Both ________ and ________ are the regulators of effectors in most feedback loops.
-neurotransmitters; enzymes
-hormones; nerve impulses
-hormones; paracrines
-enzymes; nerve impulses
-enzymes; hormoneshormones; nerve impulsesCells that are as wide as they are tall have a ________ shape.
-columnar
-cuboidal
-rectangular
-squamouscuboidalIn a feedback loop, the integrating center sends information to the ________.
-effector
-sensor
-brain region
-thermostateffectorIf blood glucose levels decrease from normal, which of the following changes takes place to bring glucose levels back to normal?
-Decrease in insulin; decrease in glucagon
-Increase in insulin; decrease in glucagon
-Increase in insulin; increase in glucagon
-Decrease in insulin; increase in glucagondecrease in insulin; increase in glucagonBlood plasma and interstitial fluid are separated from each other; therefore, there is little communication and exchange between these fluids.
-True
-FalsefalseAn example of a monosaccharide is ________.
-sucrose
-glucose
-glycogen
-maltoseglucoseFatty acids and glucose are the two primary, and preferred sources of energy to create ATP.
-True
-FalsetrueHow many single bonds can a carbon atom form if it is double-bonded to an oxygen atom?
-2
-3
-4
-12An element with 11 neutrons, 11 protons, and 11 electrons would have a mass number of ________.
-11
-21
-33
-2222An element with 5 protons, 5 neutrons, and 5 electrons would have an atomic number of 15.
-True
-FalsefalseA protein that is combined with another type of molecule , such as a carbohydrate, becomes ________.
-hydrolyzed
-complemented
-conjugated
-denaturedconjugatedDespite being a more immediate source of energy for a cell, glucose must be stored as glycogen in order to prevent excess intracellular fluid from accumulating.
-true
-falsetrueAtoms sharing a pair of electrons form covalent bonds.
-true
-falsetrueHydrogen bonds form between the partially charged atoms of two polar molecules, such as the slightly positively charged hydrogen atom of one water molecule and the slightly negatively charged oxygen atom of another.
-true
-falsetrueammonia usually ________.
-acts as a buffer
-ionizes to form a hydroxyl ion
-acts as an acid
-acts as a baseacts as a baseGlucose and lactose are structural isomers that can be used immediately by cells to create ATP.
-true
-falsefalseBonds that are formed between oxygen and hydrogen atoms within water molecules are called ________.
-nonpolar covalent bonds
-polar covalent bonds
-ionic bonds
-hydrogen bondspolar-covalent bondsAll amino acids contain carboxyl and amino groups.
-true
-falsetrueCovalent bonds are formed between monosaccharides through dehydration synthesis.
-true
-falsetrueHydrogen bonds form between the partially charged atoms of two polar molecules, such as the slightly positively charged hydrogen atom of one water molecule and the slightly negatively charged oxygen atom of another.
-True
-FalsetrueA cell lacking a Golgi apparatus would not be able to add ________ to proteins.
-proteins
-acids
-carbohydrates
-lipidscarbohydratesApoptosis involves the activation of enzymes called ________, which are the cell "executioners" that activate other enzymes in the nucleus that fragment the DNA
-peroxisomes
-neutrophils
-lysosomes
-caspasescaspasesCells in the G 1 phase of the cell cycle contain half as much DNA as cells in the G 2 phase.
-True
-FalsetrueA gene that stalls cell division if damaged DNA is present would be considered a proto-oncogene.
-true
-falsefalseCells that perform ________ move through the ________ by amoeboid movement.
-pinocytosis; extracellular matrix
-phagocytosis; cytosol
-pinocytosis; cytosol
-phagocytosis; extracellular matrixphagocytosis; extracellular matrixAnticodons found in mRNA allow for base pairing with the codons in tRNA.
-True
-FalsefalseCells which will undergo apoptosis would contain large numbers or quantities of ________.
-lysosomes
-rough endoplasmic reticulum
-golgi apparatus
-centrioleslysosomesChromatin that is active in genetic transcription is called ________.
