the baby's abdomen; the other end remains attached to the placenta, which is still in the uterus. The scar from the cutting of the umbilical cord is what forms a belly button.

The third stage of childbirth is the delivery of the placenta and the umbilical cord. These remains are called the afterbirth. Delivery of the afterbirth usually only takes 10 to 15 minutes after the baby is delivered.
Delivery of the afterbirth usually only takes how much time after the baby is delivered?
10 - 15 minutes
What comes first, contractions or the water sac breaking?
contractions
For many women, the first sign of pregnancy is ______.
a missed period
If a woman thinks she is pregnant what can she do?
take a home pregnancy test
Where can you get a home pregnancy test
These tests can be bought without a prescription and are available in most drugstores.
What if a woman takes a home pregnancy test and the test is positive?
A woman should then visit a health care provider as soon as possible to confirm the pregnancy
If a woman takes a home pregnancy test and it is negative but she thinks she might still be pregnant, what should she do?
Check with a health care provider
_____: before birth
prenatal
______: The care a woman should do if she is pregnant
prenatal care
What should a woman do if she is pregnant (prenatal care)?
1. Regular visits to a health care provider, including the use of screening tools to make sure the fetus is developing normally.

2. Regular monitoring of the woman's blood pressure, to make sure it is not too high

3. Proper nutrition, usually including a prenatal vitamin

4. Proper exercise and activity level

5. Childbirth classes
What should a woman avoid if she is pregnant?
1. Tobacco
2. Alcohol
3. Drugs
Why should a pregnant woman avoid tobacco?
Cigarette smoking reduces the amount of oxygen in the woman's bloodstream. Babies born to women who smoke tend to have a lower birth weight. They may also develop breathing problems after birth, such as asthma or emphysema. Babies whose mothers smoked during pregnancy are also at a higher risk for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS).
Why should a pregnant woman avoid alcohol?
Women who drink alcohol during pregnancy put their babies at risk of fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). Children with FAS often have smaller-than-average heads and brains, distorted facial features, and sleep disorders. They may also experience hyperactivity and mild to severe intellectual and developmental disabilities.
Why should a pregnant woman avoid drugs?
A pregnant woman should take no drugs — legal or illegal — without discussing them with her health care provider. Even some common over-the-counter medications can have negative effects on a developing fetus.
______ is essential during pregnancy. Every pound that the fetus gains is a result of the food taken in by the mother. The mother's body is also going through many changes and extra energy expenses.
A healthy diet
What is the difference between prenatal nutrition and the nutrition a non pregnant person should have?
Much of prenatal nutrition involves making the same basic healthful food choices that a nonpregnant person should make. However, a pregnant woman also has special nutritional needs.
How many extra calories do pregnant women need?
About 300 extra calories a day to support the growing fetus.
→ However, many women gain too much weight. This can result in discomfort and birth complications.
A woman's body has a greater demand for what nutrients during pregnancy? (for both the mother and the baby)
calcium
What are good sources of calcium?
1. Low-fat dairy products
2. green, leafy vegetables
Besides calcium, what else does the growing fetus need?
Protein
Protein is also rich in ____, which is essential to a pregnant woman.
iron
_____, a B vitamin, is a vital nutrient in pregnancy that decreases the risk of certain serious birth defects.
Folic acid
What is a good source of folic acid?
Green, leafy vegetables are a natural source of folic acid.
→ It is also added to many cereals.
A pregnant woman's health care provider will probably prescribe a _______. She should take it every day.
prenatal multivitamin
What do prenatal vitamins usually contain?
extra calcium, folic acid, choline, and other important vitamins and minerals that will help ensure that the fetus gets the nutrients it needs to develop.
What foods should pregnant women avoid?
1. raw meats and fish,
2. soft cheeses,
3. processed meats such as salami or hot dogs.

Many health care providers also recommend that pregnant women limit themselves to 200 milligrams of caffeine every day. That is about the amount in one 12-ounce cup of coffee.
What is the max caffeine a pregnant woman should have?
200 milligrams
→ That is about the amount in one 12-ounce cup of coffee.
_____, _____ and ______ are the leading causes of birth defects in babies. A pregnant woman should avoid these substances.
1. Alcohol
2. tobacco
3. other drugs
The perinatal period is between the _____week of pregnancy and _____.
22
week after birth
______: Around the time of birth.
perinatal
Before birth, perinatal care is the same as _____.
prenatal care
When is perinatal care especially important?
after the baby is born
_______ and _______ are a leading cause of death among young women
pregnancy
childbirth
What can make the difference between life and death for the baby and mother?
Access to education and doctors
Discuss prenatal care (key features).
1. supports the developing fetus
2. keeps the mother healthy
3. involves making healthful choices
4. involves seeing a doctor.
Discuss perinatal care (key features).
1. involves seeing a doctor

2. involves caring for the mother after birth.

