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Bio 130 unit 3: Animals

Terms in this set (37)

Know the characteristics of animal
- multicellular, eukaryotic, heterotrophic, mobile organisms with no cell wall but an extracellular matrix
- multicellular, mobile, heterotrophs= eating machines
- largest predators, herbivores, and detritivores on earth
What characteristics do all animals but sponges have?
neurons, muscle cells
Know the basic trees presented in the powerpoint - know what happens at each branch
ok
What is the closest living relative to Kingdom Animalia?- what do they look like?
...
Are animals more like plants or fungi? Why?
Fungi- we're both heterotrophs, but animals tend to ingest food than digest it
What characteristics do we use to classify animals?
- characteristics to classify: body plan, symmetry (and cephalization), nervous system, segmentation
What is the difference between cell level and tissue level organization?
Cell level: cells work independently- can be communal
Tissue level: cells work together to perform a function
What is Gastrulation? Why does it matter when classifying animals?
Gastrulation: indent and folding in of the ball of cells
matters- pushes in to make layers
- matters bc The purpose of gastrulation is to position the 3 embryonic germ layers, the endoderm, ectoderm and mesoderm. These layers later develop into certain bodily systems.
What are the 3 embryonic tissue layers, what do they become generally, how are they arranged to make the 4 body plans?
endoderm- inner- gut
mesoderm- middle- muscle layer
ectoderm- outer- skin/coating
- how are they arranged??
What is the difference between a protostome and a deuterostome - know what groups of animals fit into each category
protostome- develop mouth first
- arthropota (insects, spiders)
- hematoda (roundworms)
- annelidic (segmented worms)
- mollusca (snails, clams)
- platynelminthes ( flat worms)
- rotifers (rotifers)
deuterostome- develop anus first (humans)
- chordata (vertebrates)
- echinodermata (sea stars and sand dollars)
What is the difference between a gastrovascular cavity and a true gut
GVC- bag shaped, food enters, waste leaves through same hole
True Gut- tube, one end mouth, other end anus- food passes through
Know the 4 kinds of symmetry
1. asymmetry: no ways to cut in half and get in equal parts
2. spherical symmetry: a ball of points
3. radial symmetry: spokes of a wheel
4. bilateral symmetry: only 1 way to cut to get equal halves- 99% of modern animals
What is cephalization - why is it important
-development of a head end
- bilateral symmetry leads to this
- centralize receptors on one end- get a CNS system focusing on one spot
- important bc it allows for development of brain- which is the control system for the body
What different levels of development do you see in the nervous systems of animals?
Sponges- lack nerve cell (and symmetry)
Ctenophores and Cnidarians - nerve net
All other animals - central nervous system
-Neurons clustered into one or more tracts or cords
-Some are clusters called ganglia - ultimately a brain
-Allows for cephalization
What is segmentation?
presence of repeated body structures
- all vertebrates are segmented
- invertebrates
annelids and arthropods segmented
- to some extent in mollusks
What is the difference between the Lophotrochozoans and the Ecdysozoans? What group fit into each? What characteristics make an animal fit into one of these categories?
L- continuous growth ( annelids, mollusks, platyhelminths (flatworms) , rotifers)
E- grow by shedding exoskeleton (arthropods and nematodes)
ADD
What 2 groups fit into the deuterostomes? - what characteristics do they share?
echinoderms (sea stars and sand dollars) and chordates (vertebrates)
share: bilateral, radial cleavage, triploblasts, coelom, sexual reproduction
What adaptations are needed to live on land as an animal?
sensory systems
- magnetic fields: navigation
- barometric pressure: birds avoid flying into storms- sense pressure changes in weather
- temperature: pit vipers finding food
- sight: requires light
- hearing: echolocation
- taste/smell: detect pheromones
- touch: may be the only sense used by an animal hunting (sea anemones)

limbs
- Locomotion important for finding food, finding mates, escaping predators, dispersal
- Modifications make them useful for manipulating items and the environment
What 4 morphological traits do all Chordates have?
1. Pharyngeal gill slits (opening into the throat)
2. Dorsal hollow nerve cord
3. Notochord (stiff supportive, flexible rod) running the length of the body
4. Muscular, post-anal tail
What are the 3 lineages of the chordates?
