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ENVR1001 Exam 1

Terms in this set (193)

A hypothesis is ________

a. a testable proposition that explains an observed phenomenon or answers a question
b. an instrument that is used to examine environmental conditions
c. a proven scientific fact
d. the design of an experiment that can be used in scientific inquiry
e. a prediction about something that has not yet been observed
a testable proposition that explains an observed phenomenon or answers a question
Which of the following would be the most appropriate prediction for the hypothesis that Poodles are smarter than Dalmatians?
a. Poodle owners are smarter than Dalmatian owners.
b. Dalmatians are dumber than Poodles.
c. If Poodles are smarter, then Poodles will learn to obey commands more quickly than Dalmatians.
d. Poodles are smarter than Dalmatians because Poodles can learn commands faster than Dalmatians.
If Poodles are smarter, then Poodles will learn to obey commands more quickly than Dalmatians
Which of the following terms best describes the practice of environmental science?
a. Abstract and theoretical
b. Theoretical and controversial
c. Elitist and unnecessary
d. Integrative and interdisciplinary
e. Highly specialized and focused
Integrative and interdisciplinary
Scientific inquiry is based on ________.

a. an expanding knowledge based on observation, questioning, testing and discovery
b. designing experiments that have never been done before
c. the production of technological advances
d. making huge leaps of knowledge with scientific insights
e. facts that can be proven true without experimental manipulation
an expanding knowledge based on observation, questioning, testing and discovery
Quantitative data ________.
a. are data that are expressed as numbers and can be tested using statistics
b. have variables that may not have been properly manipulated
c. cannot be used to support or disprove hypotheses
d. fall into categories, such as male/female, school of attendance, what dorm you live in, whether you have pets, etc.
e. cannot be replicated
are data that are expressed as numbers and can be tested using statistics
Pablo and Johanna have to do a yearlong study for their biology course. After some discussion, they decide to try comparing their dogs and the diet that they feed them. Each has a dog from the pound, and both dogs are less than one year old. Pablo feeds his shepherd-mix dog a special diet of wet and dry foods from the local vet, while Johanna uses generic dry kibble from the supermarket for her bulldog. They want to see which diet results in bigger, healthier, faster-growing dogs.
According to the information given, one dependent variable in this study will be ________.
a. how much the dogs grow
b. the type of food the dogs receive
c. the age of the dogs
d. the breed of the dogs
e. the sex of the dogs
how much the dogs grow
Scientists use a general process known as the ? to ask and answer questions about natural phenomena.
scientific method
s a testable statement that proposes an explanation for a set of observations. It leads to predictions that can be tested by an experiment.
hypothesis
A ? describes specific results that can be expected if a hypothesis is true.
prediction
A ? is broader in scope than a hypothesis, is supported by a large body of evidence, and generates many new hypotheses.
theory
A scientific experiment often involves both a treatment and a ?, which are alike except for the variable that the experiment is designed to test.target 5 of 8
Control
A ? is a factor that is either manipulated or measured in an experiment.
variable
A ? is a quantitative relationship between variables.
correlation
A review process is in place to make sure that no ? has skewed the results of an experiment.
bias
Select the two best experimental designs for comparing the thermal tolerance of ants in urban areas to ants in nearby rural areas.

- Measure the heat tolerance of 5 ants from an urban area and 5 ants from a rural area.
- Measure the heat tolerance of many ants of the same species from urban areas in the north and south of the United States.
- Measure the heat tolerance of one species of ant from an urban area and the heat tolerance of a different species of ant from a rural area.
- Measure the heat tolerance of many ants of the same species from a city center and from a rural area in the same region.
- Measure the heat tolerance of many ants of the same species as a function of the distance they live from a city center.
- Measure the feeding activity of many ants of the same species from rural and urban areas in the same region.
Measure the heat tolerance of many ants of the same species from a city center and from a rural area in the same region.

Measure the heat tolerance of many ants of the same species as a function of the distance they live from a city center.
Interpreting Graphs and Data: Life Satisfaction vs. Changes in Wealth
What information is provided on the x-axis?
a. percent change in a country's consumer price index
b. the average income of a person in a particular country
c. percent change in a country's gross domestic product divided by the number of people in that country
d. life satisfaction of the people in a particular country
a. percent change in a country's gross domestic product divided by the number of people in that country
What information is provided on the y-axis?
a. index of life satisfaction, according to a numeric scale
b. percent change in per capita GDP
c. changes in life satisfaction, on a numeric index
d. index of life satisfaction, as a percentage
a. index of life satisfaction, according to a numeric scale
Find the dot that represents the country with the greatest increase in per capita GDP. What is the index of life satisfaction for people in that country?
a. -0.10
b. -0.010
c. 0.010
d. 0.060
-0.010
Find the left-most dot representing a country where people had the highest index of life satisfaction. How did the GDP in that country change in recent years?
a. per capita GDP decreased by about 0.5%
b. per capita GDP remained stable
c. per capita GDP increased by about 0.5%
d. per capita GDP increased by about 9.5%
per capita GDP decreased by about 0.5%
You wish to replicate the study by Dr. Robert Bullard that launched the environmental justice movement to learn if things have changed today. Which of the following do you analyze and compare to the percentage of black neighborhoods?
a. The number of cancer cases.
b. The number of toxic industries.
c. Access to clean drinking water.
d. Where waste is being disposed of.
Where waste is being disposed of.
Which of the following groups is most likely to suffer from the effects of uranium mining in the United States?
Native Americans
African Americans
Asian Americans
Hispanics
Native Americans
A large chemical company wishes to build a new manufacturing plant. Why is it more likely to be located in an area populated by minorities?

