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Darwin's research on facial expressions has had a major impact on the field in many areas.
He believed that the primary emotions conveyed by the face are universal:
the argument that all humans encode, or express, these emotions in the same way and that all humans can decode, or interpret them, with comparable accuracy.
Encode --> To express or emit nonverbal behavior, such as smiling or patting someone on the back
Decode --> To interpret the meaning of the nonverbal behavior other people express, such as deciding that a pat on the back was an expression of condescension and not kindness
He believed that the primary emotions conveyed by the face are universal:
the argument that all humans encode, or express, these emotions in the same way and that all humans can decode, or interpret them, with comparable accuracy.
Encode --> To express or emit nonverbal behavior, such as smiling or patting someone on the back
Decode --> To interpret the meaning of the nonverbal behavior other people express, such as deciding that a pat on the back was an expression of condescension and not kindness
5. What are affect blends?Facial expressions in which one part of the face registers one emotion while another part of the face registers a different emotion6. What are display rules?Culturally determined rules about which nonverbal behaviors are appropriate to display7. What are emblems?Nonverbal gestures that have well-understood definitions within a given culture, usually having direct verbal translations, such as the OK sign
they are not universal
each culture has devised its own emblems, and these are not necessarily understandable to people from other culturesIn short, much of what is said in daily conversations takes place before anyone actually _______ anything at all.saysWe form initial impressions of others based solely on their facial appearance in less than ___________.100 milliseconds
That's less than 1/10 of one second8. Be able to describe thin-slicing.Drawing meaningful conclusions about another person's personality or skills based on an extremely brief sample of behavior1. Joshua Susskind et al. (2008) studied the facial expressions of disgust and fear. What major conclusion did they arrive at?
a. The muscle movements of the emotions of disgust and
fear were exactly the same.
b. The "fear face" decreases perception, while "disgust
face" enhances perception.
c. For fear, less air is breathed in and eye movements are
slower; in contrast, for disgust, eyes widen and more air is
breathed in.
d. The muscle movements of the emotions of disgust and
fear were completely the opposite.d. The muscle movements of the emotions of disgust and
fear were completely the opposite.2. The research by Paul Ekman and Walter Friesen (1973) indicated that the ability to interpret six major emotions is:
a. a product of people's particular cultural experiences.
b. a result of an individual's predispositions.
c. cross-cultural.
d. highly individualistic.c. cross-cultural.3. In case of pride, research has indicated that:
a. photographs of pride expressions could not be accurately decoded by participants from the United States.
b. the prototypical pride expressions included slumped shoulders and a sunken chest.
c. photographs of pride expressions were accurately decoded by participants from the United States.
d. pride expressions were not associated with winning around the world.c. photographs of pride expressions were accurately decoded by participants from the United States.4. A large number of researches have indicated that decoding facial expressions accurately is complicated because:
a. one part of people's face registers one emotion while
another part registers a different emotion.
b. aspects of the same facial expression have similar
implications irrespective of the context and other cues.
c. display rules are not particular to each culture and do
not dictate what kinds of emotional expressions people
are supposed to show.
d. eye gaze has nothing to do with decoding of facial
expressions in case of approach-oriented emotions like
anger and avoidance-oriented emotions like fear.a. one part of people's face registers one emotion while
another part registers a different emotion.5. Gestures, such as the "OK" sign, which have well-understood
definitions are called emblems. Which of the following is true about emblems?
a. Each culture has devised its own emblems.
b. Emblems are understandable to people across
cultures.
c. Emblems do not tell us about the sender's intentions.
d. Emblems are interpreted similarly all across the
world.a. Each culture has devised its own emblems.1. Research indicates that which of the following
candidates would be most likely to win a political election?
a. Denise, whose face other people often perceive as
indicating a warm personality
b. Theo, who many people believe is gay based only on his
facial appearance
c. Vanessa, who has large eyes, a high forehead, and a
small, child-like nose
d. Rudy, whose face is usually seen by others as indicating
a cold, calculating, and powerful personalityd. Rudy, whose face is usually seen by others as indicating
a cold, calculating, and powerful personality2. Ambady and colleagues were able to conclude that the
thin-sliced impressions formed by their participants were based on meaningful information because
a. their ratings based on 30-second clips were little different
than their ratings based on 6-second clips.
b. their ratings of the silent video clips corresponded
received from their actual students at the end of the
semester.
c. ratings were similar for silent video clips and for the
same video clips when shown with audio.
d. while the thin-sliced video clips were brief, it took
participants a relatively long amount of time to come
up with ratings of the instructors they viewed.b. their ratings of the silent video clips corresponded
received from their actual students at the end of the
semester.3. Asch's (1946) research on person perception provided
evidence for which of the following conclusions?
a. There is a primacy effect in social perception.
b. First impressions serve as a filter through
which subsequently learned information is interpreted.
c. Even when the content of information conveyed
about two individuals remains the same, the order
in which we learn it can have a powerful effect on our impression.
