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Radiation Protection: Chapter 5 Overview of Cell Biology

Terms in this set (87)

Cell characteristics include
1. Move
2. Grow
3. React
4. Self protection
5. Regulate life processes
6. Pre determined task orientated
7. Reproduces
The basic function of every cell is to
produce protein
Metabolism is
the complex process responsible for chemical and physical changes occurring in tissues. It enables the production of protein.
Protoplasm is
1. Chemical building material for all living things
2. Includes organic and inorganic compounds
Organic compounds all contain
Carbon compounds both natural and artificial
4 major classes of organic compounds include
1. proteins
2. carbohydrates
3. lipids
4. nucleic acids (DNA molecules & RNA molecules)
Inorganic compounds (non- carbon material) include
1. water
2. acids
3. bases
4. salt (electrolytes)
These inorganic compounds found in the human body occur in nature independent of living things.
Cell membrane
Encases and surrounds the cell, protects the cellular content, controls the passage of water, and other materials into and out of the cell.
Cytoplasm
protoplasm outside the cells nucleus. performs all cellular metabolic functions. Functions like a factory.
Cytoplasmic organelles
perform various cell function determined by DNA molecule
Nucleus
The heart of the cell. A spherical mass of protoplasm containing the genetic material (DNA) which is stored in it molecular structure.
Nucleolus is
Small bodies containing DNA, RNA, and protein
Mitosis
Division of somatic cells wherin a parent cell divides to form two daughter cells.
Phases of mitosis includes
Interphase, S-phase where DNA is synthesized, prophase, metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase. It produces 2 daughter cells each 46 chromosomes
Meiosis
Reproduction division of germ cells, which reduces the chromosomes in each daughter cell to half the number of chromosomes in the parent cell.
Phases of meiosis includes
Interphase where DNA replicates itself , Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase. It produces 4 granddaughter cells 23 chromosomes each
Human Genome Project
Mapped out the entire sequence of the DNA base pairs on all 46 chromosomes
All cells have
Protoplasm, which is composed of 24 elements
4 primary elements found in organic compounds include
1. Carbon
2. Hydrogen
3. Nitrogen
4. Oxygen
with sulfur and phosphorus together they form the 4 major classes of organic compounds
Water
80-85% of cells weight.
Water within the cell
indispensable for metabolic activities where chemical reactions occur.
Water outside of the cell
functions as a transport vehicle moving materials in and out of cells
Mineral Salts include
potassium and phosphate
Proteins are
essential for cell growth and repair of injured tissue. Protein synthesis
Chromosomes and genes organize in
22 different amino acids
Protein molecules include
1. structural (muscle)
2. Enzymes (repair injured tissues)
3. Hormones- of the endocrine gland
4. Antibodies (lymphocytes)
Chromosomes
Tiny rod shaped bodies. Contain DNA protein, and is divided into hundred of segments called genes that are units of heredity.
Carbohydrates (saccharides)
Compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Sugars and starches are involved in energy releasing processes in animals and plants. Short term energy storage and serves as structural parts for cell walls
Carbohydrates are composed of C-H-O which includes
1. Simple Sugars: Glucose is a primary energy of the cell.
2. Sucrose (can sugar) Disaccharide of 2 simple sugars.
3. Complex: polysaccharide which is many molecules of simple sugars like plant starch and animal glycogen.
Lipids (Fats)
Water insoluable macromolecules that consist only of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Reservoir for long term storage of energy, insulates, supports, and protects.
Lipids are composed of C-H-O which is
1. molecule Glycerine and 3 molecules of fatty acid
Fatty Acids are formed through
The breakdown of glucose during respiration, yielding fats as byproduct
Fats + Acidic group fatty acids =
amino acids which are linked in various patterns and combinations to form protein.
Nucleic Acids
large complex macromolecule made up of nucleotides, body metabolism, and directs protein synthesis.
Nucleotides are
The building blocks for DNA and RNA
Phosphate and sugar units are linked by
nitrogenous bases of A-T, and C-G
Two types of nucleic acids include
1. DNA
2. RNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
A type of nucleic acid that carries the genetic information. Resides in cells nucleus. It is a double helix where sugar and phosphate rails are linked by nitrogenous bases or adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine that spell out genetic instructions which indirectly regulate all cellular activity. Regulates cellular activity indirectly by transferring genetic info outside the cells nucleus reproducing itself in form of mRNA
Ribonucleic Acids (RNA)
Type of nucleic acid that carries the genetic information from the DNA in the cells nucleus to the ribosomes located in the cytoplasm.
messenger RNA (mRNA)
Carries DNA's info and is responsible for making amino acids into proteins
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Is the transportation System, Vast network of tubules and vesicles spreading and interconnecting in all directions throughout the cytoplasm. It enables the cell to communicate with the environment and transfer food from one part of itself to another. Like a highway system.