a. The people there are less likely to know it is dangerous.
b. It is less expensive.
c. The laws are less likely to be enforced.
d. The laws are less rigorous.
It is less expensive.
Your friend is part of #ThisIsZeroHour. What is she primarily interested in?
a. climate change
b. water pollution
c. soil erosion
d. toxicology
climate change
You discover your city's water is contaminated with high levels of nitrates. Which federal agency is responsible for ensuring this is handled?
a. Department of Justice
b. Department of Health and Human Services
c. Food and Drug Administration
d. Environmental Protection Agency
Environmental Protection Agency
A __________ is widely accepted and has been extensively validated by a great amount of research.
a. hypothesis
b. prediction
c. paradigm shift
d. theory
theory
To determine your specific impacts on the environment, you can ________.
a. calculate your ecological footprint
b. calculate the biodiversity of your local community
c. determine your current water pollution impact
d. measure local air pollution and its impacts on your health
e. measure the volume and type of all the wastes you contribute to the municipal waste stream
calculate your ecological footprint
What is the key lesson learned from Easter Island?
a. Human ingenuity can turn a decimated landscape into a lush and productive tropical paradise.
b. Overfishing can lead to depletion of food resources, which can ultimately lead to starvation.
c. Rats can be effectively introduced to an area to control invasive palm trees.
d. An island population must learn to live within its means.
An island population must learn to live within its means.
__________ is a social movement dedicated to protecting the natural world from the undesirable changes brought about by human actions.
a. Environmental science
b. Environmentalism
c. Conservationism
e. Preservationism
Environmentalism
Who is credited for articulating the conservation ethic and for founding the U.S. Forest Service?
a. Ralph Waldo Emerson
b. Gifford Pinchot
c. Theodore Roosevelt
d. Aldo Leopold
e. John Muir
Gifford Pinchot
The process by which several researchers review another researcher's manuscript prior to publication to ensure research quality is referred to as ________.
a. peer review
b. hypothesis testing
c. quality control
d. critical analysis
e. investigative inquiry
peer review
Which of the following are substances and energy sources taken from our environment that we rely on to survive?
a. Ecosystem services
b. Earth services
c. Biocapacity
d. Natural resources
d. Natural resources
The conservation ethic suggests that __________.
a. land should be preserved in the natural environment in a pristine, unaltered state
b. land be put aside for national parks so that only the government can have access to it
c. resources should be used from natural areas in a responsible way such that they are not depleted
d. citizens be required to recycle
c. resources should be used from natural areas in a responsible way such that they are not depleted
Ecosystem services ________.
a. are economically valuable services provided by natural systems
b. are required to rebalance natural systems that we have disturbed
c. are not necessary to sustainable systems
d. contribute to keeping ecosystems productive
e. are valuable to natural systems but not to human-created systems
are economically valuable services provided by natural systems
________ is a basic understanding of Earth's physical and living systems and how we interact with them.
a. Sustainability
b. Environmental literacy
c. Environmental ethics
d. An ecological footprint
e. Environmental economics
b. Environmental literacy
Success Story: Removing Lead from Gasoline
Based on this data, which statement is most accurate regarding the change in lead use in gasoline and average blood lead concentration in children over time?

a. As lead use in gasoline declined to zero by 1995, the average blood lead concentration in U.S. children continued to rise until 2010.
b. Based on the data, there is no clear correlation between the amount of lead used in gasoline and the average blood lead concentration in children between 1970 and 2010.
c. Both lead use in gasoline and blood lead concentration in U.S. children declined most rapidly between 1975 and 1985.
d. Although there was a brief increase in the amount of lead used in gasoline for a few years following 1975, this was not followed by a similar increase in average blood lead concentration in children.
c. Both lead use in gasoline and blood lead concentration in U.S. children declined most rapidly between 1975 and 1985.
As you show data from the graph in the previous part, what is the most important "take home" message you might share with audience, based on the relationship between the amount of lead in gasoline and blood lead concentration in children between the years 1970 and 2010?

a. As the amount of lead in gasoline dropped sharply from 1970 to 1990, the average blood lead concentration increased steadily in children, indicating that the lead ban in gasoline was not a successful strategy for reducing human lead exposure.
b. Despite a steep drop in the use of lead in gasoline from 1970 to 2010, average blood lead concentration in children changed little during this time, suggesting that lead exposure is not as harmful as what was once believed.
c. A sharp drop in the amount of lead used in gasoline was followed by a similarly sharp decline in blood lead concentrations in children between 1970 and 1990, suggesting that lead use in gasoline was strongly correlated to lead exposure, and the ban on lead had a major impact on reducing exposure in the United States.
d. Although there was a considerable decline in both the amount of lead used in gasoline and average blood lead concentration between 1970 and 2010, the graph suggests that there is still considerable work to be done in further reducing lead levels in gasoline.
c. A sharp drop in the amount of lead used in gasoline was followed by a similarly sharp decline in blood lead concentrations in children between 1970 and 1990, suggesting that lead use in gasoline was strongly correlated to lead exposure, and the ban on lead had a major impact on reducing exposure in the United States.
As a researcher, you have been asked to analyze trends in the decline in lead use in U.S. gasoline over time. Based on the data in the graph, by what percentage did the amount of lead used in gasoline decrease between the years 1970 and 1985?
a. 20%
b. 100%
c. 50%
d. 80%
80%
A __________ occurred when scientists determined that the earth is round rather than flat.
theory
paradigm shift
cyclical shift
hypothesis
paradigm shift
Water purification, nutrient cycling, and plant pollination are all examples of Earth's __________.

capital services
renewable resources
nonrenewable resources
ecosystem services
ecosystem services
If someone says, "Earth and all of its contents were created for the betterment of human beings, so as long as something is good for humans, it is good for the whole earth," what ethical perspective would he or she hold?
envirocentric
biocentric
ecocentric
anthropocentric
anthropocentric
A study's results are deemed worthy of acceptance into the body of scientific knowledge if they are published in journals which ________.
a. conform to current political and religious views
b. charge a high fee for acceptance
c. are funded by corporations funding the research
d. use the peer review process
e.meet guidelines advocated by environmentalists or consumer groups
use the peer review process
How many citizens of Mexico does it take to equal the ecological footprint of the average citizen of the United States?

