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Circulatory Disturbances

Terms in this set (100)

What is edema?
Abnormal accumulation of fluids in tissue or body cavities. Can be localized or generalized
What are ways that edema will work against embalming?
Secondary Dilation and Pressure on vessels
What are the 4 causes of edema?
1. Increased Permeability of Capillary Walls. 2. Increased Capillary Pressure. 3. Inflammatory Conditions. 4. Fluid and Electrolyte Disturbances
Two Causes of Increased Permeability of Capillary Walls
Hypoproteinema and Damage
What is hypoproteinema?
Low protein levels in the blood from a liver disorder, a kidney disorder, or a disorder in which protein is not digested or absorbed properly. Low levels may be seen in severe malnutrition and with conditions that cause malabsorption, such as celiac or inflammatory bowel disease.The body is searching for protein and will take it from other tissues. The body dilates the capillary walls and fluid enters tissues.
What is damage?
to the structural integrity of capillaries so that they become more "leaky" (as it occurs in tissue trauma, burns, and severe inflammation)
What are the causes of Increased Capillary Pressure?
Lymphatic Obstruction and Histamine
What is Lymphatic Obstruction?
lymphatic obstruction is a blockage of the lymph vessels that drain fluid from tissues throughout the body and allow immune cells to travel where they are needed. Lymphatic obstruction may cause lymphedema, which means swelling due to a blockage in the lymph passages
What is histamine?
Released by cells in response to injury and allergic and inflammatory reactions, causing contraction of smooth muscle and dilation of capillaries, Histamine causes arterial dilation and venous constriction. This increased pressure forces fluids out of the circulatory system and into the tissue. This is why antihistamines are given in allergic reactions.
What are causes of inflammatory conditions?
Liver Disease, Kidney Disease, Kidney Damage, Heart Disease
What is liver disease?
Swelling in the legs and abdomen. The increased pressure in the portal vein can cause fluid to accumulate in the legs (edema) and in the abdomen (ascites). Edema and Ascites also may result from the inability of the liver to make enough of certain blood proteins, such as albumin.
Edema in the abdomen
ascites
What is kidney disease?
the edema associated with kidney disease usually occurs in your legs and around your eyes
What is Kidney Damage?
Damage to the tiny, filtering blood vessels in your kidneys can result in nephrotic syndrome. In nephrotic syndrome, declining levels of protein (albumin) in your blood can lead to fluid accumulation and edema
What is heart disease?
Congestive heart failure. When the heart weakens and pumps blood less effectively, fluid can slowly build up, creating leg edema. If fluid builds up quickly, you can get fluid in the lungs.
What is Fluid and Electrolyte Disturbances?
A range of factors can compromise the kidney's ability to perform its vital work. Deficiency or excess in key minerals like calcium and phosphorus, electrolyte imbalances like sodium and potassium, dehydration, and fluid retention can all have their genesis in the kidneys. Electrolytes are minerals in your body that have an electrical charge. They are in your blood, urine, tissues, and other bodily fluids. Electrolytes are important because they help balance the amount of water in your body.
What is anasarca?
generalized edema in subcutaneous tissue (Skeletal edema). Related to kidney and heart disease
Anasarca will ________
Causes secondary dilation
Must use higher index fluid
Problems raining vessels
Increases speed of decomposition (too much water, faster decomposition)
Ascites
accumulation of free serous fluid in the abdominal cavity. Leads to obstruction due to the weight pressure of the fluid. Carefully aspirate to remove fluid before embalming.
Hydrothorax
abnormal accumulation of fluid in the thoracic cavity, Also called pleural effusion.
In life - compromises lung function
In death - causes lung purge
Hypopericardium
abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pericardium sac. Pressure does not let the heart expand properly.
Hydrocele
abnormal accumulation of fluid in any sacculated cavity of the body, typically the scrotum
Hydrocephaly
abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles of the brain
Congenital - must be drained, sometimes a permanent shunt is placed in the head, this can be done in utero
Acquired - trauma can cause this and a burr hole must be made in the skull to relieve pressure
What is hyperemia?
excess blood in an area of the body
active hyperemia
is the increase in organ blood flow that is associated with the increased metabolic activity of an organ or tissue
Active Physiological Hyperemia
this is a normal condition
After eating a big meal
Exercising
An erection
Blushing
Active Pathological Hyperemia
when blood rushes to an organ due to inflammation
Passive pathologic hyperemia
when blood can't properly exit an organ, so it builds up in the blood vessels
Examples of Passive Pathological Hyperemia
Congestive Heart Failure and Hematoma
Which type of Passive Hyperemia can never exist?
Physiological
Definition of Pathological
caused by a disease
Definition of Physiological
normal body functions
Ischemia
reduction in arterial blood supply in the vessel walls
What is ischemia caused by?
thrombus or embolus
arteriosclerosis
External pressure
Failure of vasodilation of the circulatory system
arteriosclerosis
hardening of the arteries caused by buildup of plaque
Effects of Ischemia
Transient Ischemic Attacks
Angina
Loss of Sensation
Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)
temporary decrease of blood flow, not cut off completely, lasts less than a day, sign of future stroke
Angina
temporary decrease in blood flow to the heart that causes intense pain
Angina is relieved by
nitroglycerin
How long does a TIA last?
less than a day
loss of sensation
foot falls asleep
Is ischemia likely physiological or pathological?
pathological
Thrombus
the formation or presence of an attached blood clot
What blood clot is attached to the vessel wall?
