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Bio 315 - cell bio

Terms in this set (44)

Which organelle stores most of the DNA in plant and animal cells?
nucleus
For each pair of techniques listed, indicate whether its members belong to the cytological, biochemical, or genetic strand of cell biology.
1. light microscopy/electron microscopy (cytological strand)
2. Transmission electron microscopy/scanning electron mircroscopy (cytological strand)
3. Chromatography/electrophoresis (biochemical strand)
4. Centrifugation/ultracentrifugation (biochemical strand)
5. Nucleic acid hybridization/DNA sequencing (genetic strand)
6. Sequencing of a genome/bioinformatics (genetic strand)
Suggest one advantage that the electron microscopy has over the light microscopy.
Electron microscopy is capable of much greater resolution and hence much higher useful magnification.
Suggest one advantage that ultracentrifugation has over centrifugation.
Ultracentrifugation is capable of much higher speeds and hence much greater centrifugal force than conventional centrifugation.
Suggest one advantage that DNA sequencing has over nucleic acid hybridization.
DNA sequencing makes it possible to determine the order of individual nucleotides along a DNA strand.
Suggest one advantage that bioinformatics has over sequencing of a genome.
Sequencing of a genome simply provides a large amount of data about the DNA present in the genome, whereas bioinformatics uses computer analysis to aid in understanding and interpreting those data in terms of gene numbers and expression.
Suggest one advantage that scanning electron microscopy has over transmission electron microscopy.
Scanning electron microscopy makes it possible to visualize subcellular structures and macromolecules as if in three dimensions.
Submit
Suggest one advantage that electrophoresis has over chromatography.
Electrophoresis separates molecules based on charge differences, thereby making it possible to separate molecules that are similar in size, shape, and density.
Which of the following statements is false?

All cells have a membrane-bound nucleus.
Cells come in a wide variety of sizes and shapes.
The cell is the basic unit of structure for all organisms.
All cells arise from preexisting cells.
All organisms consist of one or more cells.
all cells have a membrane-bound nucleus
Which of the following is closest to a micrometer in size?
a typical prokaryotic cell
Which of the following is smallest?

ribosome
prokaryote
virus
protein
mitochondrion
protein
The total protein content of the cell is called the ________.
proteome
Which of the following is an application of immunofluorescence microscopy?
Identifying which organelle or cellular compartment contains a particular protein.
Which of the following can only be viewed by electron microscopy?
DNA
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is especially suited to
creating a sense of depth.
You wish to obtain a purified sample of mitochondria from lysed cells. The best way to obtain this sample would be
Centrifugation
You are studying the response of macrophages infected with the intracellular bacterium Brucella, specifically by examining which gene products are being expressed. You would be studying the macrophage ________ to obtain this information.
transcriptome
List five such bonds or interactions.

metallic bond
hydrophobic bond
ionic bond
coordination bond
hydrogen bond
glycosidic bond
disulfide bond
peptide bond
phosphodiester bond
Hydrophobic bond
ionic bond
Hydrogen bond
disulfide bond
peptide bond
Give an example of an amino acid that might be involved in each, and indicate which level(s) of protein structure might be generated or stabilized by that particular kind of bond or interaction.
Peptide bond: all amino acids, primary structure

Hydrogen (not between R groups): all amino acids, secondary structure

Hydrophobic: leucine could be involved, tertiary and quaternary structure

Ionic: glutamate could be involved, tertiary and quaternary structure

Disulfide: cysteine could be involved, tertiary and quaternary structure
You are researching a cytoplasmic protein associated with a nerve disorder. The native form of the enzyme appears to be globular protein; however, when a sample of the purified protein is treated with a chemical that reduces disulfide bonds, the enzymatic activity decreases dramatically and multiple globular proteins can be detected in the sample. What does this tell you about the protein?
The protein is most likely composed of multiple polypeptide chains that are held together by disulfide bonds.
A peptide bond
is a covalent bond between the carboxyl carbon of one amino acid and the amino nitrogen of a second amino acid.
Disulfide bonds are often found to stabilize which of the following levels of protein structure?
tertiary
The primary structure of a protein

is important for determining the secondary and tertiary structure of a protein.

is important both genetically and structurally.

is the linear sequence of amino acids that are linked together by peptide bonds.

is simply the order of amino acids from one end of the protein to another.
all of these statements are true
Which of the following is not a major functional class of proteins?

structural proteins
regulatory proteins
hereditary proteins
motility proteins
enzymes
hereditary proteins
For each of the following features of nucleic acids, indicate whether it is true of DNA only, of RNA only, of both DNA and RNA, or of neither.
True of DNA only:

Contains the nucleotide deoxythymidine monophosphate.

True of RNA only:

Is involved in the process of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm of the cells in the liver.

True of both DNA and RNA

Contains the base adenine.
Is synthesized by a process that involves base pairing.

True of neither

Occurs only in single-stranded form.
Is an inherently directional molecule, with an N-terminus on one end and a C-terminus on the other end.
Which of the following is found exclusively in RNA?
uracil
Which of the following contributes to the stability of the DNA double helix?
hydrophobic interactions between aromatic bases at the center of the double helix
Cellulose belongs to which of the following groups of macromolecules?
Carbohydrates
You are investigating the structure of the seeds of a newly discovered tropical plant. There is storage material inside the seed. You treat the seed with peptidase (an enzyme that breaks peptide bonds), glycoside hydrolases (an enzyme that breaks ββ glycosidic bonds), and amylase (an enzyme that breaks αα glycosidic bonds). Only the amylase appears to dissolve the storage material in the seed. What does this tell you about the identity of the storage material?
The seed contains starch to store carbon and energy.
Fatty acids are ________, and they function in the cell as ________.
long, unbranched hydrocarbon chains with a carboxyl group at one end; building blocks for other lipids
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Which of the following is not a steroid?
Phenylalanine
Which of the following is not a polymer of numerous monomer units?
a phospholipid
Experiments by Stanley Miller in the 1950s demonstrated that the first organic molecules on earth
could have formed abiotically in a reducing atmosphere containing hydrogen, methane, ammonia, and water vapor.
Submit
The size range of most plant and animal cells is
10 - 100 um
Match the organelle to its function.
Mitochondria = ATP synthesis
Smooth ER = steroid synthesis
Chloroplast = photosynthesis
Chromoplast = contains pigments in flowers
Golgi complex = synthesis of complex polysaccharides
Nucleus = information center
Peroxisome = detoxification of hydrogen peroxide
Rough ER = synthesis of secretory proteins
Ribosome = protein synthesis
Extracellular Matrix = support and regulation of cell properties
Cytoskeleton = cell shape and movement of organelles
Central Vacuole = turgor pressure
Lysosome = storage of hydrolase
Nucleolus = ribosome production
Plasma Membrane = boundary of the cell
Which of the following is true of plant cells?
Plant cells may contain chloroplasts.
Eukaryotic cells are believed to have arisen
from a symbiotic relationship between primitive nucleated cells and bacterial cells
Membrane proteins may function in
receiving extracellular signals.
The cytosol is best described as the
semifluid substance in which organelles are suspended
The smooth endoplasmic reticulum functions in synthesis of
lipids
Which sequence reflects the locations that a secretory protein will visit on its way from its production to its secretion outside the cell?
rough ER, ER vesicle, Golgi complex, secretory vesicle
The major structural elements of the cytoskeleton are
microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments.
Viruses are important in the study of cell biology because
they cause disease and are used as a model tool to study molecular biology and genetics.
Viruses are composed of
protein and nucleic acid
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