a. It takes just over eight Mexican citizens to equal the ecological footprint of the average U.S. citizen.
b. It takes just over two Mexican citizens to equal the ecological footprint of the average U.S. citizen.
c. It takes just over three Mexican citizens to equal the ecological footprint of the average U.S. citizen.
d. It takes about 12 Mexican citizens to equal the ecological footprint of the average U.S. citizen.
e. They are essentially equal.
c. It takes just over three Mexican citizens to equal the ecological footprint of the average U.S. citizen.
How are worm snails different from most other snails?
a. Worm snails move slowly, most other snails move quickly.
b. Worm snails are stationary, most other snails are mobile.
c. Worm snails move quickly, most other snails move slowly.
d. Worm snails are mobile, most other snails are stationary.
b. Worm snails are stationary, most other snails are mobile.
Which of the following is likely the best place to find adult worm snails?
a. Stuck on an oil rig.
b. On marine plants.
e. Buried in the sand.
d. On a shark's body.
a. Stuck on an oil rig
You create an artificial habitat for worm snails in a lab for further study. Which of the following will you need to provide as a food source?
Small fish
Microorganisms
Other snails
Aquatic plants
Microorganisms
Which of the following is true in the Florida Keys?
a. Ecologists think there will be no effect on the artificial reefs if the worm snails colonize them.
b. Ecologists are hopeful that worm snails will colonize artificial reefs on their own.
c. Ecologists are purposely colonizing artificial reefs with worm snails.
d. Ecologists are concerned that worm snails will colonize the artificial reefs.
d. Ecologists are concerned that worm snails will colonize the artificial reefs.
Which of the following do worm snails use to excrete their slime?
Tentacles
Shell
Radulae
Tongue
Tentacles
________ gives inherent value to certain living things or to the biotic (living) realm of the earth in general; both human and nonhuman lives have ethical standing.
Anthropocentrism
Relativism
Biocentrism
Realism
Ecocentrism
Biocentrism
Which of the following had generally been accepted as true, but this new study questions?
a. Compared to today, ocean temperatures were cooler 100 million years ago.
b. Compared to today, ocean temperatures were about the same 100 million years ago.
c. Compared to today, ocean temperatures were warmer 100 million years ago.
d. Compared to today, ocean temperatures were very unstable 100 million years ago.
c. Compared to today, ocean temperatures were warmer 100 million years ago.
This study suggests which of the following is true?
a. Foraminifera tests do not actually contain oxygen-18.
b. Oxygen-18 levels in foraminifera tests change over time.
c. Oxygen-18 levels in foraminifera tests do not change over time.
d. Oxygen-18 levels in foraminifera tests are too variable to quantify.
b. Oxygen-18 levels in foraminifera tests change over time.
A new research team decides to study this phenomenon by replicating the fossilization of foraminifera in the lab. Which of the following can they expect?
a. During sedimentation, temperatures will increase.
b. During sedimentation, temperatures will decrease.
c. During sedimentation, temperatures will vary greatly.
d. During sedimentation, temperatures will stay the same.
a. During sedimentation, temperatures will increase.
As this team continues this research, which of the following will they be analyzing?
live foraminiferans
foraminifera skeletons
foraminifera tissues
foraminifera shells
foraminifera shells
If this research is correct, which of the following is true?
a. Climate change is occurring as previously thought.
b. Climate change is less problematic than previously thought.
c. Climate change is more intense than previously thought.
d. Climate change is not happening.
Climate change is more intense than previously thought.
If President Biden takes the same action on Line 3 as he took on the Dakota Access pipeline, which of the following will happen?
a. More research into the project will need to be done.b
b. it will be canceled.
c. The US government will fully fund it.
d. It will be up to the courts to decide.
It will be canceled
Which of the following people is most likely to support the work of the water protectors?
a. a climate change skeptic
b. a member of MN350
c. Minnesota Governor Tim Walz
d. a representative of Enbridge
a member of MN350
You work for a non-profit organization calculating greenhouse gas emissions for oil companies. Which of the following information will you have to disclose to these companies?
a. Tar sands produce no net greenhouse emission.
b. Tar sands produce more greenhouse emissions than crude oil.
c. Tar sands produce less greenhouse emissions than crude oil.
d. Tar sands produce about the same amount of greenhouse emissions as crude oil.
b. Tar sands produce more greenhouse emissions than crude oil.
If Line 3 is completed as planned, how will it cross the rivers in its path?
a. The pipeline will go under rivers.
b. The pipeline will go through rivers.
c. The pipeline will go around rivers.
d. The pipeline will go over rivers.
a. The pipeline will go under rivers.
Which of the following foods important to the Ojibwe will be most impacted if Line 3 moves forward as planned?
wild rice
corn
alfalfa
cranberries
wild rice
A pharmaceutical company wishes to study a possible new headache medicine. They are doing human trials with 1000 volunteers and need to ________.
a. have 10 volunteers in the control group
b. randomly assign each person to either the treatment group or control group
c. put all women in the control group and all men in the experimental group
d. give both control and experimental groups the same amount of the new medication
e. divide the groups by level of health
b. randomly assign each person to either the treatment group or control group
The average footprint per person has increased from 2.2 to 2.9 since 2008, and the footprints of many developing nations, such as India and China, have also increased. This means that ________.
a. the ability of the planet to sustain human beings has increased
b. our collective lifestyle is slightly more sustainable than before
c. the populations of both India and China have decreased since 2008
d. our collective lifestyle is even more unsustainable than before
e. some nations no longer have a measurable footprint
]
d. our collective lifestyle is even more unsustainable than before
Based on the pie chart, which of the following approaches would likely yield the biggest benefits for reducing nitrogen inputs into the Chesapeake Bay?

