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his101 - ch. 12 part 1

Terms in this set (61)

the Renaissance period was from ___
1350 - 1563
Renaissance intellectuals wanted to restore civilization to the level of ___ Greece & Rome
classical
during the Renaissance, the cultural elite were bringing back to life the ideas, moral values, art, & civic-mindedness that characterized, they believed, the two high points of Western Culture, ___ & ___
Periclean Athens, Republican Rome
one of the first to use the term rinascità; was an Italian writer, painter, & architect
Giorgio Vasari (1511-1574)
claimed that after a thousand years of medieval barbarism, Italian artists & thinkers had bravely restored the lost perfection of art & philosophy as know to the ancients
Vasari

(Giorgio Vasari)
an earlier Renaissance writer on education, who insisted that only the study of the classical liberal arts could lift a society from the moral & spiritual decay of the medieval era
Pier Paolo Vergerio (1370-1444)
proclaimed that "Only those liberal arts are worthy of free men; they alone can help us to attain virtue & wisdom ... [& fill in the gaps in our moral knowledge] which the ignorance of the past centuries has intentionally created"
Vergerio

(Pier Paolo)
Pope Sixtus IV

remembered for:

- building the ___
- establishing the ___
- & developing the ___
Sistine Chapel, Spanish Inquisition, Vatican Library
___ was a "rebirth" of classical values that gave fresh hope & creative energy to Europe

but it also led to the greatest eruption in Greater Western religion since the birth of Islam - the ___
la rinascità, Protestant Reformation
usually regarded as the father of humanism & the first Renaissance writer

expressed a nostalgia for the deep past of Rome & Athens in an open letter, called the "Letter to Posterity"
Francesco Petrarch (1304-1374)
the 3 elements most characteristically associated with the Renaissance

1. ___
2. ___
3. ___
classicism, humanism, modern statecraft
___ learning & literature had its origins in early Christian monastic life
classical
a literal & linguistic movement cultivated particularly during the Renaissance & founded on reviving classical Latin & Greek texts, styles, & values
humanism
the concern in this period to develop human potential, to value the particular, & to assert the inherent dignity of each person
humanism
a branch of perspective in which the object's size, shape, & position are determined by lines converging at one point on the horizon
linear perspective
by the early 1400s, ___ was introduced in painting, heightening the senses of depth, solidity, & realism the artists evoked
linear perspective
the 1427 fresco of the Holy Trinity painted for the Church of Santa Maria Novella in Florence by ___ marked the maturity of the new techniques
Tommaso Masaccio (1401-1428)
the most famous of Renaissance descriptions came from ___, a young man of great & varied learning

his "Oration on the Dignity of Man" (1486) lays out the fundamental elements of the movement
Giovanni Pico della Mirandola (1463-1494)
___ involved understanding systems of law, taxation, & economy
statecraft
statecraft as a science differed from the medieval in that it rejected personal ___
relationships
statecraft involved:

- intricacies of ___ & ___
- mechanisms of ___ control
- manipulation of ___
- knowledge of when to ___ or exert ___
diplomacy, negotiation, crowd, public opinion, deceive, force
the Renaissance began in the ___ city-states of ___
northern, Italy
___ nobles tended to live within the cities & played an active role in urban culture that nobles in northern Europe did not
Italian
Italian nobles included both established ___ & wealthy ___ whose riches helped them purchase ___ titles
lineages, commoners, aristocratic
Italian city-states

the elitist bias against trade & commerce that characterized northern European aristocratic society was much ___ virulent in Italy
less
Italian city-states

by 1400, ties developed between the urban ___ & the ___ & ___ families of the ___ class
aristocrats, mercantile, banking, burgher
Italian city-states

ties between the urban aristocrats & the mercantile & banking families of the burgher class developed

which allowed the upper classes to usurp ___ government & to institute direct, often ___ control over the city-states
republican, tyrannical
Italian city-states

most city states had:

- ___ governments between 1350-1450 (1st half of Renaissance)
- ___ governments from 1450-1550 (2nd half of Renaissance)
republican, oligarchic
Italian city-states

the concentration of wealth & power in these city-states made possible elaborate systems of ___, which gave a tremendous boost to ___ & ___ life
patronage, intellectual, artistic
Italian city-states

