Basic Skills 2 Exam 1

Balance
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Terms in this set (87)
Balance
The ability to align body segments against gravity to maintain or move the body (center of mass) within the available base of support without falling; the ability to move the body in equilibrium with gravity via interaction of the sensory and motor systems
Cardiopulmonary fitness
The ability to perform low intensity, repetitive, total body movements (walking, jogging, cycling, swimming) over an extended periof of time; a synonyms term is cardiopulmonary endurance
Coordination
The correct timing and sequencing of muscle firing combined with the appropriate intensity of muscular contraction leading to the effective initiation, guiding, and grading of movement. It is the basis of smooth, accurate, efficient movement and occurs at a conscious or automatic level
Flexibility
The ability to move freely, without restriction; used interchangeably with mobility
Mobility
The ability of structures or segments of the body to move or be moved in order to allow the occurrence of range of motion for functional activities (functional ROM). Passive mobility is dependent on soft tissue (contractile and non contractile) extensibility; in addition, active mobility requires neuromuscular activation
Muscle performance
The capacity of muscle to produce tension and do physical work. Muscle performance encompasses strength, power, and muscular endurance
Neuromuscular control
Interaction of the sensory and motor systems that enables synergistic, agonists and antagonists, as well as stabilizers and neutralizers to anticipate or respond to proprioceptive and kinesthetic information and, subsequently, to work in correct sequence to create coordinated movement
Postural control, postural stability, and equilibrium
Used interchangeably white static or dynamic balance
Stability
The ability of the neuromuscular system through synergistic muscle actions to hold a proximal or distal body segment in a stationary position or to control a stable base during superimposed movement
Passive ROM
Movement of a segment within the unrestricted ROM that is produced entirely by an external force
Active ROMMovement of a segment within the unrestricted ROM that is produced by active contraction of the muscles crossed that jointActive-assisted ROMAssistance is provided manually or mechanically by an outside force because the prime mover muscles need assistance to complete the motionManual or mechanical/passive stretchingA sustained or intermittent external, end range stretch force, applied with over pressure and by manual contact or a mechanical devices, elongates a shortened muscle tendon unit and periarticular connective tissues by moving a restricted joint just past the available ROMSelf stretchingAny stretching exercise that is carried out independently by a patient after instruction and supervision by a therapistStrengthAbility of contractile tissue to produce tension and a result ant force based on the demands placed on the musclePowerRelated to the strength and speed of movement and is defined as the work produced by a muscle per unit of timeEnduranceAbility to perform low-intensity, repetitive, or sustained activities over a prolonged period of timeIntensityAmount of resistance (weight) imposed on the contracting muscle during each repetition of an exerciseHow to find a patient's 1 rep maxTherapist selects a specific amount of resistance and document how many reps can be completed through the full range before the muscle begins to fatigueExercise orderLarge muscle groups before small muscle groups, multijoint muscles before single joint muscles, high intensity before low intensityDurationTotal number of weeks or months during which a resistance exercise program is carried outConcentric muscle contractionAs the velocity of muscle shortening increases, the force of the muscle can generate decreasesEccentric muscle contractionAs the velocity of active muscle lengthening increases, force production in the muscles initially also increases but then quickly levels offDeconditioningOccurs with prolonged bed rest Results: decreases in max oxygen consumption, cardiac output, and muscular strengthPrinciples of stress trainingChanging the workload by increasing the speed an/or grade of the treadmill or the resistance on the bicycle ergometer An initial workload that is low in terms of the individual's anticipated aerobic threshold Maintains each workload for one minute or longer Terminated the test at the onset of symptoms or a definable abnormality of the ECG When available, measuring the individuals' max oxygen consumptionPurpose of stress testingHelps establish a diagnosis of overt or latent heart disease Evaluates cardiovascular functional capacity as a means of clearing individuals for strenuous work or exercise programs Determines the physical work capacity in kg per minute or the functional capacity in METs Evaluates responses to exercise training and/or preventative programs Assists in the selection and evaluation of appropriate modes of treatment for heart disease Increases individual motivation for entering and adhering to exercise programs Is used clinically to evaluate patients with chest sensations or a history of chest pain to establish the probability that such patients have coronary disease. It can also evaluate the functional capacity of patients with chronic diseasePreparation for stress testingHave had a physical examination Be monitored by ECG and closely observed at rest, during exercise, and during recovery Sign a consent formTermination of stress testingProgressive angina A significant drop in systolic pressure in response to an increasing workload Lightheadedness, confusion, pallor, cyanosis, nausea, or peripheral circulatory insufficiency Abnormal ECG responses including ST segment depression greater than four mm Excessive rise in blood pressure Subject wishes to stopCenter of massPoint that corresponds to the center of the total body mass and is the point where the body is in perfect equilibriumCenter of gravityThe vertical projection of the center of mass to the groundMomentumProduct of mass time velocityLimits of StabilitySway boundaries in which an individual can maintain equilibrium without changing their BOS (base of support)Ground reaction forces and center of pressureContact between our bodies and the ground due to gravity is always accompanied by a reaction from itWhich of the following would fall under the participation section for the ICF model?