a. Motorists are required to have their vehicles inspected annually, to ensure their vehicle is not emitting elevated levels of nitrogen-based compounds into the atmosphere.
b. Wastewater treatment plants are upgraded with technologies designed to capture nitrogen and phosphorus.
c. Homeowners are given a generous tax credit if they replace an aging septic system.
d. Local governments work with farmers to implement strategies to minimize nitrogen runoff from farm fields.
Local governments work with farmers to implement strategies to minimize nitrogen runoff from farm fields.
What approach would be best for you to consider, as a farmer, to further reduce nutrient runoff from your fields into the Bay?
a. Retrofitting stormwater systems
b. Minor upgrades to wastewater treatment plants (WWTP upgrades- Low)
c. Major upgrades to wastewater treatment plants (WWTP upgrades- High)
d. Enhanced nutrient management programs (NMP)
Enhanced nutrient management programs (NMP)
For what it costs to remove 1 pound of nitrogen from Bay waters by using enhanced nutrient management programs (NMP), approximately how many pounds of nitrogen could be kept out of waterways by restoring the wetland that once existed on the site?
3
7
15
33
15
Proteins are polymers of _____.
a. amino acids
a. CH2O units
b. nucleotides
c. glycerol
d. hydrocarbons
amino acids
What type of bond joins the monomers in a protein's primary structure?
a. hydrophobic
b. peptide
c. ionic
d. hydrogen
e. S—S
peptide
The secondary structure of a protein results from _____.
a. hydrogen bonds
b. peptide bonds
c. hydrophobic interactions
d. bonds between sulfur atoms
e. ionic bonds
hydrogen bonds
Tertiary structure is NOT directly dependent on _____.
ionic bonds
hydrogen bonds
bonds between sulfur atoms
peptide bonds
hydrophobic interaction
peptide bonds
Which of these is exhibiting kinetic energy?
a. a space station orbiting Earth
b. a rock on a mountain ledge
c. a person sitting on a couch while watching TV
d. an archer with a flexed bow
e. the high-energy phosphate bonds of a molecule of ATP
a space station orbiting Earth
"Conservation of energy" refers to the fact that _____.
a. if you conserve energy you will not be as tired
b. the entropy of the universe is always increasing
c. energy cannot be created or destroyed but can be converted from one form to another
d. no chemical reaction is 100 percent efficient
e. the net amount of disorder is always increasing
energy cannot be created or destroyed but can be converted from one form to another
Chemical energy is a form of _____ energy.
a. heat
b. motion
c. entropic
d. kinetic
e. potential
potential
In your body, what process converts the chemical energy found in glucose into the chemical energy found in ATP?
a. redox
b. cellular respiration
c. anabolism
d. digestion
e. potentiation
cellular respiration
Which of these are by-products of cellular respiration?
a. ATP and carbon dioxide
b. heat, carbon dioxide, and water
c. glucose, carbon dioxide, and water
d. carbon dioxide and water
e. ATP, carbon dioxide, and water
b. heat, carbon dioxide, and water
A(n) ________ is the smallest component of an element that still maintains the chemical properties of the element.
molecule
atom
ion
nucleus
proton
atom
Nitrifying bacteria convert _____ to _____.
nitrogen gas ... ammonium
nitrogen gas ... nitrates
ammonium ... nitrites
nitrates ... nitrogen gas
ammonium ... nitrogen gas
ammonium ... nitrites
_____ removes nitrogen from the atmosphere.
Denitrification
Nitrification
Mineralization
Nitrogen fixation
Assimilation
Nitrogen fixation
Denitrifying bacteria convert _____ to _____.
nitrogen gas ... nitrites
nitrogen gas ... nitrates
nitrates ... nitrogen gas
ammonium ... nitrogen gas
nitrogen gas ... ammonium
nitrates ... nitrogen gas
Which one of these is a nitrate?
SH
NO3 -
NO2 -
NH2
NH4 -
NO3-
Which one of these is a nitrite?
NO2 -
NH2
NO3 -
NH4 -
PO4 -
NO2 -
How does the pH of the solution on the right compare with that of the solution on the left?
a. The solution on the right is neutral relative to the solution on the left.
b. Both of these solutions are equally basic.
c. The solution on the right is acidic relative to the solution on the left.
d. Both of these solutions are equally acidic.
e. The solution on the right is basic relative to the solution on the left.
The solution on the right is basic relative to the solution on the left.
In a neutral solution the concentration of _____.
a. hydrogen ions is greater than the concentration of hydroxide ions
b. water molecules is less than the concentration of hydroxide ions
c. hydrogen ions is less than the concentration of hydroxide ions
d. hydrogen ions is equal to the concentration of hydroxide ions
e. water molecules is less than the concentration of hydrogen ions
hydrogen ions is equal to the concentration of hydroxide ions
You genetically engineer a strain of Yarrowia lipolytica to produce Vitamin C. Which of the following will be needed for the yeast to produce this vitamin?
a. hydrogen and carbon
b. nitrogen and oxygen
c. nitrogen and carbon
d. hydrogen and oxygen
nitrogen and carbon
Why is photosynthesis a critical part of this process using Yarrowia lipolytica?
a. For oxygen formulation.
b. For hydrogen phosphorylation.
c. For nitrogen sequestration.
d. For carbon fixation.
for carbon fixation
You are a bioengineer. Which of the following would likely be most beneficial to add to this research?
a. Make the yeast stop respiring.
b. Store the yeast in hot conditions.
c. Get the yeast to boost output.
d. Make the yeast go dormant
Get the yeast to boost output.
You engineer Yarrowia lipolytica to produce omega-3 fatty acids in an economically efficient way. Which of the following would likely be most interested in your yeast?
fish farmer
apple tree farmer
tree farmer
wheat farmer
fish farmer
Which of the following is key for yeast to do to allow them to produce plastics?
Break up monomers and polymers.
Link monomers together.
Break up polymers.
Break up monomers.
Link monomers together.
________ are the primary, water-insoluble components of cell membranes.
a. Phospholipids
b. Carbohydrates
c. Acids
d. Proteins
e. Nucleic acids
phospholipids
During photosynthesis, ________.
a. the high-quality energy from the sun is converted to a lower quality energy
b. oxygen is consumed
c. entropy stays the same
d. there is net consumption of e. water and carbon dioxide
e. entropy increases
there is net consumption of water and carbon dioxide
The United States Department of Agriculture wishes to replicate this study in the Midwest United States. Which of the following do they identify, map and track?
a. Mother, daughter and sister bumblebees
b. Father, son and brother bumblebees
c. Mother, son and brother bumblebees
d. Father, daughter and sister bumblebees
e. Mother, daughter and sister bumblebees
Mother, daughter and sister bumblebees
You wish to attract bumblebees to your acreage. Which of the following would likely be best for you to plant for their long-term survival?
a. A variety of conifer trees.
b. A variety of grasses.
c. A variety of flowers.
d. A variety of hardwood trees
A variety of flowers.
A new subspecies of bumblebee is discovered with a similar life cycle to bumblebees found in the United Kingdom. Which of the following is true?
a. Colonies often live for more than ten years.
b. Colonies live for about two years.
c. Colonies live for about five years.
d. Colonies live less than one year.
Colonies live less than one year.
Submit
This study most strongly suggests which of the following?
a. Habitat is too variable to make a conclusion about the survival of wild pollinators.
b. Habitat does not affect the survival rate of wild pollinators in agricultural settings.
c. Wild pollinators cannot survive in agricultural settings.
d. Wild pollinators are more likely to survive in an agricultural setting if the edge habitat is diverse.
Wild pollinators are more likely to survive in an agricultural setting if the edge habitat is diverse.
A new colony of bumblebees is established near your home. Which of the following was the founder of this colony?