D. All of the aboveD. All of the above4. Belief perseverance can help explain which of the following?
a. Why people who watch news programs that refer to climate change as a hoax remain convinced of that conclusion even in the face of scientific evidence to the contrary.
b. Why during jury deliberations it is easier to convince fellow jurors to change their votes from guilty to not guilty than it is to change their minds in the opposite direction.
c. Why weather forecasters are better at predicting rainfall totals than snowfall totals.
d. All of the above.a. Why people who watch news programs that refer to climate change as a hoax remain convinced of that conclusion even in the face of scientific evidence to the contrary.5. Which of the following statements regarding the Carney et al. (2010) power-posing research is true?
a. Standing in a closed posture with one's arms wrapped
around one's own torso tends to be a high-power pose.
b. While participants who previously had posed in a
high-power posture exhibited evidence of increased testosterone, their self-report responses indicated that they did not feel more powerful after the manipulation.
c. Participants who posed in a high-power posture adopted riskier strategies on a subsequent gambling task.
d. Participants were less willing to adopt low-power poses compared to high-power poses.c. Participants who posed in a high-power posture adopted riskier strategies on a subsequent gambling task.1. Kelley assumed that when we are in the process of forming an attribution,
a. we do not bother to gather information from any source
regarding a person's behavior.
b. we try to gather information to understand how a
person's behavior changes across time and place.
c. we reach a conclusion about causes of people's
behavior based on our feelings.
d. we do not give importance to change in a person's
behavior across time.b. we try to gather information to understand how a
person's behavior changes across time and place.2. The frequency with which the observed behavior between the same person and the same stimulus occurs across time and situations is called
a. discriminative information.
b. observed information.
c. consensus information.
d. consistency information.d. consistency information.3. Fundamental attribution error refers to the
a. tendency to overestimate the extent to which other
people's behavior is due to the situation they are in.
b. tendency to underestimate other people's behavior as
a reflection of their internal, dispositional factors.
c. tendency to overestimate other people's behavior as
a reflection of their dispositional beliefs and situational factors.
d. tendency to overestimate the extent to which other people's behavior is due to dispositions and beliefs and to underestimate the role of situational factors.d. tendency to overestimate the extent to which other people's behavior is due to dispositions and beliefs and to underestimate the role of situational factors.4. Which of the following is the most accurate conclusion based on the Jones and Harris (1967) Castro essay study?
a. When a target's behavior is forced, perceivers do not
attribute it to any sort of internal cause.
b. We are less generous with ourselves when making
attributions for negative events than we are when others
are the actors.
c. We are more likely to make an internal attribution for a
chosen action versus a forced action.
d. We are more likely to make an internal attribution when
the actor in question is perceptually salient.c. We are more likely to make an internal attribution for a
chosen action versus a forced action.5. Who of the following individuals is most likely to make a self-serving attribution?
a. Rory, a golfer in the very early stages of his career
b. Mariano, a baseball player who has won multiple
championships in the past
c. LeBron, a basketball player who has been playing since
he was very young
d. Roger, a professional tennis player with over a decade of experiencea. Rory, a golfer in the very early stages of his career1. Research has indicated that the values inherent in an individualistic culture cause people to develop more of an analytic thinking style that involves
a. paying more attention to the context or situation rather
than to the properties of the person or object.
b. paying more attention to the properties of the person or
object rather than to the context or situation.
c. paying equal attention to the context or situation as well
as to the properties of the object or person.
d. paying attention to all the others in the group and judging
the person.b. paying more attention to the properties of the person or
object rather than to the context or situation.2. Event-related potentials (ERP) research measuring patterns
among individuals from different ethnic backgrounds indicated that
a. European American participants paid more attention to
the context surrounding the targets rather than the targets while East Asian Americans paid less attention to the context surrounding the targets and paid more attention to the target.
b. no significant difference was found between European American participants and East Asian American participants in terms of attention paid to the targets.
c. East Asian American participants paid more attention
to the context surrounding the targets while European American participants paid more attention to the targets.
