Basal Ganglia

Term
1 / 64
What are hyperkinetic disorders?
Click the card to flip 👆
Terms in this set (64)
What are hyperkinetic disorders?
- Disorders that cause any unwanted excess movement (voluntary or involuntary) with a random pattern of twisting and jerks.
Image: What are hyperkinetic disorders?
What are hypokinetic disorders?
Disorders characterized by rigidty, slowness, and marked difficulty initiating movements
Image: What are hypokinetic disorders?
What disorder is considered to be hyperkinetic?
Huntington's Disease
Image: What disorder is considered to be hyperkinetic?
What disorder is considered hypokinetic?
Parkinson's Disease
Image: What disorder is considered hypokinetic?
What are the main components of the basal ganglia?
Caudate nucleus
Putamen
Globus Pallidus
Subthalamic nucleus
Substania nigra
Image: What are the main components of the basal ganglia?
What parts of the basal ganglia make up the neostiatum (striatum)?
Caudate and putamen
Image: What parts of the basal ganglia make up the neostiatum (striatum)?
What separates the putamen and caudate?
Penetrating fibers of the internal capsule
Image: What separates the putamen and caudate?
What are cellular bridges?
Parts of the putamen and caudate that remain connected between the internal capsule
Image: What are cellular bridges?
What is the caudate nucleus?
C-shaped structure with a head, body, and tail in the basal ganglia
Image: What is the caudate nucleus?
What does the Caudate have a relationship with?
Lateral ventricle
Image: What does the Caudate have a relationship with?
What parts of the caudate exist?Head, body, and tailWhat does the putamen fuse with anteriorly and ventrally?Head of the CaudateWhat is the putamen?Large nucleus forming the lateral portion of the basal gangliaWhat is the ventral striatum?Where the caudate and the putamen fuseWhat is important about the ventral striatum?It is responsible for limbic circuitryIs the globus pallidus myelinated?YesWhat segments exist in the globus pallidus?Internal and external segmentsWhat is the Lenitcular or lentiform nucleus?Putamen and Globus Pallidus togetherWhat basal gangli exist?Caudate Putamen Globus pallidus Subthalamic nucleus Substantia nigraWha is the substantia nigra pars reticulata?Central portion of substantia nigra hat contains cells similar to the globus pallidusWhat is the substantia nigra pars compacta?Dorsal part of substantia nigra that contains dopeminergic neuronsWhat is the subthalamic nucleus?An important part of the subcortical motor system; a target of deep-brain stimulation for treatment of Parkinson's diseaseWhere are basal ganglia inputs arrive to?The striatium (caudate, putamen, and nucleus accumbens)Where do basal ganglia output leave from?Internal sement of globus pallidus and the substania nigra reticulataWhat functions are the basal ganglia responsible for?General motor movement Eye movements Cognitive functions Emotional functionsWhat excitatory neurotransmitters are involved in basal ganglia input?Glutamate Serotonin Noradrenalin HistamineWhere can inputs to the basal ganglia derive from?Cerebral cortexWhat inhibitory neurotransmitters are involved in basal ganglia output?GABA DopamineWhat output pathways exist?Ventral lateral nuclei of the thalamus Ventral anterior nuclei of the thalamusWhere do direct basal ganglia pathways travel?Striatum-> internal segment of globus pallidus or substancial nigra pars reticulataWhere do indirect basal ganglia pathways travel?Striatum->external segement of globus pallidus-> subthalamic nucleus-> internal segment OR substania nigra pars reticulataHow does dopamine impact direct pathways of the basal ganglia?it is excitatory on striatal neuronsHow does dopamine impact indirect pathways of the basal ganglia?it is inhibitory on striatal neuronsWhat is hemiballismus?Sudden jerky movements caused by lesions in the subthalamus of the basal gangliaWhat occurs in Huntingtons disease?Striatal neurons in the caudate and putament degenerateWhat 4 channels of the basal ganglia exist?Limbic channel Oculomotor channel Prefrontal channel Motor channelWhat is the source of the cortical input for the motor channel of the basal ganglia?Somatosensory cortex Primary motor cortex Premotor cortexWhat is the source of the cortical input for the oculomotor channel of the basal ganglia?Posterior parietal cortex Prefrontal cortexWhat is the source of the cortical input for the Prefrontal channel of the basal ganglia?Posterior parietal cortex Premotor cortexWhat is the source of the cortical input for the Limbic channel of the basal ganglia?Temporal cortex Hippocampus AmygdalaWhat basal ganglia is responsible for input to the Limbic channel of the basal ganglia?Nucleus Accumbens Ventral caudate ventral putamenWhat basal ganglia is responsible for input to the Prefrontal channel of the basal ganglia?Head of caudateWhat basal ganglia is responsible for input to the Motor channel of the basal ganglia?PutamenWhat basal ganglia is responsible for input to the Oculomotor channel of the basal ganglia?Body of caudateWhat basal ganglia is responsible for output from the motor channel of the basal ganglia?GPi SNrWhat basal ganglia is responsible for output from the Oculomotor channel of the basal ganglia?GPi SNrWhat basal ganglia is responsible for output from the Prefrontal channel of the basal ganglia?GPi SNrWhat basal ganglia is responsible for output from the Limbic channel of the basal ganglia?GPi SNr Ventral pallidumWhat thalamic relay nuclei are connected to the Motor channel of the basal ganglia?Ventral lateral nuclei of the thalamus (VL) Ventral anterior nuclei of the thalamus (VA)What thalamic relay nuclei are connected to the Oculomotor channel of the basal ganglia?Mediodorsla nuclei of thalamus (MD) Ventral anterior nuclei of the thalamus (VA)What thalamic relay nuclei are connected to the Prefrontal channel of the basal ganglia?Mediodorsal nuclei of thalamus (MD) Ventral anterior nuclei of the thalamus (VA)What thalamic relay nuclei are connected to the Limbic channel of the basal ganglia?Mediodorsal nuclei of thalamus (MD) Ventral anterior nuclei of the thalamus (VA)What are the cortical targets of the motor channel output?Supplementary motor area Premotor cortex Primary motor cortexWhat are the cortical targets of the oculomotor channel output?Frontal eye fields Supplementary eye fieldsWhat are the cortical targets of the Prefrontal channel output?Prefrontal cortexWhat are the cortical targets of the limbic channel output?Anterior cingulate Orbital frontal cortexWhat pathways exist for output from the globus pallidus to the thalamus?Ansa lenticularis Lenticular fasciculusWhat is the zona incerta?inferior extension of the reticular nucleus of the thalamusWhat does the zona incerta do?contains GABAergic neurons with diverse connections and functions joined together to form the thalamic fasciculusWhat is dyskinesia?abnormality or impairment of voluntary movementWhat movement disorders exist?Bradykinesia/hypokinesia Rigidity Dystonia Athetosis Chorea Ballismus Tics Myoclonus TremorWhat is ballismus?Uncontrolled flinging movements of the limbsWhat is myoclonus?spasmodic jerky contraction of groups of musclesWhat types of tremors exist?Resting tremor Action tremor Postural tremor Kinetic tremor Intention tremor Simple kinetic tremor Task-specific tremor Isometric tremor