A female worker
A male worker
A queen
A drone
a queen
Which of the following is the major reservoir for phosphorus in the phosphorus cycle?
a. sedimentary rock
b. the oceans
c. fossil fuels
d. the atmosphere
sedimentary rock
Which of the following is an example of kinetic energy?
a. A book on the top shelf of a closet
b. The energy held in bonds between atoms
c. A rock on top of a hill
d. Wind rotating a turbine
Wind rotating a turbine
River water held behind a dam is a form of ________.
a. entropy
b. chemical energy
c. potential energy
d. kinetic energy
e. thermodynamics
potential energy
In the Chesapeake Bay and other bodies of water, what is a result of phytoplankton population increases?
a. Increased fish populations as a result of an over
abundance of primary productivity
b. Waterways becoming choked off as a result of an excess of plant growth
c. An increase in the pH of open water
d. Dead zones as the result of hypoxia through the decomposition of dead phytoplankton by bacteria
Dead zones as the result of hypoxia through the decomposition of dead phytoplankton by bacteria
Submit
What is the primary way that nitrogen and phosphorus end up in bodies of water like the Chesapeake Bay?
a. Fertilizer runoff causes oysters to release excess nitrogen and phosphorus.
b. Fertilizers in the water cause nitrifying bacteria to release nitrogen and phosphorus into the water column.
c. Fertilizer evaporates into the atmosphere where it mixes with water vapor and falls as rain.
d. Water in runoff and streamflow transports nitrogen and phosphorus from fertilizer into the body of water.
Water in runoff and streamflow transports nitrogen and phosphorus from fertilizer into the body of water.
What caused the economic demise of Deal Island and other bayside towns during the 20th century?
a. The decline of crab fisheries
b. The decline of clam fisheries
c. Bayside factories shutting down
d. The decline of oyster fisheries
The decline of oyster fisheries
Atoms of iron (Fe) and sulfur (S) form iron sulfide (FeS) when the iron atom donates electrons to the sulfur atom. The type of bond formed would be a(n) __________.
bionic bond
covalent bond
methane bond
ionic bond
ionic bond
Submit
Which of these sampling protocols would you use to obtain the most representative data of oyster growth on the three reef types?
a. Use a random sampling approach to select sites on different reef types from several of the reef complexes.
b. Restrict the sampling to one reef complex only to ensure that factors such as temperature and salinity are consistent.
c. Locate the areas of highest oyster density on each of the three reef types and sample only from those locations.
d. Sample only the low-relief reefs in each reef complex
Use a random sampling approach to select sites on different reef types from several of the reef complexes.
What name is given to the process by which detritivores return carbon to the atmosphere?
a. burning
b. predation
c. photosynthesis
d. predation and photosynthesis
e. decomposition
e. decomposition
Which of these removes carbon from the atmosphere?
a. logging trees
b. rabbits
c. burning fossil fuels, such as oil
d. bobcats
e. algae
algae
Detritus is composed of _____.
a. detritivores
c. dead organic matter
d. inorganic minerals
e. excreted wastes
e. dead organic matter and excreted wastes
dead organic matter and excreted wastes
When you burn a log in your fireplace, you are converting ________.
a. proteins to amino acids
b. chemical energy to nuclear energy
c. thermal energy to electromagnetic energy
d. chemical energy to thermal (heat) energy
e. electromagnetic energy to chemical energy
chemical energy to thermal (heat) energy
Which of the following is a compound?
CO2
H2
O2
O3
CO2
Earth's largest pool of nitrogen is ________.
in fossil fuel deposits
the lithosphere
the atmosphere
the biosphere
the hydrosphere
the atmosphere
Geographic Information Systems (GIS) is ________.
a. useful in tracking the movements of individual organisms
b. useful in determining the number of heterotrophs in an ecosystem
c. used to measure the economic value of ecosystem services
d. used to predict rainfall and temperature changes in ecosystems
e. helping conservation biologists study habitats and study biodiversity
helping conservation biologists study habitats and study biodiversity
The greatest source of both nitrogen and phosphorus entering Chesapeake Bay is ________.
municipal and industrial wastewater
agriculture
urban fertilizer runoff
septic systems
natural sources
agriculture
The largest percentage of fresh water today is located in:

