Biology Unit 2

State Cell Theory
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State Cell Theory
all biological organisms are composed of cells. Cells are the unit of life and all life comes from preexisting life.
What are the four things all cells have in common?
DNA, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes
What is the main difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
Prokaryotes do not have a nucleus
What are the functions of:
-Prokaryote Cell Wall
-Slime Layer/ capsule
-Flagella
-Attachment Pili
-Plasmid
-Nucleoid
-Sex Pili
Prokaryote Cell Wall- Protection & structure
Slime Layer/ capsule- Added protection
Flagella- Movement
Attachment Pili- attaches cells to surfaces
Plasmid- transmission, delivers DNA to bacteria
Nucleoid- controls activity & reproduction
Sex Pili- stabalizing during DNA transfer
What are the functions of:
-Nucleus
-Smooth ER
-Mitochondria
-Chloroplasts
-Central Vacuole
-Cytoskeleton
Nucleus- Stores cell DNA, maintains integrity, and facilitates its transcription and replication.
Smooth ER - Metabolic processes: synthesizes lipids, phospholipids as in plasma membranes and steroids.
Mitochondria- generates ATP, creates energy
Chloroplast- plant cell organelles that convert light energy into stable chemical energy via photosynthetic processes.
Central Vacuole- stores salt, minerals, nutrients, proteins, pigments, helps in plant growth
Cytoskeleton- helps cells maintain their shape and internal organization, provides mechanical support that enables cells to carry out a central function
What is the function of the endomembrane system & parts:
-Endomembrane system
-Ribosomes
-Rough ER
-Golgi Apparatus
-Vesicle
-Lysosome
Endomembrane system- ensures biochemical processes work correctly
Ribosomes- Area of protein synthesis
Rough ER- Modifies & transports proteins
Golgi Apparatus- "packages" proteins & transports proteins
Vesicle- "containers", sends things to their destinations
Lysosome- digestive enzymes, digests worn organelles
What are three differences between plant & animal cells?
Animal cells do not contain a cell wall, chloroplasts, & contain centrioles, centrosomes, & lysosome
What is Brownian Motion?
Vibration and random motion of atoms and molecules.
What is the difference between passive and energy-expending transport?
-Passive Transport
Osmosis: transportation of water across the cell membrane
Simple Diffusion: form of diffusion that does not need membrane proteins
Facilitated diffusion: passive movement of molecules along the concentration gradient
-Energy-expending transport
Active transport: movement across molecules/ions to a higher concentration
Endocytosis: substances are brought into the cell
Exocytosis: transports molecules out of the cell
ENERGY-EXPENDING TRANSPORT NEEDS ENERGY, PASSIVE DOES NOT NEED A LOT
How does diffusion differ from facilitated diffusion?
-Diffusion is the net movement of molecules down a concentration gradient.
-Facilitated diffusion happens with assistance of transport proteins and water soluble molecules.
Define: -Active transport -Phagocytosis -Pinocytosis -Receptor-mediated endocytosis -Exocytosisactive transport- The movement of molecules or ions across the cell membrane from a region of lower concentration to higher concentration —- against the gradient. Phagocytosis- The ingestion of bacteria or other material by phagocytes and amoeboid protozoans. Pinocytosis- The ingestion of liquid into a cell by the budding of small vesicles from the cell membrane. Receptor-mediated endocytosis- Cells absorb metabolites, hormones, proteins, by the inward budding of the plasma membrane. Exocytosis- A process by which the contents of a cell vacuole are released to the exterior through fusion of the vacuole membrane with the cell membrane.What are the 5 different membrane proteins & their functions?Enzymes: promote chemical functions, build or break molecules Receptor proteins: respond to specific messenger molecules Recognition proteins: serve as ID tags Connection proteins: anchors cell membrane in various ways Transport proteins: regulate movement, channel proteins, carrier proteins