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A&P Exam 1

Terms in this set (205)

Anatomy
the structure of the human body
Physiology
the function of the human body
1. Level of organization
Subatomic particle
2. Level of organization
Atoms
3. Level of organization
molecules
4. Level of organization
macromolecule
5. Level of organization
organelle
6. Level of organization
cell
7. Level of organization
tissues
8. Level of organization
organs
9. Level of organization
organ systems
10. Level of organization
organism
What are organelles composed of?
cells
ingestion
Intake of food
digestion
Breaking down food that can be absorbed and used
Absorption
passage of substances through membranes into body fluids
assimilation
changing of absorbed substances into different chemical forms
What is metabolism?
sum of all chemical reactions in the body
1. Organ system
skeletal
2. Organ system
lymphatic
3. Organ system
respiratory
4. Organ system
digestive
5. Organ system
cardiovascular
6. Organ system
reproductive
7. Organ system
urinary
8. Organ system
endocrine
9. Organ system
nervous
10. Organ system
integumentary
11. Organ system
Muscular
1. Characteristic of life
movement
2. Characteristic of life
responsiveness
3. Characteristic of life
growth
4, Characteristic of life
reproduction
5. Characteristic of life
respiration
6. Characteristic of life
digestion
7. characteristic of life
absorption
8. Characteristic of life
circulation
9. Characteristic of life
assimilation
10. Characteristic of life
excretion
what is respiration
The release of energy from food
1. requirement of organisms
water
2. requirement of organisms
food
3. requirement of organisms
heat
4. requirement of organisms
pressure
5. requirement of organisms
oxygen
Characteristic of water
transport substances
characteristic of food
energy
characteristic of oxygen
release energy from food
characteristic of heat
regulate the body
characteristic of pressure
breathing
What is homeostasis?
Maintaining a stable internal environment
What is internal environment?
organs, cells, tissues, and organ system
Body's self-regulating control system
control center, receptors, and effectors
what is negative feedback?
return conditions to normal
What is positive feedback?
Feedback that increases the output of a process.
Name an example of positive feedback
blood clotting, pregnancy, fight or flight
What is the axial portion of the body?
head, neck, trunk
What is the appendicular portion of the body?
upper extremities and lower extremities
what is viscera?
internal organs
What separates the thoracic and abdominal pelvic cavity
muscular diaphragm
What is the mediastinum?
space between the lungs
What defines the borders of the pelvic cavity
hips
Which organs are in the thoracic cavity
Heart, Lungs, Esophagus, Trachea, Lymphatics
what organs are in the abdominal cavity?
Stomach, liver, spleen, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and kidneys.
what organs are in the pelvic cavity?
urinary bladder, reproductive organs, rectum
What is pleural membrane?
It acts as a lubricant prevent friction against the inner wall of the thorax and lungs.
What is pericardial membrane?
surrounds the heart
What is peritoneal membrane?
lining of the abdominal cavity
What is pericardial cavity?
heart
What is the integumentary system?
skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous glands
What is skeletal system?
bones, cartilage, ligaments
What is muscular system?
muscles
What is nervous system?
Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sense organs
What is endocrine system?
Pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries, testes, pineal gland, and thymus
What is the cardiovascular system?
Heart, arteries, capillaries, veins
What is the lymphatic system?
lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, spleen, thymus
What is the digestive system?
Mouth, teeth, tongue, teeth, salivary glands pharynx, esophagus stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, larger and small intestines
What is the respiratory system?
nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
What is the urinary system?
kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
What is the reproductive system? (male)
scrotum, testes, penis, epididymides, ductus deferentia, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands, and urethra.
What is the reproductive system? (female)
ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, clitoris, vulva
What are collagen and elastin?
these are proteins compose of flexible fiber and protein
What is the anatomic position?
The body is erect, feet slightly apart, the head is held high, and the palms of the hands are facing forward
What is relative position?
a location in space based on a reference point
Name the relative positions
superior-inferior, anterior-posterior, medial-lateral, bilateral-ipsilateral-contralateral, proximal-distal
Name the body sections/planes
sagittal, transverse, frontal
1. Body region
iliac
2. body region
gastric
3. body region
umbilical
4. body region
lumbar
5. body region
chondriac
6. body region
epigastric
What is matter?
anything that has mass and takes up space
atom
Smallest particle of an element
electron
negatively charged particle
proton
positively charged particle
neutron
no charge
ion
a charged atom or group of atoms
what are compunds?
Is a substance containing two or more elements that are chemcially combined in a fixed ratio.
what are bulk elements?
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus
what are trace elements?
zinc, iron, iodine
what does an atom consist of?
protons, neutrons, electrons
What is atomic weight?
Number of protons and neutrons
what is a molecule
A group of atoms bonded together
what is a bond
atoms combine with other atoms and form links
what is an inert atom
an atom with a full outer shell
what is an ion
A charged atom
what are cations
positively charged ions
what are anions
negatively charged ions
what is an ionic bond
Formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another
what is a covalent bond?
sharing of electrons between atoms
what is a polar molecule
a molecule in which the charges are unevenly distributed
what is a hydrogen bond
a weak bond between two partially charged atoms
give an example of synthesis
hydrogen and oxygen atoms form molecules of water
what is the opposite of synthesis
decomposition
repair of boy tissues or growth of the body would be an example of what type of reaction
synthetic reaction
What is an exchange reaction
a two-part metabolic reaction that involves a loss and gain of electrons
name an example of an exchange reaction
acids with bases form salt and water
things that influence the rates (not the direction) of chemical reactions and are not consumed are called what?
catalysts
What is an electrolyte?
A liquid that conducts electricity