groundwater resources.
the rivers and lakes of the world.
soil.
ice sheets and glaciers.
ice sheets and glaciers.
Earth's oceans hold:
a. about the same amount of water as all Earth's rivers and lakes combined.
b. the bulk of all of the water found on Earth.
c. most of the fresh water on Earth.
d. about the same amount of water as all groundwater sources combined.
about the same amount of water as all Earth's rivers and lakes combined.
Which of the following is true of the hydrologic cycle?
a. The bulk of the precipitation occurs over land.
b. Atmospheric water and surface water do not mix.
c. Most evaporation on Earth occurs over the continents.
d. Most of the water that falls on the continents is derived from the oceans.
Most of the water that falls on the continents is derived from the oceans.
All of the following are macromolecules EXCEPT:
protein.
cellulose.
glucose.
starch.
DNA.
glucose
Plants release water vapor through their leaves via a process called ________.
evaporation
transpiration
magnification
percolation
condensation
transpiration
In all ecosystems, energy is eventually lost to the environment via ________.
a. heat from metabolism
b. trophic levels
c. photosynthesis
d. radiation and reflection of light
e. matter
heat from metabolism
Some organisms, such as plants, algae, and cyanobacteria, produce their own food by absorbing the sun's radiation. These organisms are referred to as ________.
a. heterotrophs or consumers
b. parasites or heterotrophs
c. autotrophs or producers
d. mutualists or consumers
e. heterotrophs or primary producers
autotrophs or producers
Which of these provides your body with energy?
minerals
fats
oxygen
vitamins
light
fats
What element is found in all organic compounds?
carbon
oxygen
helium
iron
nitrogen
carbon
Where do plants get the energy to make organic molecules?
minerals
glucose
vitamins
light
water
light
Where do plants get the carbon they use to make organic molecules?
glucose
oxygen
water
starch
carbon dioxide
carbon dioxide
Which of these is NOT an organic molecule?
carbohydrates
minerals
proteins
glucose
lipids
minerals
The symptoms of the lake suggest ________.
a. the effects of global climate change
b. overfishing
c. pesticide poisoning
d. that all the problems have been created by deforestation
e. eutrophication
eutrophication
Which of the following represent the reactants (ingredients) necessary for cellular respiration?
a. carbon dioxide, water, and oxygen
b. starch and enzymes
c. glucose and oxygen
d. hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide, and water
glucose and oxygen
What name is given to this molecule?
hydronium ion
water
glucose
hydroxide ion
methane
hydronium ion
How did this molecule form?
a. Evaporation.
b. A hydrogen molecule bonded with an OH- molecule.
c. Two water molecules bonded.
d. A water molecule gained an hydrogen ion from another water molecule.
e. A water molecule split in half.
A water molecule gained an hydrogen ion from another water molecule.
What name is given to this molecule?
hydroxide ion
DNA
water
hydronium ion
glucose
hydroxide ion
Which of these is the correct equation for the dissociation of water?
H2O + OH-<==> H2O+
H+<==> H2O + H2O+
H2O + H2O <==> H3O+ + OH-
H2O <==> H+ + OH-
H2O + H2O+<==> H2O + OH-
H2O + H2O <==> H3O+ + OH-
What is the charge on a hydronium ion?
0
2-
1+
1-
2+
1+
What is the charge on a hydroxide ion?
0
1+
1-
2-
2+
1-
If a water quality expert were to check the level of dissolved oxygen in the lake water, s/he would find that it ________.
a. is very low at the surface and normal near the bottom sediments
b. is within normal limits for an unpolluted lake
c. is near normal on the surface but extremely low near the bottom sediments
d. is completely absent
e. is much higher than normal
is near normal on the surface but extremely low near the bottom sediments
What is the insolation range (watts per square meter) associated with July temperatures ranging from 3 to 5° C?
a. 200 to 219 W/m
b. 240 to 259 W/m2
c. 160 to 179 W/m2
d. 80 to 99 W/m2
e. 120 to 139 W/m2
80 to 99 W/m2
Which of the following regions has the largest annual temperature ranges?
a. Central Africa (e.g. Democratic Republic of the Congo)
b. Southwestern South America (e.g. Chile)
c. Antarctica
d. North-central Asia (e.g. Siberia, Russia)
e. Western Europe (e.g. Germany)
North-central Asia (e.g. Siberia, Russia)
What is the primary July temperature range associated with the portion of the Rocky Mountains in northern Colorado, Wyoming, Idaho, and Montana (2000-3,999 m)?
a. 24 to 26° C
b. 27 to 29° C
c. 15 to 17° C
d. 9 to 11° C
e. 21 to 23° C
15 to 17° C
Which of the following climate types is predominately found adjacent to warm ocean currents?
a. Humid subtropical, moist all year
b. Subarctic, cool summers
c. Mediterranean
d. Tropical, subtropical hot deserts
e. Midlatitude cold steppe
Humid subtropical, moist all year
Ecosystems that rapidly convert solar energy to biomass __________.
a. are said to have high primary net productivity
b. are usually found in cold, damp climates where decomposition is slow
c. are said to have high secondary productivity
d. have little vegetation
are said to have high primary net productivity
DNA is composed of units called ________.
a. bases
b. sugars
c. amino acids
d. lipids
e. nucleotides
nucleotides
If trends continue, which of the following will happen over the next 25 years?
a. An increase in urbanization in the U.S., China and Europe.
c. An increase in urbanization in Europe, and a decrease in urbanization in the U.S. and China.
d. An increase in urbanization in the U.S. and China, and a decrease in urbanization in Europe.
e. An increase in urbanization in the U.S. and Europe, and a decrease in urbanization in China.
An increase in urbanization in the U.S., China and Europe.
If you study this map, which of the following is seen most frequently?
a. No change in the amount of forest over time.
b. Agricultural land changing to forests over time.
c. No change in the amount of agricultural land over time.
d. Forests changing to agricultural land over time.
Forests changing to agricultural land over time.
Assuming they are equal size, which of the following will absorb the most carbon dioxide from the atmosphere?
a. a forest
b. a shopping center
c. a baseball complex
d. a desert
a forest
As the climate continues to change due to human activity, which of the following is most likely?
a. more desertification worldwide
b. less desertification worldwide
c. no change in desertification worldwide
d. the amount of desertification fluctuating worldwide
more desertification worldwide
Which of the following people would likely find this map the most useful?
a. A soil scientist studying the shifts in land use across Africa.
b.A toxicologist studying the effects of air pollution on human health.
c. Someone studying urban greenspaces of less than 300 square meters.
d. A demographer studying how the education of girls influences birth rates in the developing world.
A soil scientist studying the shifts in land use across Africa.
A leaf falls from a tree and lands on the ground. Through time, bugs and bacteria consume the leaf. Which of the following statements regarding this scenario is true?
a. The decomposers are able to use all of the energy that the plant's leaf obtained from sunlight using photosynthesis.
b. The nutrients from the leaf have been removed from that ecosystem.
c. The nutrients from the leaf have been recycled and released back into the soil.
d. Through the process of digestion, the bugs and bacteria have created new matter that did not exist before.
The nutrients from the leaf have been recycled and released back into the soil.
Consider the following processes: respiration, combustion, polymerization, nitrification, industrial fixation of nitrogen, and photosynthesis. How many of these result in the release of oxygen into the atmosphere?
none
1
2
4
all
1
The murkiness (turbidity) of the water was analyzed and found to have several major sources, including ________.
a. erosion from the hillsides, solid nitrogen and phosphorus from agricultural fertilizers, and numerous microscopic animals living in bottom sediments
b. pesticides, atmospheric deposition, and wastewater discharges
c. algae, increased microscopic animal life, and pesticides
d. erosion from deforested hillsides, sediments produced from poorly treated wastewater discharge, and sediments produced from the increased plant biomass of the lake
e. fertilizer particles, wind-borne atmospheric particles, and wastewater discharge
erosion from deforested hillsides, sediments produced from poorly treated wastewater discharge, and sediments produced from the increased plant biomass of the lake
Although 78% of Earth's atmosphere is nitrogen, nitrogen is limited in most ecosystems because __________.
a. plants can assimilate nitrogen only during the day since sunlight is needed for photosynthesis
b. nitrogen is used up by living organisms
c. very little nitrogen is needed by living organisms
d. the natural conversion of atmospheric nitrogen occurs via only lightning and nitrogen-fixing bacteria
the natural conversion of atmospheric nitrogen occurs via only lightning and nitrogen-fixing bacteria
Each water molecule can join to _____ other water molecules by ____ bonds.
four ... hydrogen
three ... ionic
two ... polar covalent
two ... hydrogen
four ... polar covalent
four ... hydrogen
The unequal sharing of electrons within a water molecule makes the water molecule _____.
change easily from a liquid to gaseous form
polar
ionic
hydrophobic
have a low surface tension
polar
The tendency of an atom to pull electrons toward itself is referred to as its _____.
electronegativity
ionic potential
polarity
covalency
tonicity
electronegativity
In this molecule, what type of bond is found between the oxygen and hydrogens?
ionic
polar covalent
hydrophilic
nonpolar covalent
hydrophobic
polar covalent
Why isn't this insect drowning?
The insect is swimming.
It is difficult to change the temperature of water.
Surface tension.
The insect is flying just above the water surface.
The insect is very light.
Surface tension.
Why isn't this insect drowning?
a. The insect is swimming.
b. It is difficult to change the temperature of water.
c. Surface tension.
d. The insect is flying just above the water surface.
e. The insect is very light.
Surface tension.
Which of the following statements best describes energy?