- walk your daughter down the aisle ** - straining a bicep tendon playing softball - being able to perform a sit to stand from the edge of the bed - pain with walking due to a total knee replacement performed this morningWhich of the following would be an indication to perform passive range elf motion on a joint/limb?The patient's joint/limb is paralyzed or they have no active muscle contractionThe cognitive stage of motor learning is characterized byPatient needs to actively thin about each component and the sequencing of the skilled movementWhich is NOT an indication for stretching- sharp acute pain with movement ** - restricted motion - part of total fitness plan to reduce injury - to reduce post exercise sorenessA physical response to strength training in the neural system could beIncrease in motor unit recruitment Increase rate of firing Increase synchronization of firingIf a muscle performance is to improve, the load must _______________ the metabolic capacity of the muscle being trainedExceedSAID stands forSpecific Adaptation to Imposed DemandsIn the cardiovascular system, the peripheral response to exercise isNet reduction in total peripheral resistanceWhich is NOT a characteristic of the respiratory response to exerciseDecreased oxygen extractionWhich of the following is a criteria for termination of stress testing?Significant drop in systolic pressure in response to an increasing workloadWhich of the following are physiological changes that occur with training?Decreased Boyd fat Decreased triglyceride levels in the blood Increased heat acclimation Increased tensile strength of tendonsKarvonen equationTarget heart rate= ((MHR-RHR) x training %) + RHRT/F: by itself, the vestibular system can give no information about the position of the bodyTrueGive an example of anticipatoryActivation of posterior leg and back extensor prior to a person pulling on a handle when standingWhich strategy is used when the center of mass is displaced beyond the limits of stability?Stepping strategyCTSIB Condition 1 stressed systemNoneCTSIB Condition 2 stressed systemNone, vision is goneCTSIB Condition 3 stressed systemVisionCTSIB condition 4 stressed systemSomatosensoryCTSIB condition 5 stressed systemSomatosensoryCTSIB condition 6 stressed systemVision and somatosensoryCan we disconnect the IV pump from the patientNo, but we can disconnect the IV from the wallIVs allow patients to receive _____________ and _____________Medicine and fluidsTelemetry reads/monitors whatHeart rate/rhythmWhat are three ways oxygen can be administeredNasal cannula High flow nasal cannula Vapotherm/optiflowArterial lines are place in what arteryRadial arteryWhat is the best way to measure a patient's blood pressureArterial lineSomatosensoryAbility to sense your body, ability to feelVestibular/proprioceptionAbility to understand where your body is in spaceExamples of contextual effects that interact with somatosensory and vestibular systemsEnvironment: open or closed Support surface Amount of lighting Effects of gravity and intertidal forces on the body Task characteristicsStatic balance controlMaintain a stable antigravity position while at restDynamic balance controlStabilize the body when the support surface is moving or when the body is moving on a stable surfaceAutomatic balance controlMaintain balance in response to unexpected external perturbationsFeedforward balance controlUtilized for movements that occur too fact to rely on sensory feedbackClosed loop controlUtilized for precision movements that require sensory feedback Ex: maintaining balance while sitting on a ball or standing on a balance beamWhich outcome measure was developed to assess fall risk in older adults?Dynamic gait indexWhich outcome measure would we use to determine a person's visual and somatosensory ability?CTSIBPreschool age kids 3-5 should be physically active....Throughout the day and include a variety of activity typesKids 6-17 yrs old, should do ____________ min of __________ intensity60+ minutes of moderate-vig intensityKids 6-17 yrs old: aerobic guidelines60 min should be mod-vig intensity At least 3 days a week for vig intensityKids 6-17: muscle strengtheningAt least 3 days a weekKids 6-17: bone strengtheningAt least 3 days a weekAdults guidelines: time and intensity150 min- 300 min/week of mod intensity Or 75-150 min/week of vig aerobic intensity Aerobic activity should be sprinkled in throughout the weekAdult guidelines: muscle strengtheningMod-greater intensity involving major muscle groups 2+ days/weekOlder adult guidelines: types of weekly exercisesBalance training, aerobic, and muscle strengtheningOlder adult guidelines: when they can't meet guidelines due to chronic illness/impairmentsAs physically active as possibleOlder adult guidelines: with chronic illness, older adults should beMindful of their condition Exercise to their limitsPregnant women guidelines: time and intensity150 min of mod intensity aerobic activity/week Aerobic should be spread throughout the weekPregnant women guidelines: if they did vig intensity before pregnancy, should they keep doing vig intensityYes they can!Adults with disabilities guidelines: time and intensity150 min/week - 300 min/week of mod intensity 75 min-100min/week of vigorous aerobic exercise Aerobic activity should be spread throughout the weekAdults with disability guidelines: muscle strengthening, intensity and how many days/weekModerate-greater intensity that involve all major muscle groups at least 2 days/weekAdults with disability guidelines: if unable to meet guidelinesAvoid inactivityInactive individuals should start with ________ intensityLowIndividuals with chronic illness should seekAdvice from a healthcare professional