Upgrade to remove ads
Only $35.99/year

Psychology test 1

Terms in this set (40)

What is critical thinking?
thing that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions
In 1879, in psychology's first experiment, _____________ and his student measured the time lag between hearing a ball hit a platform and pressing a key.
Wilhelm Wundt
William James would be considered a(n) ________. Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Titchener would be considered ________.
functionalist; structuralists
In the early twentieth century, _________ redefined psychology as "the science of observable behavior."
A. John B. Watson
B. Abraham Maslow
C. William James
D. Sigmund Freud
John B. Watson
Nature is to nurture as
a. personality is to intelligence
b. biology is to experience
c. intelligence is to biology
d. psychological traits are to behaviors
Biology is to experience
Which of the following is true regarding gender differences and similarities?
a. differences among the genders outweigh any similarities
b. despite some gender differences, the underlying processes of human behavior are the same.
c. Both similarities and differences among genders depend more on biology than on environment.
d. Gender differences are so numerous that it is difficult to make meaningful comparisons
despite some gender differences, the underlying processes of human behavior are the same.
Martin Seligman and other researchers who explore various aspects of human flourishing refer to their field of study as ________ __________
Positive Psychology
A mental health professional with a medical degree who can prescribe medication is a _________
psychiatrist
A psychologist treating emotionally troubled adolescents at a local mental health agency is most likely to be a(n)
a. research psychologist
b. psychiatrist
c. industrial-organizational psychologist
d. clinical psychologist
clinical psychologist
A psychologist conducting basic research to expand psychology's knowledge base may...
a. design a computer screen and observe the effects on people
b. treat older people who are overcoming depression
c. observe 3 and 6 year olds solving puzzles and analyze differences in their abilities
d. interview children with behavioral problems and suggest treatments
Observe 3 and 6 year olds solving puzzles and analyze differences in their abilities
Psychology is the study of ....
behavior and consciousness
Who invented modern psychology?
Wilhelm Wundt
Where and when was psychology created?
Leizpig, Germany in 1879
______ ________ refers to our tendency to perceive events as obvious or inevitable after the fact.
Hindsight Bias
As scientists, psychologists
a. keep their methods private so others will not repeat their research
b. assume the truth of articles published in leading scientific journals
c. reject evidence that competes with traditional findings
d. are willing to ask questions and to reject claims that cannot be verified by research
are willing to ask questions and to reject claims that cannot be verified by research
A theory based prediction is called a(n) ______
hypothesis
Which of the following is NOT one of the descriptive methods psychologists use to observe and describe behavior?
a. A case study
b. Naturalistic observation
c. correlation research
d. A phone survey
Correlation research
For your survey, you need to establish a group of people who represent the country's entire adult population. To do this, you will need to question a _______________ sample of the population.
representative
A study finds that the more childbirth training classes women attend, the less pain medication they require during childbirth. This finding can be stated as a __________ (positive/negative) correlation.
negative
A ____ provides a visual representation of the direction and the strength of a relationship between two variables.
scatterplot
In a ______ correlation, the scores rise and fall together, in a(n) _____ correlation, one score falls as the other rises.
a. positive; negative
b. positive; illusory
c. negative; weak
d. strong; weak
positive; negative
Knowing that two events correlate provides
A) a basis for prediction
B) an explanation of why the events are related
C) proof that as one increases, the other also increases
D) an indication that an underlying third factor is at work
a basis for prediction
To explain behavior and clarify cause and effect, psychologist use_____
experiments
In a double-blind procedure
neither the experimenter nor the subject knows to what group the subjects are in
Which of the three measures of central tendency is most easily distorted by a few very large or very small scores?
a. the mode
b. the mean
c. the median
the mean
The standard deviation is the most useful measure of variation in a set of data because it tells us...
a. the difference between the highest and lowest scores in the set
b. the extent to which the sample being used deviates from the bigger population represents
c. how much individual scores differ from the mode
d. how much individual scores differ from the mean
how much individual scores differ from the mean
Another name for a bell-shaped distribution, in which most scores fall near the middle and fewer fall at each extreme, is a ______ _______
normal curve
fundamental attribution error
an individual's tendency to attribute another's actions to their character or personality, while attributing their behavior to external situational factors outside of their control.
We tend to agree to a larger request more readily if we have already agreed to a small request. This tendency is called the ___ - ___ - ___ - ___ phenomenon.
foot in the door
Cognitive dissonance theory
When attitudes do not fit with actions, tensions are often reduced by changing attitudes to match actions
Celebrity endorsements in advertising often lead consumers to purchase products through __________ (central/peripheral) route persuasion.
peripheral
Researchers have found that a person is most likely to conform to a group if
a. the group members have diverse opinions
b. the person feels competent and secure
c. the person admires the group's status
d. no one else will observe the person's behavior
the person admires the group's status
In Milgram's experiments, the rate of obedience was highest when
a. the learner was at a distance from the teacher
b. the learner was close at hand
c. other teachers refused to go along with the experiment
d. the teacher disliked the learner
the learner was at a distance from the teacher
In a group situation that fosters arousal and anonymity, a person sometimes loses self consciousness and self control. This phenomenon is called _____
deindividuation
Sharing our opinions with like-minded others tends to strengthen our views, a phenomenon referred to as ____________ _____________.
group polarization
Prejudice toward a group involves negative feelings, a tendency to discriminate, and overly generalized beliefs referred to as
stereotypes
If several well-publicized murders are committed by members of a particular group, we may tend to react with fear and suspicion toward all members of that group. In other words, we
a. blame the victim
b. overgeneralize from vivid, memorable cases
c. view the world as just
d. rationalize inequality
overgeneralize from vivid, memorable cases
The other-race effect occurs when we assume that other groups are ____(more/less) homogeneous than our own group
more
Studies show that parents of delinquent young people tend to use beatings to enforce discipline. This suggests that aggression can be
a. learned through direct rewards
b. triggered by exposure to violent media
c. learned through observation of aggressive models
d. caused by hormone changes at puberty
learned through observation of aggressive models
A conference of social scientists studying the effects of pornography unanimously agreed that violent pornography
a. has little effect
b. is the primary cause of reported rapes
c. leads viewers to be more accepting of coercion in sexual relationships
d. has no effect, other than short-term arousal and entertainment
leads viewers to be more accepting of coercion in sexual relationships
Students also viewed