a. Energy is the capacity to change the position, physical composition, or temperature of matter.
b. Energy can be created and destroyed.
c. Energy is the food we eat.
d. Entropy is another name for energy.
Energy is the capacity to change the position, physical composition, or temperature of matter.
According to the graphs, which of the following sources contributes the largest share of nitrogen and phosphorus entering the Chesapeake Bay?

a. natural sources
b. municipal and industrial wastewater
c. urban/suburban fertilizer runoff
d. agriculture
agriculture
The two main sources of urban pollution illustrated in the graphs are municipal and industrial wastewater and urban/suburban runoff. Approximately what percentage of the total pollution for each nutrient can be attributed to urban sources?
15%
30%
45%
60%
30%
The graphs show the main sources of nutrient pollution in the Chesapeake Bay. By what mechanism do most of the nutrients end up in the bay?
a. They are transported by water.
b. They are deposited directly by plants and animals into the bay.
c. They are weathered from rocks and sediment.
d. They are transported through the air.
They are transported by water.
Microbes were first considered for bioremediation after Marjory Stephenson observed that they were digesting enormous quantities of waste from a sugar beet factory. The waste was accumulating in:
River water.
Area plants.
Nearby soils.
The atmosphere.
River water.
Microorganisms have the ability to degrade a variety of substances. In addition microbes can:
Bind and accumulate heavy metals.
Cause MTBE persistence in the environment.
Synthesize nitrates.
Perform only in reactions that require energy input.
Bind and accumulate heavy metals.
The initial test results of an EPA study in 1989 and 1990 were not conclusive about the value of biostimulation of indigenous microbes and about the use of exogenous bacteria for remediation. In contrast, a later field study in Delaware reached the following conclusions:

a. Addition of exogenous bacteria leads to faster hydrocarbon cleanup than biostimulation.
b. Biostimulation can accelerate hydrocarbon removal.
c. Biostimulation can slow down hydrocarbon removal.
d. Exogenous bacteria outcompete indigenous bacteria
Biostimulation can accelerate hydrocarbon removal.
Which of the following landscapes is suitable for biostimulation?
a. An anaerobic wetland where nutrients are plentiful
b. An aerobic salt marsh where nutrients are limiting
c. An aerobic salt marsh where nutrients are plentiful
d. An anaerobic wetland where nutrients are limiting
An aerobic salt marsh where nutrients are limiting
Imagine that biostimulation is used on a widespread scale for a bioremediation project. Which of the following ecosystem changes represent a potential side effect of the cleanup efforts?
a. Decreased wildlife habitat
b. Increased air pollution
c. Soil recontamination
d. Eutrophication (degradation due to increased production of organic matter) of nearby rivers
Eutrophication (degradation due to increased production of organic matter) of nearby rivers
Which of the following has the lowest concentration of H+ ions?
a. lemon juice
b. pure water
c. car battery acid
d. sea water
e. ammonia
ammonia
A(n) __________ is an example of an ecosystem with high primary productivity, while a __________ is an example of an ecosystem with low primary productivity.
a. algal bed; desert
b. desert; tundra
c. tundra; coral reef
d. open ocean; wetland
algal bed; desert
Glycogen is _____.
a. the form in which plants store sugars
b. a source of saturated fat
c. a polysaccharide found in animals
d. a transport protein that carries oxygen
e. a polysaccharide found in plant cell walls
a polysaccharide found in animals
glucose + glucose —> _____ by _____.