Thrombus
Causes of Thrombus
Damage to the vessel wall
Stasis of Blood
Cardiac Disorders
Sepsis Clots
Arterial Thrombus
Venous Thrombus
Cardiac Thrombus
Damage to the vessel wall
by trauma or disease, such as vascular conditions or torn intima. this causes blood to back up and clot
Intima
innermost tunica of an artery or vein
Stasis of Blood
poor venous return, the blood becomes thickened and blocks vessels
cardiac disorders
change in the blood composition due to poor circulation
Sepsis Clots
caused by an overwhelming immune response to infection, The body releases immune chemicals into the blood to combat infection. Those chemicals trigger widespread inflammation, which leads to blood clots and leaky blood vessels.
Arterial Thrombus
dry gangrene
Venous Thrombus
wet gangrene
cardiac thrombus
myocardial infarction (ischemia)
myocardial infarction
heart attack
Embolism
the sudden obstruction of a blood vessel by debris
What blood clot is not attached to the vessel wall?
Embolism
Types of Debris in the Circulatory System
Fragments of thrombi
Fat
Tumor
Septic
Particulate material
Gas
Animal Parasites
Fat embolism
fat deposits move into veins through openings in ruptured blood vessels
Example of Fat Embolism
Suppose you break your leg and rupture vessels around the break. Fat can now enter those vessels and travel as an embolus to other parts of the body.
Tumor
a complication of cancer (usually adenocarcinoma) in which cells enter the venous system and pulmonary arterial system where they can continue to multiply and eventually lodge in the vessel and obstruct the flow. This is one-way cancers metastasize
adenocarcinoma
cancerous tumor of glandular tissue
Septic Embolism
a type of embolism that is infected with bacteria, resulting in the formation of pus. These may become dangerous if dislodged from their original location. Like other emboli, a septic embolism can be fatal. Septic emboli damage the body tissues in two ways. They completely or partially reduce blood supply or they introduce infectious agents into a damaged site.
How does septic embolism damage body tissues?
They completely or partially reduce blood supply or they introduce infectious agents into a damaged site.
particulate matter
a foreign substance that enters the circulatory system usually from IV injection of organic substances
Gas embolism
Ruptured alveoli due to lung trauma or severe decompression
Parasitic Embolism
occurs when parasites enter and travel through the bloodstream or fragments of the parasite travel through vessels
Hemmorrhage
the escape of blood from the vascular system
causes of hemmorhage
Trauma or injuries
Cerebral aneurysm
High blood pressure
Blood vessel abnormalities
Blood or bleeding disorders
Liver disease
Brain tumor
Drug Abuse
Petechia
antemortem, pinpoint, extravascular blood discoloration visible as purplish hemorrhages of the skin
Ecchymosis
Superficial bleeding under the skin or a mucous membrane; a bruise
Hematoma
tumor like swelling of blood
Auricular Hematoma
cauliflower ear
epistaxis
bleeding from the nose
hemoptysis
blood in the sputum
what can cause hemoptysis
lung cancer, infections, such as tuberculosis, bronchitic, pneumonia, or other cardiovascular conditions)
hematemesis
vomiting blood
what does blood originate during hematemesis
upper gastrointestinal tract
Common Causes of Hematemesis
peptic ulcer, cirrhosis with esophageal or gastric varices, gastritis, esophagitis, Mallory-Weiss tears, and malignancy
Infartion
death of tissue due to lack of blood supply
Sepsis
spread of infection
Necrosis
death of cells, tissues, organs, while still part of a living organism
Mallory-Weiss tear
tear that occurs in the esophageal mucosa at the junction of the esophagus and stomach
esphageal varices
swollen, protruding veins in the esophagus (varicose veins)
Melena
blood in the stool
Dark black, tarry feces are associated with
upper gastrointestinal bleeding
What causes the black color and strong odor in feces
hemoglobin in the blood being altered by the digestive enzymes and intestinal bacteria.
Hematuria
blood in the urine, either gross or microscopic
gross hematuria occurs when
there is enough blood present in the urine that is it visible to the naked eye.
Exsanguination
Loss of blood to the point where life can no longer be sustained.
Post Mortem Conditions for Embalming
Diminished Circulation
Abscess
Edema
Hemorrhage
Dehydration Emaciation
Rapid Decomposition
Discoloration
Diminished Circulation
multi-point injection, hypodermic injection
Abscess
can alter blood flow, if large enough may need to be removed, leading to restorative work
Edema
can alter blood flow, secondary dilution may require removal of fluid by channeling, wicking, or aspiration
Hemmorrhage (embalming)
loss of the circulatory system, swelling in affected area
Dehydration
lack of water
emaciation
excessive wasting away of the body
Dehydration and Emaciation
poor circulation, use of lanolin fluids, tissue building
rapid decomposition
every embalmers nightmare
discoloration
phenol and cavity treatment, opaque cosmetics
Lysis
the disintegration of a cell by rupture of the cell wall or membrane.
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