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Histology: Background and History

Terms in this set (36)

Histology
is the study of microscopic anatomy of cells and tissues of plants and animals
Histopathology
The science or study dealing with the cytologic and histologic structure of abnormal or diseased tissue
Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous
Name the four basic types of tissues
epithelial tissue
What type of tissue is shown in this image
connective tissue
What type of tissue is shown in this image
muscle tissue
What type of tissue is shown in this image
nervous tissue
What type of tissue is shown in this image
epithelial
The ducts of glands belong to which of the four major tissue group(s)?
epithelial and connective
Skin belongs to which of the four major tissue group(s)?
connective tissue (adipose)
Fat belongs to which of the four major tissue group(s)?
connective
Red and white blood cells belong to which of the four major tissue group(s)?
epithelial tissue
Kidney tubules belong to which of the four major tissue group(s)?
connective tissue
Tendons and ligaments belong to which of the four major tissue group(s)?
The correct interpretation of neural structure of the brain
What was Santiago Ramon y Cajal's contribution to histology?
invented the staining technique used to visualize neural structure of the brain
What was Camillo Golgi's contribution to histology?
Showed that diseases are not due to humoral imbalances but to lesions in organs.
What was Giovanni Battista Morgagni's contribution to histology?
Introduced the notion of tissues as distinct entities and maintained that diseases attacked tissues rather than whole organs or the entire body without a microscope (described 21 membranes (tissues) )
What was Marie Francois Xavier Bichat's contribution to histology?
He realized early on that the part of the cell theory that required all cells to be derived from existing cells (omnis celluae e cellulae) could give insight into pathological processes

He coupled pathological process to histology through the application of the cell theory
What was Rudolf Carl Virchow's contribution to histology?
A botanist that recognized that the cell is the essential unit of the living organism; developed the idea that cells arise by budding from the nucleus (free cell formation theory)

Schleiden and Schwann are usually credited with the discovery that all living things are composed of cells
What was Matthias Schleinden contribution to microscopy?
A zoologist that compared animal cells to plant cells; observed cartilage and types of eggs and distinguished the five classes of tissues

Schleiden and Schwann are usually credited with the discovery that all living things are composed of cells
What was Theodore Schwann's contribution to microscopy?
Applied Schwann's theory to the embryonic development of animals and wrote the first textbook on histology; also produced a model textbook for embryology
What was Albert Kolliker contribution to microscopy?
simple cuboidal epithelium
What type of tissue is shown in the following photomicrograph?
bone tissue
What type of tissue is shown in the following photomicrograph?
skeletal muscle
What type of tissue is shown in the following photomicrograph?
The uncle and nephew produced the first operational compound microscope with a magnification of 30x
What are the contributions of the Janssens to the development of the microscope?
He described cork and other cells and introduced the term "cell."
What are the contributions of Robert Hooke to the development of the microscope?
Made over 247 simple microscopes capable of magnifications of around 100x

He observed RBCs, protozoa, striations of skeletal muscle, sperm cells, and bacteria
What are the contributions of Anthony Leeuwenhoek to the development of the microscope?
1590: Janssens made the first operational compound microscope with a magnification of 30x

1665: Hooke used a compound microscope to observe plants and animals and introduced the term "cell"

1674: Leeuwenhoek made 247 simple microscopes with a magnification of around 100x; sent 26 of them to the Royal Society

1800: Bichat described 21 membranes (tissues) that combine in different ways to form the organs of the body--tissues as distinct entities and that diseases attacked tissue rather than whole organs or entire body

1838 & 1839: Schwann and Schleiden are credited with the discovery that all living organisms are composed of cell

1852: Kolliker wrote the first textbook on histology

1855: Virchow pioneered the concept of pathological processes through the application of the cell theory
The timeline of histology
R.I. = velocity of light / velocity of light inside transmitting medium
Refractive index of air = 1

***Light waves are transmitted through a vacuum at a fixed velocity
-velocity is slowed through air, water, or glass
-each medium transmits light at a characteristic velocity
Define and explain how refractive index is calculated
Refractive power
A measure of how much a lens bends light waves. Measured in diopters.

1 diopter = 1 meter / focal length of a lens
Focal point
The point through which all parallel rays of light will pass after passing through each part of the lens
Focal length

in order to calculate refraction which is measured in diopters you need the focal length which is the distance from the focal point

1 diopter = 1 meter/focal length of lens
The distance from the center of the lens to the focal point
Real image
Formed when the object is placed outside the focal point
Is inverted
Can be projected onto a screen
Differs in size from the object
Virtual image
formed when the object is placed inside the focal point
not inverted
can be magnified
The ability of a microscope (or any optical instrument) to distinguish two small points as separate points

Resolution= d = 0.61 lambda /n sin a

To increase use higher refractive index and use shorter wavelength
Define resolution; how is it calculated? How can resolution be increased?
1.5-2 um (
What is the maximum visual acuity for the human eye?
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