an electrolyte that released hydrogen ions in water is called what?
substances
What is a base
a substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution
what do bases and acids react to form
salts
what is pH
measure of hydrogen ion concentration
as hydrogen ion concentration increases what happens to the pH number
decreases
each number change in pH represents how many fold change in hydrogen ion concentration
tenfold
what is the normal pH of blood
7.35-7.45
alkalosis
pH above 7.45 severe vomiting
Acidosis
pH less than 7.35 severe diarrhea
what is a buffer
a substance that minimizes changes in pH
organic compounds
Compounds that contain carbon
inorganic compounds
Compounds that do not contain carbon
Is water inorganic or organic?
inorganic because it doesn't contain carbon
why is water important
All living things need water in order to carry out their body processes.
why is oxygen vital to the cell
to help spread cell growth
what is carbon dioxide
acid
What is a carbohydrate?
compound made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms; major source of energy for the human body
How are carbohydrates classified?
monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides
What is a polysaccharide?
complex carbohydrate
What do lipids do?
store energy
Are lipids organic or inorganic?
organic
what are lipids build from
fats
what are lipids composed of
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
what is a fatty acid
building block of lipids
What is an unsaturated fatty acid?
a fatty acid with at least one double bond between carbon atoms
What is monounsaturated?
unsaturated fat with one double bond
What is polyunsaturated?
more than one double bond
What is a triglyceride?
a lipid made of one glycerol and three fatty acids
What is a saturated fat?
solid at room temperature
What is unsaturated fat?
liquid at room temp
What is a phospholipid?
a lipid containing a phosphate group in its molecule
what is hydrophilic
water loving
What is hydrophobic?
non water loving
what is it important to have lipids in out bodies
provide energy and cell structues
how do proteins differ from carbohydrates and lipids
mainly consist of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
how can conformation of a protein be denatured
high temperature, radiation or pH changes
what is DNA
deoxyribonucleic acid
what is RNA
ribonucleic acid
What are the three major parts of the cell
nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane
What is the cell membrane also known as
plasma membrane
What is the function of organelles
carry out the functions of the cell
What is a eukaryotic cell?
cell that has a nucleus and organelles
What is a prokaryotic cell?
cell that does not have a nucleus or organelles
What is a "selective permeable" membrane
Cell membrane
What is the cell membrane mainly composed of
lipids and proteins
Does the cell membrane have more than one layer? What is it made of?
Phospholipids and molecules
Define hydrophilic
Water soluble "heads"
Define hydrophobic
Water insoluble "tails"
What is it important that the inside of the cell membrane is oily/ made of lipids
Oxygen carbon and steroid hormones can pass through this layer
Which molecules are not able to pass through the inner cell membrane layer?
Water soluble membranes as amino acids, sugars, proteins, nucleus acids and some ions
What role does cholesterol play regarding the interior of the cell membrane
Help stabilize the cell membrane
What is the function of trans-membrane proteins
Receptors. They bind to specific incoming molecules like hormones triggering responses within the cell
What are CAM's?
Slow cells down in the bloodstream so that they may adhere to bacteria or help clotting
What does the cytoplasm contain?
Proteins, nucleic acid's, minerals, and ions
Vesicles
small membrane sacs that specialize in moving products into, out of, and within a cell
Mitochondria
Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production
Lysosomes
Uses chemicals to break down food and worn out cell parts
Peroxisomes
Break down fatty acids and produce hydrogen peroxide
Centrosome
A structure in animal cells containing centrioles from which the spindle fibers develop.
Cilia
Hairlike projections that extend from the plasma membrane and are used for locomotion
Flagella
a slender threadlike structure, especially a microscopic whiplike appendage that enables many protozoa, bacteria, spermatozoa, etc., to swim.
Microfilaments
Fine, threadlike proteins found in the cell's cytoskeleton
Microtubules
Spiral strands of protein molecules that form a tubelike structure
cell nucleus
A part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction
Nuclear envelope
A double membrane that surrounds the nucleus in the cell
Nucleolus
Found inside the nucleus and produces ribosomes
Chromatin
Clusters of DNA, RNA, and proteins in the nucleus of a cell
Name the physical (or passive) processes of substance movements into or out of the cell.
diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion and filtration.
Name the physiologic (or active) processes
active and transport, endocytosis and exocytosis.
What is diffusion?
is the movement of atoms molecules and ions In a liquid or air solution from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration
what are the three most important factors that influence the diffusion rate in the body
distance, concentration gradient and temperature.
What is facilitated diffusion?
Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels
What is osmosis
The movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane
What is osmatic pressure
The ability of osmosis to generate enough pressure to lift a volume of water
What is isotonic
the osmotic pressure of the intracellular and extracellular fluids is the same 0.9% (normal saline), has the same osmotic pressure as body fluids
what is hypertonic and hypotonic
hypertonic- Solutions that have a higher osmotic pressure than body fluids
hypotonic- has a lower osmotic pressure than body fluids, gain water by osmosis and swell.
what is filtration
Its commonly used to separate solids from water.
what is active transport
The net movement of particles passing through a membrane from a region of lower concentration to one of higher concentration.
what is endocytosis
Molecules or other particles that are too large to enter a cell by diffusion or active transport are moved in a vesicle that forms from a section of the cell membrane.
what are the three forms of endocytosis and describe each
Pinocytosis - Cells take in tiny droplets of liquid from their surroundings, when this happens a small portion of cell membrane indents. It closes off and forms a tiny fluid sac that detaches from the surface and moves into the cytoplasm. This sac eventually breaks down, releasing its liquid into the cytoplasm. The cell is able to take in water and the particles dissolved in it.