1. Cephalochordates - Lancelets
2. Urochordates - Tunicates
3. Craniates and Vertebrates - the critters you know better
Subphylum Cephalochordata - what are they - what characteristics do they have - at what point in development do they have the 4 chordate traits?
- are lancelets
- Fish-like, Burrow in the ocean floor sand, Suspension feeders, Sexual reproduction
- AT WHAT POINT?
Subphylum Urochordata -- what are they - what characteristics do they have - at what point in development do they have the 4 chordate traits?
- are tunicates (sea squirts)
- Bag like at maturity - most chordate features only found in larval form, Sessile adults, Filter feeders, External and internal fertilization, budding
- AT WHAT POINT?
What is an amniotic egg?
waterproof container that allows the embryo to develop out of water and externally from mother
- have a set of fluid-filled membranes that protect the embryo inside of it from physical harm
Class Petromyzontoidea (Lamprey)- what are they - what characteristics do they have?
- are lampreys
- vertebrates
- vertebrae and cranium, Jawless, Marine and freshwater, Scavengers and predators - parasitic, External fertilization
Class Chondrichythes (Cartilaginous fish) - what are they - what characteristic do they have?
- are sharks, rays, and skates
- Have jaws, Cartilaginous skeleton, Paired lateral fins - stabilize body, Mostly marine, Most predators - some suspension feeders, Internal fertilization - oviparous, ovoviviparous, or viviparous, vertebrates
Phylum Porifera - simplest animals - multicellular - know how they eat, reproduce, their body plan, what makes them unique, 3 shapes types
- simplest animals
- multicellular
- eat: filter feeders
- reproduce: budding (asexual) or sexual reproduction (free swimming larva)
- body plan: asymmetrical
- unique: choanocytes- allow for filter feeding
- 3 shape types: asconoid, syconoid and leuconoid
Phylum Cnidaria - diploblasts - radial symmetry - what is mesoglea - know how they eat, their basic body plan, what makes them unique, how they reproduce
- diploblasts
- radial symmetry
- mesoglea: non-cellular jelly-like layer present in between endoderm and ectoderm in diploblastic animals
- eat: sting, capture with tentacles, push into mouth
- body plan: radial
- unique: cnidocytes with nematocytes- stinging cells
- reproduce: sexual and asexual reproduction
Phylum Platyhelminthes - what are they -basic body plan, why they have to stay flat and thin, how advanced is their nervous system, what makes them unique
- are flat worms
- body plan: bilateral
- why they have to stay flat and thin:
- flat: The lack of a cavity also constrains flatworms to be flat; they must respire by diffusion, and no cell can be too far from the outside, making a flattened shape necessary
- thin: They can easily gain oxygen through diffusion, they can usually latch on to hosts, and they can swim through water quickly
- how advanced in their nervous system: relatively simple but centralized- CNS, digestive, excretory, reproductive
- unique: no circulatory system, acoelomates, diffusion based
Phylum Nematoda - what are they - basic body plan, how advanced are their body systems, What makes them unique
- are roundworms
- body plan: bilateral
- how advanced are their body systems: have CNS, digestive (true gut), excretory, reproductive
- what makes them unique: mostly parasitic
Phylum Mollusca - what are they - basic body plan, how advanced are their body systems, what makes them unique, what is the mantel, visceral mass, muscular foot, what are the groups of mollusks,
- are clams and snails
- body plan: bilateral
- how advanced are their body systems: complete digestive system, coelom, ganglia, reproductive system, circulatory system
- what makes them unique: mantel, visceral mass, muscular foot
- what is the mantel: layer of tissue that lies between the shell and the body. It secretes calcium carbonate to form the shell. It forms a cavity, called the mantle cavity, between the mantle and the body. The mantle cavity pumps water for filter feeding, secretes, repairs, and maintains the shell of those mollusks that have shells
- visceral mass
- muscular foot
- groups of mollusks: Polyplacaphora- Chitons, Gastropoda- Snails, slugs, and nudibranchs, Cephlapoda- Squids and Octopuses, Bivalvia- Clams and Mussels
Phylum Annelida - what are they -basic body plan, how advanced are their body systems, what makes them unique, what is segmentations
- are segmented worms
- basic body plan: bilateral
- how advanced are their body systems: circulatory system, complete digestive system, coelom, excretory system, brain
- what makes them unique: segmented worms