3. can involve healing from a c-section or tear around the opening to the vagina

4. can involve adapting to breastfeeding

5. helps the body recover after pregnancy.
Complete the sentences to explain the differences between prenatal and perinatal care.

A woman should begin (1)______ as soon as she knows she is pregnant. Both types of care should come from a (2) _______ professional. After childbirth, a woman should receive (3) _______.
1. prenatal care
2. a healthcare professional
3. perinatal care
______: The process of taking on the legal role of parent for a non biological child.
Adoption
How many children in the United States live with adoptive parents?
on million
What does it mean that there are two sides to adoption?
1. Putting the baby up for adoption
2. Adopting a baby
Discuss the process of putting up a baby for adoption.
A woman can find herself in an unintended pregnancy. She may not feel that she is able to care for a child. This is often the case when a teenage girl becomes pregnant.

Adoption is an option for this woman. A woman's doctor or clinic, as well as numerous online resources, can help a woman learn about adoption. These resources will help the mother throughout her pregnancy and find a family for the baby. The mother and adoptive parents will then decide what the mother's role will be after birth. Some families like the biological mother to be a part of the child's life, while other biological mothers have no contact after the baby is delivered to its adoptive parents. It is important to discuss these expectations in advance of the birth.
Thousands of children in the United States and millions around the world need adoptive parents to care for them. The _____ in the United States cares for many children who are looking for permanent families.
foster care system
Why do some people adopt children?
Some couples are unable to conceive. Other families decide to grow by adopting children who need homes.
How can families learn about the adoption process?
Through community programs and online resources
What are some things that adoptive parents should consider before they start the process?
1. What age of child does the family want to adopt? An infant? Child? Teen?

2. Does the family want a child from the United States?

3. Is the family interested in adopting a child from another country?

4. What requirements does the family have to meet to be eligible to adopt?
Adoption is not always the right choice for a woman who has an unplanned pregnancy. In some cases, she may not have the necessary resources to continue the pregnancy. In other cases, the pregnancy may pose a threat to the woman's health. In such cases, a woman may choose not to carry to full term. She can have a medical procedure called an _____, which is legal in the United States
abortion
_____: The early termination of a pregnancy. This usually happens before the embryo or fetus is able to live on its own.
abortion
Abortion options depend on what factor?
How far the pregnancy has developed.
Where can you go for more information on emergency contraception and abortion?
visit the Planned Parenthood website:
https://www.plannedparenthood.org/
What are the two types of abortion?
1. abortion pill
2. in-clinic abortion
When can the abortion pill be taken?
during the first 9 weeks of a pregnancy
...
...
...
...
During which time span can an abortion be performed with either medication or an in-clinic procedure?
During the first 9 weeks of pregnancy
→ A health care provider can help a woman determine whether taking medication or having a procedure is the better choice to end a pregnancy.
Discuss how the abortion pill works.
It is usually done with two types of medication: The first medication is taken at the health care provider's office. The second medication is taken 24 to 48 hours after the first.
Discuss "in-clinic" abortion.
A woman can talk with her health care provider about having an in-clinic procedure that will cause an abortion. There are two different procedures that can be performed, both of which involve surgery. A health care provider will help a woman decide which procedure is better for her.
When can "in-clinic" abortion be performed?
An in-clinic abortion can be performed during the first or second trimester of a pregnancy, usually through the first 24 weeks.
_______: To give control of something to someone else.
surrender
All 50 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico have laws that allow a woman to ______ her newborn child without undergoing formal adoption proceedings. These laws reduce the likelihood of a woman abandoning her child, and they help protect the newborn's health.
surrender
Under surrender laws, a woman can release her child within what period of time after birth?
72 hours
Can a woman cannot be prosecuted if she surrenders a child within the requirements of the surrender laws.
No
Do all states have the same surrender laws?
No!
→ It is important to know that state laws vary. Women who surrender a child must follow the laws where they live
Where can a woman bring her child under most safe surrender laws?
1. A firefighter
2. An emergency medical service provider
3. A medical staff member at a hospital
Where can you go to find out more about safe surrender laws in your state?
the Child Welfare Information Gateway from the Department of Health & Human Services at:

https://www.childwelfare.gov/pubPDFs/safehaven.pdf
page=2&view=Safe%20Haven%20Providers.
...
What are some negative consequences of becoming a teenage parent?
1. Most young women who become pregnant before age 18 do not graduate from high school. Even fewer graduate from college.

2. Families started by teenage mothers are more likely than other families to be dependent on social services.

3. The effects of teenage parenting can continue from generation to generation. Teenage pregnancy contributes to poverty and lack of education.