Renaissance ___ put their resources to work in the public sphere & commissioned scores of palaces, chapels, public fountains & market squares, mausoleums, fortifications, libraries & museums, schools, & hospitals

provided hundreds of opportunities for ___, ___, & ___
oligarchs, scholars, artists, architects
Renaissance intellectuals searched out lost classical manuscripts primarily from ___
libraries
art was not for art's sake alone in the Renaissance:

it expressed ___ values & aesthetics while serving to elevate the ___ spirit & also promoted the glory & wisdom of the ___ whose support made the art possible
humanist, civic, patron
even with a drastically reduced population, the drift of the rural poor into the cities ensured a constant ___

therefore, ___ costs were ___, making the vast construction projects possible
labor surplus, labor, cheap
the ability of patrons to commission such works of art was partially due to the vast amount of ___
economic inequality
one Sicilian humanist, ___, rushed to Constantinople in the years leading up to the Turkish siege & came back with more than 200 manuscripts that might otherwise have gone up in flames
Giovanni Aurispa (1376-1459)
by 1400, ___ had developed the first lending library in Europe
Florence
___ invented the printing press around ___
Johannes Gutenberg, 1440
___ was the most celebrated of humanist publishers

his printing house in Venice produced editions of well over a hundred ___ & ___ texts before his death
Aldus Manutius (1450-1515), Latin, Greek
___ literature also began to appear in print

this is important because most of the literature produced in the Renaissance that we remember today was in the ___ tongue
vernacular, common
Petrarch's great sequence of vernacular sonnets & other poems to his beloved Laura --- the ___ (Song Book) -- have proved enduringly popular, whereas his Latin epic poem about the Roman General Scipio Africanus -- called ___ -- is turgid & lifeless
Canzoniere, Africa
Ludovico Ariosto's immense & entertaining, mock-epic ___ (Crazed Roland) tells of the mad adventures of Charlemagne's knight Roland, who loses his mind when his beloved Angelica falls in love with a Muslim prince & moves to China
Orlando Furioso
Giovanni Boccaccio wrote the first Italian novel -- called ___ (The Love Afflicted, 1336) -- but is best remembered for his collection of thematically linked short stories called ___ (Ten Days, 1353)
Filocolo, The Decameron
not many Renaissance ___ have lasted; only two are still widely read & produced today
stage plays
___ was known in his lifetime as the "Scourge of Princes" for his scathing wit & willingness to blackmail the prominent when short of funds
Pietro Aretino (1492-1556)
Pietro Aretino's best play was a comedy called ___
La Cortigiana (The Woman Courtier)
another great Renaissance comedy is ___ written by Niccolò Machiavelli (1469-1527)
La Mandragola (The Mandrake Root)
in 1499 the people of Florence had overthrown the ___ & restored republican government

___, a Florentine, loved & served its republic with passionate dedication for 13 years as a diplomat, civil servant, & military overseer

however, in 1512 a counterplot restored ___ to power

___ was dismissed, arrested for conspiracy, tortured, & ultimately released

in retirement at his country estate, he then gave himself over to study & writing

although he never published it, ___ was the first thing he wrote after his release from prison
Medici oligarchy, Machiavelli, Lorenzo de' Medici, Machiavelli, The Prince
a book praised by some for its clear-eyed realism about how political power actually works & vilified by others as a little more than how-to manual for thugs
The Prince (by Niccolò Machiavelli)
Machiavelli argues that a prince's first duty is to ___
secure his own power
Machiavelli's major work, ___, elaborates a complex & passionate argument on the superiority of republican government to any other type of political organization
Discourses on Livy
example of ___:

in Florence, the ___ family rose through the ranks in banking & textiles, coming to political prominence shortly after 1400
oligarchic governments, Medici
Castiglione's "The Courtier" depicts the ideal nobleman as ___ & ___
elegant, cultured
when ___ did finally began to take root throughout Europe, around 1500, it developed along a variety of trajectories
humanism
anticlerical movement of the northern Renaissance that emphasized the simple reading of scripture (especially the New Testament), the singing of hymns, & communal prayer
Christian humanism
like early humanism, Christian humanism rejected ___ system building & looked to the past for new models of thinking & behavior
scholastic
Christian humanism tended to be ___
anti-clerical
a Roman Catholic religious community founded by Gerard Groote
Brethren of the Common Life
formed communities with strictly regulated lifestyles, which included giving up worldly possessions, living chaste, attending divine services for many hours each day, preaching sermons, & reading aloud from Scripture during meals
Brethren of the Common Life
the ___ was established in Holland in the late 14th century; its reputation for pious simplicity & educational excellence spread quickly across Europe
Brethren of the Common Life
the Brethren community preached what they called the "___" (devotio moderna), based on the idea of replicating in one's own life the actions & attitudes of Jesus, rather than the formal doctrines & disciplines of the church
new devotion
the Medici family

through three generations -- under ___ de' Medici (r. 1434-1464), ___ de' Medici (r. 1464-1469), & ___ de' Medici (r. 1469-1492) -- they governed a pretend republic

in 1531, the family became the hereditary dukes of Florence & placed three family members on the papal throne during the Renaissance -- ___(r. 1513-1521), ___ (r. 1523-1534), & ___ (r. 1605)
Cosimo, Piero, Lorenzo, Leo X, Clement VII, Leo XI
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