d. no significant difference was found between European American participants and East Asian American participants in terms of attention paid to the context surrounding the targets.c. East Asian American participants paid more attention
to the context surrounding the targets while European American participants paid more attention to the targets.3. Individualistic and collectivist cultures have been found to differ in explaining failure. Which of the following is true?
a. In individualistic cultures such as in the United States, people have a tendency toward self-serving bias. They tend to explain failure by looking outside of themselves, attributing it to the situation.
b. In collectivistic cultures such as the Chinese, people attribute failure to external causes as they want to defend themselves.
c. In most collectivistic cultures, it is common to attribute failure to internal as well as external causes.
d. In some Asian cultures, such as Korea and Japan, it is common to attribute failure to the situation and other external causes. Self-critical attributions are considered to weaken the interdependence of the group members.a. In individualistic cultures such as in the United States, people have a tendency toward self-serving bias. They tend to explain failure by looking outside of themselves, attributing it to the situation.4. Preliminary research on just-world attributions compared cultures with extremes of wealth and poverty and cultures where wealth is more evenly distributed. According to the research, in which cultures are just-world attributions more common?
a. Cultures where wealth is evenly distributed.
b. Cultures with extremes of wealth and poverty.
c. Cultures that are very wealthy and there is no poverty. d. Cultures that are extremely poor.b. Cultures with extremes of wealth and poverty.5. Belief in a just world is _____________ that helps people maintain their vision of life as ______________.
a. an internal attribution; unpredictable
b. a self-serving bias; unsafe
c. an internal attribution; safe
d. a defensive attribution; predictabled. a defensive attribution; predictable1. According to Darwin's research on facial expressions, how do humans encode primary emotions?
a. All humans encode primary emotions in the same way.
b. Humans make a lot of effort to convey primary emotions.
c. Expression of primary emotions is culture specific.
d. Humans learn to encode primary emotions through
the process of learning.a. All humans encode primary emotions in the same way.2. According to research studies, individuals from which culture maintain more rigid boundaries between the six major emotions when applying them to faces?
a. Western
b. Indian
c. Chinese
d. Japanesea. Western3. During her three-month visit to the United States, Rose had an opportunity to meet people from diverse cultures. She was very fond of analyzing their
facial expressions while meeting them on various occasions. She observed that _____________women often tried to hide a wide smile behind their hands whereas ___________women smiled broadly without hesitation.
a. African American; Indian
b. Japanese; British
c. Japanese; Western
d. AfricanAmerican;Australianc. Japanese; Western4. Which of the following best illustrates the primacy effect in social perception?
a. Joseph was introduced to his class as someone who is rigid, jealous, inquisitive, and very brilliant. His classmates formed a very positive impression of him and wanted to make him their friend.
b. Mike entered a room filled with lots of people. He was introduced by his best friend as someone who is very brilliant, creative, rigid, and jealous. Everybody in the room formed a very positive impression of him.
c. When Chris met Joe for the first time, he found Joe to be very knowledgeable and wise. Later, on other occasions, Chris discovered that Joe was a fake and regarded him as stupid.
d. Wendy was smart and assertive during her adolescence and continued to be the same as a grown-up and was appreciated by everybody.b. Mike entered a room filled with lots of people. He was introduced by his best friend as someone who is very brilliant, creative, rigid, and jealous. Everybody in the room formed a very positive impression of him.5. You visited a close friend after a long time and wanted to have a good time together. All of a sudden her brother came out of his room and started yelling at her. You wondered what was wrong with her brother. Is he crazy? Doesn't he know how to behave with people? He seemed like a very impatient and ill- mannered person. You felt very bad for your friend, who started crying. What kind of attribution were you making about your friend's brother?
a. External attribution
b. Self-serving attribution
c. Internal attribution
d. Fundamental attributionc. Internal attribution6. Suppose a certain student, Jake, falls asleep during every chemistry class. Further suppose that Jake is the only one who falls asleep in this class and he falls asleep in all of his other classes. According to Kelley's covariation theory of attribution, how will people explain his behavior?
a. It is due to something unusual about this particular class because his behavior is low in consensus, high in distinctiveness, and high in consistency.
b. Chemistry is really a boring class because Jake's behavior is high in consensus, high in distinctiveness, and high in consistency.
c. It is due to something unusual about Jake because his behavior is low in consensus, low in distinctiveness, and high in consistency.
d. It is due to something peculiar about the circumstances on a particular day because his behavior is high in consensus.c. It is due to something unusual about Jake because his behavior is low in consensus, low in distinctiveness, and high in consistency.7. Imagine that you are in Hong Kong reading the morning news and you notice a headline about a double murder that took place overnight. A suspect is in custody. Which of the following headlines is most likely to accompany the story?
