A&P- Acid and Base Balance

1. Blood plasma osmolarity is higher than intracellular fluid osmolarity.
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1. Blood plasma osmolarity is higher than intracellular fluid osmolarity.
FALSE
2. Ina state of fluid balance, average daily fluid gains and losses are equal.
TRUE
3. Fluid intake is governed mainly by hypothalamic receptors called osmoreceptors.
TRUE
4. The kidneys secrete ADH in response to dehydration.
FALSE
5. Hypovolemia refers to a reduction in total body water while maintaining normal osmolarity.
TRUE
6. Aldosterone promotes potassium excretion.
TRUE
7. Natriuretic peptides promote sodium and potassium excretion.
FALSE
8. Hyponatremia is usually a result of hypotonic hydration.
TRUE
9. Hypocalcemia causes muscle weakness, whereas hypercalcemia causes potentially fatal muscle tetanus.
FALSE
10. Chloride homeostasis is regulated as a side effect of sodium homeostasis.
TRUE
11. A buffer system converts a weak acid base into a strong one.FALSE12. The three physiological buffer systems are urinary, digestive, and respiratory.FALSE13. The kidneys neutralize more acid or basethan any other buffer system.TRUE14. Acidosis isa power than7, whereas alkalosis is alpha higher than 7.FALSE15. Uncompensated alkalosis isa pHimbalancethatcanonly be corrected with clinical intervention.TRUE1. Where is the greatest volume of water inthe body found? A. Intracellular fluid (ICF) B. Extracellular fluid(ECF) C. Tissue(interstitial)fluid D. Blood plasma and lymph E. Transcellular fluidA. Intracellular fluid (ICF)2. What determines osmosis from one fluid compartment to another? A. The temperature difference between compartment B. The relative concentration of solutes in each compartment C. The relative volume in each compartment D. The relative size of each compartment E. The blood pressureB. The relative concentration of solutes in each compartment3. In which compartment would fluid accumulate in edema? A. Intracellular fluid B. Transcellular fluid C. Tissue (interstitial) fluid C. Blood plasma D. LymphC. Tissue (interstitial) fluid4. Most body water intake is from , whereas most body water lost is via . A. Metabolic water; cutaneous transpiration B. metabolic water; sweat C. drinking; cutaneous transpiration and expired air D. drinking; urine E. drinking; radiationD. drinking; urine5. Fluid intake is governed mainly by hypothalamic neurons called . A. baroreceptors B. proprioceptors C. nociceptors D. osmoreceptors E. mechanoreceptorsD. osmoreceptors6. What is the function of antidiuretic hormone? A. It stimulates angiotensin II secretion. B. It promotes water conservation. C. It stimulates hypothalamic osmoreceptors. D. It inhibits salivation and thirst. E. It targets the cerebral cortex.B. It promotes water conservation.7. Water output is largely controlled by varying . A. metabolic water production B. sweating C. cutaneous transpiration D. drinking E. urine volumeE. urine volume8. Which of the following occurs when blood volume and pressure become too high? A.ADH release is inhibited. B. ADH release is stimulated. C. The renal tubules absorb more water. D. The renal tubules absorb more sodium. E. The kidneys produce less urine.A.ADH release is inhibited.9. Which of the following can prolonged exposure to cold weather lead to? A. Fluid sequestration in the upper limbs B. Hypotonic hydration C. Hypervolemia D. Increased sensible water loss E. Increased respiratory water lossE. Increased respiratory water loss10. In response to dehydration, osmoreceptors stimulate the secretion of . A.ADH B. calcitonin C. ANP D. Sodium ions E. bicarbonate ionsA.ADH26. A hemorrhage results in which of the following? A. A decrease in water volume without significantly affecting the osmolarity B. A decrease in water volume and an increase in osmolarity C. A decrease in water volume and a decrease in osmolarity D. An increase in ECF volume but a decrease in ICF volume E. A decrease in ECF volume but an increase ICF volumeB. A decrease in water volume without significantly affecting the osmolarity27. Long-term inhibition of thirst is mostly associated with which of the following? A. Cooling of the mouth B. Distension of the stomach by