Chapter 1 ESL

Additive Bilingualism

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Terms in this set (22)

the acquisition of a second language that does not replace the native language

Discourses that devalue ELLs' home languages and cultures, seeing them as problems to overcome (also called monolingual discourses).

culturally sustaining pedagogies

Pedagogies that aim to address issues of power and social inequities through positive social transformation by sustaining linguistic, literate, and cultural pluralism in classrooms and schools.

dual language learner

Commonly used to refer to young children up to 8 years old who have at least one parent who speaks a language other than English at home.

dynamic bilingualism

A view of bilingualism that rejects the notion of a bilingual as two monolinguals in one and recognizes that bilinguals draw on all of their linguistic repertoires in complex and dynamic ways for authentic social and academic purposes.

emergent bilingual

An alternative label for ELLs that draws attention to the other language or languages in the learners' linguistic repertoires, situates these learners in a continuum of bilingual development, and emphasizes that a fundamental goal of programs for these learners should be to help them attain high levels of proficiency in both their home language and English.

English language learner

a student who is in the process of attaining proficiency in English as a new, additional language

heritage language

type of language learned at home under the dominion of another language used in the larger speech community

language-as-problem orientation

A point of view in which the home language of ELLs is viewed as a problem to be overcome as students learn English and academic content through English.

language-as-resource orientation

A point of view in which the native language of ELLs is viewed as a strength to be developed and built on to help the students learn English and academic content.

language majority studentDescribes a student who is a native speaker of the standard language variety spoken by the dominant group of a given society. In the United States, the term covers students who speak standard English.language minority studentDescribes a student who is not a native speaker of the language spoken by the dominant group of a given society. In the United States the term covers all students who speak languages other than standard English. Sometimes rendered as language minoritized student to emphasize the unequal power structures in society that create dominant and minoritized groups.multilingual learnerA term used to capture the broad range of students who are bi/multilingual or who are learning, and learning through, more than one language.multi-tiered systems of supportA model or approach to instruction that provides increasingly intensive and individualized levels of support for academics (e.g., response to intervention or RTI) and for behavior (e.g., Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports or PBIS).pluralist discoursesDiscourses that recognize ELLs' home languages and cultures as rich resources for helping them learn English and academic content and that strive to help them develop high levels of proficiency and literacy in both languages (also called multilingual discourses).redesignationThe reclassification of a student from English language learner (ELL), or limited English proficient (LEP), to fluent English proficient (FEP), based on criteria established by a school district or state.response to interventionPolicies in which struggling children are given intensive assistance and evaluated for possible special-education services only if they fail to respond.sequential bilingualismThe development of proficiency in a second language after proficiency has been developed in the first language.simultaneous bilingualismbilingualism in which both languages are acquired from infancyspecial educationspecially designed instruction to meet the unique needs of an individual recognized as exceptionalsubtractive bilingualismthe acquisition of a second language that replaces the native languagesuperdiversityA term used to describe diversity across and within immigrant and ethnic groups; includes a range of factors beyond language and ethnicity (e.g., race, education level, country of origin, migration history, socioeconomic status).