a. Dispute over Gambling Debt Ends in Murder
b. Crazed Murderer Slays Two
c. Homicidal Maniac Stalks Innocents
d. Bloodthirsty Mobster Takes Revengea. Dispute over Gambling Debt Ends in Murder8. Ming is from China; Jason is from the United States. Both participate in an experiment in which they take a test, are given feedback, and are told that they did very well. They are then asked to make attributions for their performance. Based on cross-cultural research on the self-serving bias, you would expect that
a. Jason but not Ming will say that he succeeded due to his high ability.
b. neither Ming nor Jason will say that they succeeded due to their high ability.
c. both Ming and Jason will say that they succeeded due to their high ability.
d. Ming but not Jason will say that he succeeded due to his high ability.a. Jason but not Ming will say that he succeeded due to his high ability.9. Which of the following statements best describes
cultural differences in the fundamental attribution
error?
a. Members of collectivist cultures rarely make dispositional attributions.
b. Members of Western cultures rarely make dispositional attributions.
c. Members of collectivist cultures are more likely to go beyond dispositional explanations, considering information about the situation as well.
d. Members of Western cultures are more likely to go beyond dispositional explanations, considering information about the situation as well.c. Members of collectivist cultures are more likely to go beyond dispositional explanations, considering information about the situation as well.10. It is 10:00 A.M. and Jamie, an American college student, is dragging himself to his next class to turn in a paper for which he pulled an all-nighter. Through a haze of exhaustion, on the way to class he sees a student slip and fall down. How would Jamie be most likely to interpret the cause of the student's behavior?
a. Jamie's attribution will most heavily be influenced by his own personality.
b. GivenwhatweknowaboutJamie'scurrentcognitive capacity and cultural background, he will likely assume that the student fell because he or she was clumsy.
c. Jamie would probably attribute the cause to the situation, such as the fact that it was raining and theb. GivenwhatweknowaboutJamie'scurrentcognitive capacity and cultural background, he will likely assume that the student fell because he or she was clumsy.The study of how we form impressions of and make inferences about other peoplesocial perceptionThe way in which people commu- nicate, intentionally or uninten- tionally, without words, including via facial expressions, tone of voice, gestures, body position, movement, touch, and gazeNonverbal communicationTo express or emit nonverbal behavior, such as smiling or patting someone on the backEncodeTo interpret the meaning of the nonverbal behavior other people express, such as deciding that a pat on the back was an expression of condescension and not kindnessDecodeFacial expressions in which one part of the face registers one emotion while another part of the face registers a different emotionAffect blendsCulturally determined rules about which nonverbal behaviors are appropriate to displayDisplay rulesNonverbal gestures that have well-understood definitions within a given culture, usually having direct verbal translations, such as the OK sign.EmblemsDrawing meaningful conclusions about another person's personality or skills based on an extremely brief sample of behaviorThin-slicingWhen it comes to forming impressions, the first traits we perceive in others influence how we view information that we learn about them laterPrimacy effectThe tendency to stick with an initial judgment even in the face of new information that should prompt us to reconsiderbelief perseveranceA description of the way in which people explain the causes of their own and other people's behaviorAttribution theoryThe inference that a person is behaving in a certain way because of something about the person, such as attitude, character, or personalityinternal attributionThe inference that a person is behaving a certain way because of something about the situation he or she is in, with the assumption that most people would respond the same way in that situationExternal attributionA theory that states that to form an attribution about what caused a person's behavior, we note the pattern between when the behav- ior occurs and the presence or ab- sence of possible causal factorsCovariation ModelThe extent to which other people behave the same way toward the same stimulus as the actor doesconsensus informationThe extent to which a particular actor behaves in the same way to- ward different stimuliDistinctiveness InformationThe extent to which the behavior between one actor and one stim- ulus is the same across time and circumstancesConsistency informationThe tendency to overestimate the extent to which other people's behavior results from internal, dispositional factors and to un- derestimate the role of situational factorsFundamental attribution errorThe seeming importance of infor- mation that is the focus of people's attentionPerceptual salienceExplanations for one's successes that credit internal, dispositional factors and explanations for one's failures that blame external, situa- tional factorsSelf-serving attributionsA defensive attribution wherein people assume that bad things happen to bad people and that good things happen to good peopleBelief in a just worldThe tendency to think that other people are more susceptible to at- tributional biases in their thinking than we areBias blind spot
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