ingested water C. A drop in blood osmolarity D. Moistening of the mouth E. Increased salivationC.A drop in blood osmolarity28. What is the principal cation of the ECF? A. Ca2+ B. Cl- C. K+ D. Na+ E. PiD. Na+29. Where are cells with aldosterone receptors found? A. Adrenal cortex B. Adrenal medulla C. Posterior pituitary D. Proximal convoluted tubule E. Distal convoluted tubuleE. Distal convoluted tubule30. What is the function of aldosterone? A. It increases both Na+and K+reabsorption. B. It increases both Na+and K+secretion. C. It increases Na+reabsorption and K+secretion. D. It reduces Na+reabsorption and K+secretion. E. It causes the urine to be more diluted.F. C. It increases Na+reabsorption and K+secretion.31. Hypernatremia is a plasma concentration abovenormal. A. Ca2+ B. Na+ C. K+ D. Cl- E. PiB. Na+32. Which of the following is not caused by hypernatremia? A. Water retention B. Edema C. Hypertension D. Interstitial fluid accumulation E. A reduction in plasma volumeA reduction in plasma volume33. What is the most significant solute in determining the distribution of water among fluid compartments? A. Na+ B. Cl- C. Ca2+ D. K+ E. PiA. Na+34. Which of the following doesn't stimulate aldosterone secretion? A. Hypotension B. Hyponatremia C. Hyperkalemia D. High blood sodium concentration E . High blood potassium concentrationD. High blood sodium concentration35. Women have a tendency to retain water during part of the menstrual cycle because estrogen mimics the action of what? A. ADH B. Aldosterone C. Natriuretic peptide D. Oxytocin E. ProlactinB. Aldosterone36. What is the most abundant cation in the ICF? A. Ca2+ B. Na+ C. K+ D. Cl- E. PiC. K+37. What is the total body water (TBW) contentof a70kg young male? A. 10 L B. 20L C. 40L D. 60 L E. 70LC. 40L38. What is the greatest determinant of the intracellular water volume? A. K+ B. Na+ C. Ca2+ D. Cl- E. PO43-A. K+39. Which of these conditions is not a result of hyperkalemia? A. Cells are more excitable. B. The resting membrane potential is more negative. C. The cells are partially depolarized. D. The cells are more sensitive to stimulation. E. There is less diffusion of potassium out of the cells.B. The resting membrane potential is more negative.40. Which of the following occurs with hypokalemia? A. Cells are partially depolarized. B. There is more diffusion of potassium into thecells. C. Cells are more excitable. D. The resting membrane potential is more positive. E. Cells are hyperpolarized.E. Cells are hyperpolarized.41. Hypokalemia can result from all of the following except . A. Chronic vomiting B. diarrhea C. heavy sweating D. aldosterone hyposecretion E. excessive use of laxativesD. aldosterone hyposecretion42. What is the most abundant anion in the ECF? A. HCO3- B. PO43- C. HPO42- D. H2PO4- E. Cl-E. Cl-43. Chloride homeostasis is achieved mainly asa result of homeostasis. A. H2PO4- B. PO43- C. HCO- D. Na+ E. K+D. Na+44. Which of the following is nota role of calcium in the body? A. It participates in muscle contraction. B. It is a significant component of nucleic acids. C. They serve as second messengers. D. Inactivates exocytosis. E. Itis important in blood clotting.B. It is a significant component of nucleic acids.45. How is calcium concentration in the body regulated? A. By hormones B. By sodium and calcium concentrations in the plasma C. By chloride and phosphate concentrations in the plasma D. By the parasympathetic nervous system E. By the sympathetic nervous systemA. By hormones46. Which of the following accurately describes the inorganic phosphates(Pi)of the body fluids? A. They are not a significant component of nucleic acids. B. They are not important for cell membrane structure. C. They are not necessary in the linking of endergonic with exergonic reactions. D. They form crystals with calcium in the presence of sequestration. E. They participate in the activation of some enzymes.47. Which of the following is a result of phosphate excretion from the body? A. An increase in free potassium ions in the ECF B. An increase in free calcium ion in the ECF C. An increase in free chloride ions in the ICF D. A decrease in free potassium ions in the ECF E. A decrease in free calcium ions in the ECFB. An