Phagocytosis - Is similar to Pinocytosis but the cell takes in solids rather than liquid. Certain cell types, including some white blood cells are called Phagocytes. They can take in solid particles such as bacteria and cellular debris. Once the bacteria attaches to the cell membrane, a portion of the membrane projects outward to surround the particle and draw it inside the cell.

Receptor-mediated Endocytosis - This process moves specific types of particles into the cell. This process has protein receptors that extend through the cell membrane to which specific molecules from the fluids surrounding the cell can bind and selectively enter the cell. Cholesterol molecules enter cells by receptor-mediated Endocytosis.
how is the metabolism of cholesterol an example of receptor-mediated endocytosis
LDL cholesterol is taken into the cell by receptor mediated endocytosis
What is exocytosis
The vesicle is formed and then released outside the cell. Nerve cells use Exocytosis to release neurotransmitters that signal nerve cells, muscle cells or glands.
what is transcytosis
Transcytosis selectively and rapidly transports a substance or particle across the cell. Transcytosis enables the immune system to monitor pathogens in the body.
what is the cell cycle and differentiation
Series of changes a cell undergoes from the time it forms until the time it divides
Stages: Interphase• Mitosis• Cytokinesis

Cell differentiation is the process by which dividing cells change their functional or phenotypical type.
what is apoptosis
Is programmed cell death. It is a normal part of development, example, webbing between the developing fingers and toes of a fetus. It allows children to grow to adult size, example, all the organs. Also, it is involved in the repair of the skin after a sunburn.
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