-euchromatin
-embryonic chromatin
-heterochromatin
-homochromaticeuchromatinChromosomes move to opposite poles in ________.
-prophase
-anaphase
-metaphase
-telophaseanaphaseA friend lifts weights for several months, and his muscles visibly increase in size. He also has calluses on his palms from the barbells. The increase in muscle size is due to ________, while the calluses are due to ________.
-anaplasia; hyperplasia
-hypertrophy; atrophy
-dysplasia; hypertrophy
-hypertrophy; hyperplasiahypertrophy; hyperplasiaCells actively involved in producing proteins would contain large numbers or quantities of ________.
-mitochondria
-rough endoplasmic reticulum
-nuclei
-peroxisomesRERChoose the correct statement regarding the structure of the plasma membrane.
-The hydrophobic center of the plasma membrane will restrict the movement of fat-soluble substances through the membrane.
-Carbohydrates in the plasma membrane can serve as a source of immediate energy for the cell.
-The membrane is composed of water-soluble molecules, to allow movement of water between the fluid compartments.
-The movement of proteins in the plasma membrane allows for cellular adaptations to the extracellular environment.the movement of proteins in the plasma membrane allows for cellular adaptations to the extracellular environmentAll body cells have a single, centralized nucleus.
-True
-FalsefalseCells with large numbers of microvilli on their apical surface are probably involved in ________.
-reabsorption of molecules, such as during the production of urine
-detoxification of chemicals
-secretion of neurotransmitters
-movement of the bodyreabsorption of molecules, such as during the production of urineCentrosomes replicate during ________.
-interphase
-telophase
-anaphase
-cytokinesisinterphaseCatalysts increase reaction rates by lowering the activation energy of a reaction.
-True
-FalsetrueA defect in the enzyme that catalyzes the formation of melanin from DOPA results in ________.
-maple-syrup disease
-lactose intolerance
-phenylketonuria
-albinismalbinismAbnormally high concentration of the BB form of creatine phosphokinase is associated with a myocardial infarction.
-true
-falsefalseA reducing agent donates electrons to a molecule.
-True
-FalsetrueChemically reduced FAD has ________ extra hydrogen atom(s) bound to it.
-3
-1
-2
-none2A common reducing agent used to couple chemical reactions in cells is ________.
-niacin
-FAD
-NADH
-riboflavinNADHDuring oxidation, a molecule or atom ________.
-loses electrons
-gains protons
-loses protons
-gains electronsloses electronsA reaction which uses water to break bonds between molecules would be catalyzed by a ________ enzyme.
-isomerase
-hydrolase
-synthase
-dehydrogenasehydrolaseA molecule that has just donated electrons ________.
-acted as a reducing agent
-acted as an oxidizing agent
-gave electrons to the reducing agent
-is now considered reducedacted as a reducing agentA chemical reaction rate can be increased by either ________ the temperature or ________ the activation energy.
-increasing; increasing
-increasing; decreasing
-decreasing; increasing
-decreasing; decreasingincreasing; decreasingAddition of phosphate groups to a particular molecule is catalyzed by ________.
-transaminases
-isomerases
-kinases
-phosphataseskinasesCellular respiration results in ________ in entropy as glucose is broken down to form carbon dioxide.
-no change
-a decrease
-an increasean increaseA deficiency of dietary copper could limit the activity of some enzymes.
-True
-FalsetrueChoose the statement that accurately describes why catalysts are biologically necessary.
-Catalysts increase the activation energy of large populations of molecules.
-Catalysts provide the heat necessary for molecules to reach activation energy.
-Catalysts make reactions go faster without cellular damage that would occur from heat.
-All cell processes would occur without catalysts, but catalysts optimize the reaction rates.catalysts make reactions go faster without cellular damage that would occur from heatAn enzyme-catalyzed reaction in the body at 50°C will proceed at a faster rate than at 37°C.
-True
-Falsetrue