a. starch + water ... dehydration synthesis
b. lactose + water ... hydrolysis
c. cellulose + water ... hydrolysis
d. sucrose + water ... dehydration synthesis
e. maltose + water ... dehydration synthesis
maltose + water ... dehydration synthesis
Which of these is a source of lactose?
a. starch
b. potatoes
c. sugar cane
d. milk
e. sugar beets
milk
Which of these is a polysaccharide?
a. lactose
b. cellulose
c. sucrose
d. glucose
e. galactose
cellulose
_____ is the most abundant organic compound on Earth.
a. Glycogen
b. Starch
c. Lactose
d. Glucose
e. Cellulose
Cellulose
What name is given to the process(es) seen in this animation? To view the animation, click here. Then click on the image to start the animation.
a. monomerization
b. dehydration synthesis
c. transcription and translation
d. catabolism
e. water formation
dehydration synthesis
Which of the following describes a graph of the Kaibab deer population between 1906 and 1923?
a. a "sine wave" curving up, down, up, down
b. a straight line slanting upward, showing a steady increase over time
c. an S-shaped curve that shows a smooth, rapid increase and then levels off
d. a rapidly decreasing slope from left to right
e. a J-shaped upward curve with a very rapid increase
a J-shaped upward curve with a very rapid increase
Which of the following has been an effect of ecotourism in Hawaii?
a. Tourists have irreparably damaged sensitive coral reef ecosystems.
b. Ecotourism has always been banned in Hawaii, but other Pacific islands have experienced myriad negative effects of ecotourism.
c. The trash from millions of visitors has choked out mangrove forests on the island of Oahu.
d. A large marine reserve in Hawaii was forced to close because of the increased need to feed tourists.
e. Conservation efforts have become more financially feasible because of increased tourist dollars
Conservation efforts have become more financially feasible because of increased tourist dollars
The major force(s) causing the genetic divergence of the two isolated fruit fly populations is/are ________.
a. mutation and natural selection
b. mutation
c. the complete lack of sexual reproduction in the two populations
d. natural selection and the variety of other species with which each population interbreeds
e. mating and gene flow between the two populations
mutation and natural selection
A species has evolved an asexual mode of reproduction by having offspring develop from unfertilized eggs. Which of the following will be true of this species' response to natural selection?
a. The species will increase in numbers because genetic variation is increased.
b. There will be more deaths from natural selection because there is no mutation.
c. There will be less genetic variation from sexual recombination and a risk of not adapting quickly to environmental change.
d. The species will compensate for loss of genetic variation by hybridizing with other species.
e. There will be fewer deaths from natural selection because sexual recombination always leads to extinction.
There will be less genetic variation from sexual recombination and a risk of not adapting quickly to environmental change.
The sixth mass extinction event is likely being caused by __________.
a. disease pandemics
b. large predators such as wolves and mountain lions
c. human-induced events
d. meteorites
human-induced events
High population density can ________.
a. hinder organisms from finding mates
b. decrease the use of resources
c. decrease biodiversity within a species
d. increase disease transmission and food scarcity
e. decrease competition
increase disease transmission and food scarcity
Which of the following best represents the overall growth rate of a population?
a. (birth rate - death rate) + (immigration rate - emigration rate)
b. (birth rate + immigration rate) + (death rate + emigration rate)
c. birth rate - death rate
d. immigration rate - emigration rate
(birth rate - death rate) + (immigration rate - emigration rate)
Which of the following is considered a community?
a. a single population whose individuals are similar enough to each other to be able to breed successfully
b. several interacting species living in the same area
c. an ecosyste
d. mall of the living and nonliving things on Earth
several interacting species living in the same area
Organisms that are closely related have a recent common ancestor. Of the following organisms shown in the figure, which choice lists organisms that are most closely related to each other?
a. lungfish and amphibians
b. bony fish and birds
c. lizards and crocodiles
d. lampreys and sharks
e. mammals and turtles
lizards and crocodiles
A population is a group of ________.
a. all individuals of a species in all locations
b. individuals of several interacting species that interact in multiple ecosystems
c. cells that have similar function
d. individuals of a single species that live and interact in one area
e. individuals of several interacting species that live in one area
individuals of a single species that live and interact in one area
The removal of the livestock and predators and the cessation of hunting in 1907 ________.
a. decreased the reproductive output of the Kaibab deer
b. caused the Kaibab deer to become extirpated
c. decreased the carrying capacity for the Kaibab deer
d. increased the carrying capacity for the Kaibab deer
e. removed the limits on immigration, allowing more deer into the area
increased the carrying capacity for the Kaibab deer
Density-dependent factors ________.
a. cause decreases in the number of species in an ecosystem
b. include the effects of rainfall on an entire community
c. include the effects of disease, predators, and food on a single species within a community
d. include the effects of a hard freeze on an entire community
e. include the effects of a hard freeze on a single species within a community
include the effects of disease, predators, and food on a single species within a community
Which of the following is true?
a. The number of species existing at one time has decreased throughout history.
b. Natural selection always favors complexity and a larger body size.
c. Most organisms present early in Earth's prehistory were more complex than modern organisms.
d. Extinctions of past species have always happened gradually and on a small scale.
e. Species on Earth today are just a fraction of all species that ever lived.
Species on Earth today are just a fraction of all species that ever lived.
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__________ is the number of individuals in a population per unit area.
a. Population density
b. Population dynamics
c. Population distribution
d. Population size
Population density
If a population of 1000 individuals has an annual growth rate of 5%, how many individuals will be in the population one year later?
a. 5
b. 50
c. 1005
d. 1050
1050
A population's age structure ________.
a. has no inherent value for predicting growth
b. cannot predict possible species declines in numbers
c. is correlated with the different niches the population occupies
d. indicates the relative numbers of individuals of different ages within a population
e. represents sizes of individual organisms
indicates the relative numbers of individuals of different ages within a population
Phylogenetic trees ________.
a. have branches, each of which represents an extinction event
b. predict future evolutionary trends
c. are usually at odds with fossil evidence
d. depict the flow of evolutionary change and diversification for a particular group of organisms
e. are a threatened species in Costa Rica's Monteverde National Park
depict the flow of evolutionary change and diversification for a particular group of organisms
Populations lacking any environmental resistance tend to increase by ________.
a. linear growth
b. immigration
c. exponential growth
d. emigration
e. pyramidal growth
exponential growth
According to the figure, which of the following is true?
a. Sharks possess a swim bladder.
b. Lampreys have lungs.
c. Reptiles (turtles, snakes, lizards, and crocodiles) are more closely related to each other than they are to any other animals.
d. Snakes are more closely related to crocodiles than they are to turtles.
e. Amphibians have a skull with two openings.
Snakes are more closely related to crocodiles than they are to turtles.
The logistic growth curve can be said to appear similar to __________.
a. a zigzag letter W
b. the letter J
c. the letter X
d. the letter S
the letter S
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When the organisms of a particular population seek habitats or resources that are unevenly spaced, the distribution of the individuals in the population tends to be ________.
a. evenly dispersed
b. random
c. uniform
d. binary
e. clumped
clumped
Which of the following populations would be most vulnerable to extinction?
a. a small, endemic population
b. a medium-sized population of specialists
c. a large population of generalists
d. a small population of generalists
a small, endemic population
Most extinction is ________.
a. gradual, generally occurring when species cannot adapt genetically to changes in environmental conditions
b. the result of slow climate change
c. not often a problem for endemics
d. problematic for generalists
e. the result of environmental catastrophe
gradual, generally occurring when species cannot adapt genetically to changes in environmental conditions
Assuming the populations of fruit flies are the same size, the length of time necessary for significant divergence to take place in the populations depends on ________.
a. how quickly the fruit flies can fly between the two habitats
b. the kinds of mutations in the populations and the similarity of the two isolated habitats
c. the rapid restoration of contact between the two populations
d. the absence of natural selection
e. the area of the two mountain habitats
the kinds of mutations in the populations and the similarity of the two isolated habitats
In ecology, a ________ is made up of interacting populations of different species that inhabit the same area.
b. ecosystem
c. community
d. biome
d. guild
e. population
community
According to the figure, which of the following birds is most closely related to the Palila?
a. I`iwi
b. Kaua`i Creeper
c. Common Rosefinch
d. Anianiau
e. Laysan Finch
Laysan Finch
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