4. There are health consequences for babies born to teenage mothers. They are more likely to have low birth weight or to require hospitalization after birth. Compared with children of older parents, children of adolescent parents tend to have more health problems, receive less medical care, and experience higher rates of abuse and neglect.
What are four factors that play a part in how a person views parenting?
1. culture
2. your childhood
2. media
4. age
Discuss how culture plays a role in how a person views parenting.
Some cultures prefer very hands-on parenting, in which one or both parents are involved in every aspect of the child's life. Other cultures encourage a more independent style. In some cultures, it is common for grandparents and other extended family to live in the same home with the parents and child, while in others the parents live alone with their children. Some cultures emphasize warmth, and others prefer respect. Religion may also influence parenting decisions.
Discuss how the media plays a role in how a person views parenting.
The images presented in ads and social media can influence a person's ideas of what a family should be like. These pictures of seemingly perfect families do not reflect reality. The truth is that all families must work through difficult issues.
Discuss how your childhood plays a role in how a person views parenting.
The family you come from can influence how you think about parenting. You pick up the things from your parents that you like and do not like, and you apply them to your own children.
Discuss how age plays a role in how a person views parenting.
Younger parents' ideas of what it means to be a good mother or father tend to differ from those of older parents. Older parents are also more likely to research parenting strategies and seek help when they are struggling with a problem.
Does being a good parent mean always making your children happy?
No
→ It means helping them safely grow into healthy, independent adults.
What are several things that successful parents do?
1. Provide for your child's basic needs: food, medical care, and a safe place to live.

2. set aside quality time to spend with your child.

3. teach the rules that ensure the child's health and safety.

4. give love and affection

5. teach values

6. encouraging and support your child

7. help your child develop emotional, social, verbal, intellectual, and motor skills
Parents face challenges every day. There are unhealthy parenting styles that can hurt a child's development.

What are a few mistakes that parents make?
1. Setting unrealistic expectations: Babies will cry, and toddlers will be messy. Parents should identify whether a child needs discipline or is just behaving normally for his or her age.

2. Not following through with discipline

3. Trying to be their child's friend: Children need parents to provide for them, set rules, and give consequences.

4. Regularly getting angry and yelling in response to problems.

5. Giving in to a child's every desire.

6. Not letting their child fail: Children learn from making mistakes. Parents should let children make safe mistakes, such as breaking a toy or hurting a friend's feelings. These have minor consequences but help children learn.

7/ Not setting a good example with their own behavior: Children pay more attention to what parents do than what they say.
______ is the failure of a caregiver to take care of another person.
Neglect
What are the two types of neglect?
1. physical
2. emotional
What is physical neglect?
Not providing adequate shelter, nutrition, medical care
Who is more likely to abuse and neglect their children, teenage parents or older parents? Why
teenage parents
→ This may be due to lower maturity levels, lower incomes, and stress, among other factors.
What are resources to help parents with their responsibilities?
1. Government assistance in paying for food and medical care.

2. Friends, family, and professionals who can help work through difficulties.

3. Local shelters and nonprofit organizations

4. Reliable websites such as https://www.childhelp.org
What's a good website to help parents find resources to help them with their responsibilities.
https://www.childhelp.org
What should you do if you suspect someone of neglecting their child?
1. report to local law enforcement agencies
2. Through organizations found here:
https://www.childwelfare.gov/topics/responding/reporting/
What is a good online resource to report people who are neglecting their children?
https://www.childwelfare.gov/topics/responding/reporting/
What are some childcare options?
1. Staying home
2. Private childcare
3. Family member or friend
4. Day care
Discuss staying home as a childcare option.
Some family situations allow one parent to stay home and care for the children. For some families, this is not a choice. It is necessary because child care costs would cause financial hardships for the family.
What are the pros of staying home as a childcare option?
There are no child care expenses, and the parent oversees the child's development.
What are the cons of staying home as a child care option?
One parent gives up his or her work for a period of time, which results in lower income for the family.
Discuss using a family or friend as a child care option.
Some parents have family members who are able to care for the children. Others have a friend who stays home and is willing to take care of their children as well.
What are the pros of using family and friends as a childcare option?
Child care expenses are relatively low, and the family member or friend often shares values with the parent or parents.
What are the cons of using family and friends as a childcare option?
There may still be a cost. This arrangement can also lead to relationship problems due to disagreements over money, time, or parenting styles.
What is private childcare as a childcare option?
Some family situations allow for the hiring of a professional child care provider.
What are the pros of private childcare?
The child receives lots of one-on-one time with the child care provider; parents can hire someone who shares their values.
What are the cons of private childcare?
This is usually a costly option, and it may be difficult to find the right person for the family.
Discuss daycare as a childcare option.
Some families send their children to a day-care facility where there may be many children. Day care may take place in a classroom or in a provider's home.
What are the pros of daycare as a childcare option?
This option can be less expensive than private care. Providers are trained in child care and first aid, and care is offered at scheduled hours to help parents who are working or going to school.
What are the cons of daycare as a childcare option?
Day care can still be expensive. Parents have less control over caregivers' values, and children get less individual attention.
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