increase in free calcium ion in the ECF48. Which of the following represents the complete chemical reaction for the bicarbonate buffer system? A. CO2+ H2O H2CO3HCO3-+ H+ - + B. CO2+ H2OHCO3 +HH2CO3 C. H2CO3CO2+ H2O HCO3-+ H+ D. H2CO3HCO3-+H+ E. CO2+ H2OHCO-+H+A. CO2+ H2O H2CO3HCO3-+ H+49. What is the normal pH of tissue fluid? A. 6.95- 7.05 B. 7.05- 7.15 C. 7.15- 7.25 D. 7.25- 7.35 E. 7.35- 7.45E. 7.35- 7.4550. What are the major chemical buffer systems of the body? A. The urinary and respiratory B. The urinary and digestive C. The bicarbonate, phosphate, and protein D. The bicarbonate, nucleic acids, and protein E. The bicarbonate, phosphate, and nitrateC. The bicarbonate, phosphate, and protein51. What protein is the most important buffer in blood plasma? A. Fibrinogen B. Albumin C. Alpha globulin D. Gamma globulin E. TransferrinB. Albumin52. What protein is the most important buffer in erythrocytes? A. Albumin B. Fibrinogen C. Gamma globulin D. Hemoglobin E. MyoglobinD. Hemoglobin53. Which of the following characterizes a weak base? A. It binds a little OH-and has a weak effect on. B. It binds a lot of OH-and has a strong effect on pH. C. It binds a little H+and has a weak effect on pH. D. It resists changes in OH-. E. It lowers the pH.C. It binds a little H+and has a weak effect on pH.54. When the renal tubules secrete hydrogen ions into the tubular fluid, they at the same time. A. Secrete potassium B. Secrete sodium C. reabsorb potassium D. secrete chloride E. reabsorb sodium55. Which buffer system accountsfor75% of all chemical buffering in the body fluids? A. The protein buffer system B. The bicarbonate system C. The phosphate system D. The carbonic acid system E. The ammonium buffer systemA. The protein buffer system56. The bicarbonate buffer system would not work very well in the human body if not for the action of the respiratory system, which A. supplies the buffer system with CO2 B. supplies the buffer system with O2 C. expels HCO3-produced by the buffer system D. expels H+produced by the buffer system E. expels CO2produced by the buffer systems57. Which of the following describes antiport system on the basal side of renal tubule cells? A. It transports bicarbonate from the tubular fluid back into the tubule cells. B. It transports H+in both directions across the epithelium. C. It transports CO2from the blood into the tubule cells. D. It exchanges+for Na+. E. It exchanges H+for Na+.D. It exchanges+for Na+.58. Proteins can buffer a drop in pH with their side groups and can buffer an increase in pH with their side groups. A. -NH2;-PO4 B. -PO4;-COOH C.- NH2;-COOH D. -COOH;-NH2 E. -PO4;-NH2C.- NH2;-COOH59. Acidosis has what effect on the resting membrane potential of nerve cells? A. It causes repolarization. B. It causes depolarization below threshold. C. It causes hyperpolarization. D. It causes depolarization above threshold.C. It causes hyperpolarization.60. How do the kidneys compensate respiratory acidosis? A. By secreting more bicarbonate ions B. By secreting more hydrogen ions C. By secreting more sodium ions D. By reabsorbing more hydrogen ions E. By reabsorbing more ammoniaB. By secreting more hydrogen ions61. Breathing into and out of a paper bag for a long period of time will lead to _. A. Metabolic alkalosis B. metabolic acidosis C. urinary alkalosis D. urinary acidosis E. respiratory acidosisE. respiratory acidosis62. An excessive intake of antacids can lead to which of the following? A. Metabolic alkalosis B. Metabolic acidosis C. Respiratory alkalosis D. Respiratory acidosis E. Digestive alkalosisA. Metabolic alkalosis63. Chronic vomiting can lead to which of the following? A. Metabolic acidosis B. Metabolic alkalosis C. Respiratory alkalosis D. Respiratory acidosis E. Lymphatic alkalosisB. Metabolic alkalosis64. Emphysema can lead to which of the following? A. Metabolic acidosis B. Metabolic alkalosis C. Respiratory alkalosis D. Respiratory acidosis E. Digestive alkalosisD. Respiratory acidosis65. A patient suffering from diabetic acidosis would display which of the following symptoms? A. Hyperventilation B. Hypoventilation C. Decreased H+ secretion by the kidneys D. decreased ammonia secretion by the kidneysA. Hyperventilation