Golgi Apparatus
Consists of tubes and sacs near nucleus. It synthesizes selective molecules and then processes, sorts, and directs molecules to their proper locations. kind of like fed ex
Mitochondria
Powerhouse and is responsible for energy transactions necessary for cell survival. It contains enzymes ATP that produce energy for cellular activity by breaking down nutrients through oxidation
Lysosomes
Garbage disposal which digests unwanted materials in the cell. It contains enzymes that break down molecules that have penetrated into the cell. When struck by radiation will self destruct "suicide bags"
Ribosomes
Protein factories also known as r-RNA. Sites along the ER, where protein molecules are synthesized
Centrosomes
Small hallow cylinders near the nucleus. They play a part in cell division
Interphase
Cell growth prior to mitosis or meiosis. the period of cell growth that occurs before actual cell division.
G-1 Phase
Pre DNA synthesis: Synthesis of RNA
S- Phase
Synthesis of DNA. Duplication of DNA from 46 to 92 chromosomes. Genetic code transcribed into mRNA
G-2 phase
Manufactures certain proteins and RNA molecules to prepare for cell division
Mitosis (prophase)
Loss of nucleus membrane, DNA structure forms, and centrioles move to opposite ends of the cell and fibers are formed. Nucleus and the chromosomes enlarge and DNA begins to take structural form.
Mitosis (Metaphase)
Chromosomes line up in the middle of cell, the centromeres duplicate, phase where chromosome damage can be seen.
Mitosis (Anaphase)
two chromatids repel each other and migrate along the mitotic spindle and split to opposite ends of cell.
Mitosis (Telophase)
Nucleus membrane re-appears, 2 nuclei appear, cytoplasm splits, cell divides into 2 daughter cells with 46 chromosomes each
Meiosis Cell division
1. prophase to early telophase is similar to mitosis
2. late telophase: 2 daughter cells divide without DNA replication
3. 4 grandaughter cells with 23 chromosomes each
Cell division
The multiplication process in which one cell divides to form two or more cells
Cytoplasmic Organelles
Small structures present in the cytoplasm of the cell
genes
The basic unit of heredity
Human genome
The total amount of genetic material (DNA) contained in the chromosomes of a human being
Protein Synthesis
The making of new proteins
Proteins
Amino acids linked in various patterns and combinations. They contain carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, and occasionally other elements such as sulfur.
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
The substance that combines with and transports individual amino acids from different areas of the cell to the ribosomes, where the amino acids are arranged and attached in specific orders to form chain like protein molecules. Each tRNA molecule is coded for a particular amino acid.
In a DNA macromolecule the sequence of what determines the characteristics of every living thing
Nitrogenous Bases
Where does protein synthesis occur in the human cell
In the ribosomes
DNA regulates cellular activity indirectly by reproducing itself in the form of what to carry genetic information from the cell nucleus to ribosomes located in the cytoplasm
Messenger RNA
Which of the following is a process of reduction cell division
Meiosis
Interphase consists of
G1, S, and G2
Radiation induced chromosome damage can be evaluated during
Metaphase
Antibodies are produced by
Lymphocytes
Which of the following are considered the building blocks in the synthesizing of proteins
Amino Acids
The small segments of the DNA molecule that determine the characteristics of each cell are called what
Genes
Where would the majority of RNA molecules be found in a human cell
Cytoplasm
An alteration in the sequence of bases in a DNA molecule will result in which of the following
a mutation
How many matched pairs of chromosomes does a human somatic cell contain
23
What is the name of the stage of cell division that is commonly referred to as the resting stage
Interphase
Where do metabolic functions of a cell take place
Cytoplasm
Which of the following is a type of damage that can occur to a DNA molecule when exposed to radiation
1. Change in genetic code
2. Breakage of the chromosomes
3. Breakage of the DNA molecule
1,2, and 3
which of the following would describe the shape of a DNA molecule
Double Helix
Which of the following is not a stage of somatic cell division
nanophase
The information that cells require for metabolism is coded in which of the following
DNA molecule
What do the letters DNA stand for
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
Which of the following are the two bases that are the building blocks of both types of nucleic acids
Ribose and deoxyribose
Which of the following pyrimidines will always pair with the purine- adenine
Guanine
What is the process of cell division of the reproductive (genetic) cells called
Meiosis
During mitosis each chromosome splits in half. What are the two halve called
Chromatids
A chromosome that has been damaged by radiation may cause which of the following
A mutation, cell death, and sterilization
What is the proces of cell division of somatic cells called
mitosis
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