- what is segmentations: presence of repeated body structures
Phylum Arthropoda - what are they - basic body plan, how advanced are their body systems, what makes them unique, what is the limitation on size in animals with exoskeletons, what is the benefit of jointed appendages, what are the classes of arthropods (basic characteristics of each),
- are insects, spiders, crustaceans
- basic body plan: bilateral
- how advanced are their body systems: CNS, digestive, excretory, reproductive, open circulatory system, respiratory ( gills, book lungs, tracheal systems)
- what makes them unique: chitinous exoskeleton, jointed appendages
- what's the limitation on size in animals with exoskeletons: small- It is estimated that a doubling of body size increases body weight by a factor of eight. The increasing thickness of the chitin necessary to support this weight limits most animals with an exoskeleton to a relatively-small size
- benefit of jointed appendages: more versatile and adaptive
- classes of arthropods and characteristics:
1. merostomata- horseshoe crab
2. arachnida- spiders and scorpions
3. chilipoda- centipedes
4. diplopoda- millipedes
5. hexapoda- true insects
6. crustacea- crabs, shrimps, etc
Phylum Echinodermata - what are they -basic body plan, how advanced are their body systems, what makes them unique, what are the classes (basic characteristics), what is the water vascular system,
- are sea stars and sand dollars
- body plan: radial
- how advanced are their body systems: decentralized nervous system (nerve ring), digestive, simple excretory, reproductive, circulatory system, respiratory (dermal branchia)
- what makes them unique: radial symmetry, internal skeleton of calcified plants, water vascular system
- what are the classes (basic characteristics): asteroidea (sea stars), Ophiuroidea (brittle stars), Echinoidea (sea urchins and sand dollars), Crinoidea (sea lillies), Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers)
- what is the water vascular system: a system of canals in echinoderms containing a circulating watery fluid that is used for the movement of the tentacles and tube feet.
Class Actinopterygii- the fishes - what are they - basic body plan, how advanced are their body systems, what makes them unique, how does a swim bladder work
- the fishes
- ray finned fish
- basic body plan: bilateral
- how advanced are their body systems: circulatory system, digestive system, lateral line,
- what makes them unique: swim bladder, found worldwide, bony endoskeleton
- how does a swim bladder work: When the swim bladder expands it increases in volume and therefore displaces more water. This increases the fish's buoyancy, causing it to float upward. When the swim bladder deflates, the fish's buoyancy decreases, causing it to sink as it displaces less water
Class Amphibia - Amphibians - what are they - basic body plan, how advanced are their body systems, what makes them unique- what is a biphasic lifecycle
- amphibians
- basic body plan: bilateral
- how advanced are their body systems: complex- circulatory system, nervous system, sense organs ( eyes, ears, smell and taste chemicals)
- what makes them unique: add 4 limbs (tetrapods)
- what is a biphasic lifecycle: sexual eukaryotes undergo an alteration between haploid and diploid nuclear phases
Class Reptilia - Reptiles with Avian Reptiles - what are they - basic body plan, how advanced are their body systems, what makes them unique,- what is the benefit of the amniotic egg in reptiles
- reptiles with avian reptiles
- basic body plan: bilateral
- how advanced are their body systems: digestive system, nervous system, circulatory system
- what makes them unique: amniotic egg
- what is the benefit of the amniotic egg in reptiles: in amniotes who lay eggs, the shell protects the embryo while allowing water retention while still being permeable to gas exchange, protects and nourishes the embryo
Class Mammalia - Mammals- what are they - basic body plan, how advanced are their body systems, what makes them unique- what is the benefit of lactation
- mammals
- basic body plan: bilateral
- how advanced are their body systems: complex- digestive, circulatory, nervous, endocrine, urinary
- what makes them unique: hair/fur, produce milk, 3 ear bones
- what is the benefit of lactation: help protect babies against some short- and long-term illnesses and diseases, lower risk of asthma, obesity, type 1 diabetes, and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), Breastfed babies are also less likely to have ear infections and stomach bugs.
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