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Unit 8 Bio Test

Terms in this set (85)

What is diffusion?
particles move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration, particles in constant motion, run into each other and randomly spread out
what is a semipermeable membrane?
things partially go through (think of a draining bowl for pasta)
does not require energy
passive transport
what is facilitated diffusion?
molecules that can't pass directly through membrane may pass through a protein channel in the membrane, basically helping something to diffuse
does diffusion require energy to to transport?
no (passive transport)
what is osmosis?
specific type of facilitated diffusion, diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane, the movement of water, water moves from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
What is the solvent in the case of osmosis?
water
what is the solute in the case of osmosis?
sugar (or whatever dissolved in water)
what is a hypotonic solution?
"below strength" lower concentration of solute, higher concentration of water
What is a hypertonic solution?
"above strength" higher concentration of solute, lower concentration of water
What is an isotonic solution?
"same strength" solutions have same concentration of solute and same concentration of water
what is active transport?
allows movement of particles against the concentration gradient, basically particles can move from low concentration to high concentration, proteins in membrane "pump" the molecules in or out, requires energy
if the sugar molecule has 1% sugar, and the water outside of the cell has 5% sugar, what is going to happen to the cell?
the cell will shrivel up and shrink
What are the functions of the circulatory system?
transport oxygen, nutrients, and other substances throughout the body and removes wastes from tissues
about how big is the size of your heart?
the size of your fist
what are the four chambers of the heart?
right and left atrium and ventricle
what are the upper chambers called? where do they receive blood from?
atrium, the body
what are the lower chambers of the heart and where do they pump blood?
ventricle, out of the heart
What is the function of the septum?
separates the right and left side of the heart
what is the function of the valves?
allow blood to move forward through the heart and prevent it from flowing backwards into previous chamber
where are the valves located?
at the exit of each chamber and in veins
how does the heart muscle get oxygen and nutrients it needs to pump continuously?
coronary arteries
what is the function of the right side of the heart?
involved in pulmonary circulation and pumps oxygen rich/poor blood from the heart to the lungs
what is the function of the left side of the heart?
involved in systemic circulation and pumps oxygen rich/poor blood to the rest of the body
large blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart, always carry oxygen rich blood except for pulmonary
artery
very small arteries that deliver blood to capillaries
arterioles
the smallest blood vessels that receive blood from the arterioles.
capillaries
how do capillaries give off oxygen and nutrients and take in wastes?
it diffuses from the blood into the tissues and carbon dioxide and wastes diffuse from tissues and into blood because of thin walls
formed when capillaries unite, form veins, blood returns to the heart through these
venules
how is blood able to flow through veins against gravity and back toward the heart?
valves keep the blood flowing in one direction so that when blood goes against gravity, it wont go back and clog the vein. muscles contract> push blood through veins
what order does blood flow in?
vena cava, right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary artery, lungs, pulmonary vein, left atrium, left ventricle, aorta, arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins
what sets the pace of a heartbeat?
pacemaker
what does the heart rate depend on?
exercise
what is a the typical blood pressure?
120/80
What is the top number of the blood pressure numbers?
when ventricles contract
what is the bottom number of the blood pressure numbers?
when ventricles relax
the surface area for gas exchange in the lungs is provided by...
alveoli
the gases exchanged in the lungs are carbon dioxide and..
oxygen
the process that exchanges gases across the walls of capillaries
passive process
what order does air go through when you breath in, ending at the alveoli?
environment, nose and mouth, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchial tubes, alveoli sacs
how does breathing work?
diaphram contracts> rib cage rises> air inhaled> diaphram flattens> rib cage lowers> air exhaled
why do you need to breath in oxygen?
you breathe in oxygen because you need it for blood and heart to function properly, to get rid of carbon dioxide
what factors influence your breathing rate?
how deep a breath we take, how much we exercise, emotions
what is the diaphram?
the pumping system that facilitates air exchange
what happens to gases in the lungs?
they dissolve in moist surfaces in lungs and diffuse through walls of alveoli and blood vessels to enter and exit blood
what happens in the muscles?
cellular respiration, sugar and oxygen> carbon dioxide, water, and energy
what do red blood cells contain?
protein hemoglobin
what do red blood cells do?
transport oxygen, production requires iron
what is the result of not enough iron/red blood cells/ hemoglobin?
anemia (tired, fatigue, shortness of breath)
what is blood composed of?
plasma, white and red blood cells, platelets
what is the function of the white blood cell?
fight off disease
what happens when you cut yourself?
platelets cluster around the wound, platelets release clotting factors (proteins)
what is fibrin?
long sticky strings
what are the clotting factors that platelets release to create a scab?
produce fibrin and form a web that red blood cells get caught in
What are the four blood types?
A, B, AB, O
how is blood type determined?
by markers (antigen) on the red blood cells surface that trigger our immune system
What are the special proteins called that attack foreign antigens?
antibodies
What kind of antibodies does Type A blood produce?
anti-b antibodies
what type of antibodies does type b blood produce?
anti-a antibodies
what type of antibodies does type ab blood produce?
no antibodies, the universal recipient
what type of antibodies does type o blood produce?
anti-a and anti-b antibodies, universal donor
what type of blood can type ab get?
all
what type of blood can type o get?
only o
plasma moves through capillary walls and into fluid between cells
lymph
what do the system of vessels, nodes, and organs do to lymphs?
they screen the lymph for microorganisms before returning it to the circulatory system
where do lymph vessels also run along?
intestines
what do lymphs do?
absorb fat and fat-soluble and transport them to the blood
what is atherosclerosis?
plaque builds in artery walls, arteries stiffen, blood flow restricted to the heart. if the artery gets completely blocked up by plaque> heart attack
when does plaque form?
from too high of a cholestorol and fat build up
what is a stroke?
when blood supply to the brain is interrupted, could be through a blood clot stopping blood supply to brain, or could be form blood leaking into the brain tissue
a sign that the heart and blood vessels are being overworked, can lead to atherosclerosis, can increase risk of heart attack or stroke
high blood pressure
water channel proteins, takes part in facilitated diffusion, allows water to pass right through them
aquaporins
what is the human bodies main transportation system?
a closed circulatory system made up of a heart, blood vessels, and blood
helps vessels, especially arteries, expand under pressure and connects them to surrounding tissue
connective tissue
regulates the diameter of arteries; only a thin layer present in veins
smooth muscle
lines the walls of all blood vessels
endothelium
what is the function of the respiratory system?
picks up oxygen from the air we inhale and releases carbon dioxide into the air we exhale
what is the pharynx?
throat
what is the trachea?
windpipe
what is the larynx?
vocal cords
what is the difference between pulmonary and systemic circulation?
pulmonary- blood flow through the heart
systemic- blood flow leaves the heart and goes to the rest of the body
why don't arteries need small valves?
they almost always take blood away from the heart to other organs in the body
what is the function of the lymphatic system?
collects lymph that leaves capillaries, "screens" it for microorganisms, and returns it to the circulatory system
Why would a person feel tired if they have a low red blood cell count?
red blood cells carry oxygen around the body, so if the body is low on these, it will have a lack of oxygen and get tired quickly.
why would having emphysema make breathing harder?
people cannot get enough oxygen to the body tissues or rid the body of carbon dioxide bc emphysema is the break down of lung tissue
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