Developmental Psych Exam 1

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Dr. Fletcher is attempting to determine whether adult criminals were rule-breakers throughout their childhood or whether they suddenly turned to a life of crime. Her research is most concerned with which issue of human development?
a) universal versus context-specific development
b) biological versus sociocultural forces
c) continuity versus discontinuity
d) nature versus nurture
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Terms in this set (139)
Dr. Fletcher is attempting to determine whether adult criminals were rule-breakers throughout their childhood or whether they suddenly turned to a life of crime. Her research is most concerned with which issue of human development?
a) universal versus context-specific development
b) biological versus sociocultural forces
c) continuity versus discontinuity
d) nature versus nurture
c) continuity versus discontinuity
Neuroscience is the study of the brain and the nervous system in terms of brain-environmental relationships.
a) false
b) true
a) false
Tina is given a huge salary increase and is now able to get things for her children that they have always needed and move into a nicer home. Bronfenbrenner would state that this increase in the mother's salary is an example of the impact of the children's
a) macrosystem
b) mesosystem
c) exosystem
d) microsystem
c) exosystem
Multidirectionality, plasticity, historical context, and multiple causation are all key features of the ____ perspective.
a) psychosocial
b) ecological
c) life-span
d) cognitive-developmental
c) life-span
Which statement is not consistent with ethical research?
a) Minimize risks to subjects.
b) Subject responses should be confidential.
c) Give subjects the right to withdraw from the research without penalty.
d) Never tell subjects if they've been deceived.
d) Never tell subjects if they've been deceived.
Which method of measuring behavior is most likely to be used in combination with other behavioral measures?
a) physiological measures
b) naturalistic observation
c) self-reports
d) sampling behavior with tasks
a) physiological measures
Lotte is listening to a lecture in which her professor states, "Genetic and cultural factors are important, but they alone cannot explain the development of human beings." Lotte's professor seems to be supporting the
a) biopsychosocial framework
b) position that development is continuous
c) notion of universality
d) concept of discontinuity
a) biopsychosocial framework
Who would have the least amount of interest in children's thinking?
a) a Skinnerian theorist
b) a Vygotskian theorist
c) a Piagetian theorist
d) an information-processing theorist
a) a Skinnerian theorist
Carrie is most interested in studying adolescent behavior occurring at a high school prom. Which method is most likely to help her accomplish this goal?
a) self-report
b) structured observation
c) naturalistic observation
d) experiment
c) naturalistic observation
Whose theory is best associated with a life-span perspective emphasizing research on adult development?
a) Baltes
b) Bronfenbrenner
c) Bandura
d) Piaget
a) Baltes
You are doing a study to determine whether vaping nicotine prior to taking a psychology test affects performance on that test. What is the independent variable in your study? a) It depends on where the study is conducted. b) the participants in your study c) the psychology test d) vaping nicotined) vaping nicotineAccording to the American Psychological Association, researchers must a) minimize risk to participants b) pay participants if they are put at risk c) eliminate all risk to participants d) use deception if there are risks to participantsa) minimize risk to participantsBecause Dr. Bryant is interested in researching how people of different ages are affected by events, it would be most accurate to say that Dr. Bryant is most interested in studying ____ forces. a) psychological b) life-cycle c) sociocultural d) biologicalb) life-cycleBrandon's developmental psychology teacher believes human development is best conceptualized as progressing discontinuously through several qualitatively different stages of thinking. His instructor is likely a(n) a) ecological theorist b) social learning theorist c) Piagetian d) behavioristc) PiagetianAn advantage of cross-sectional studies is that they cannot be influenced by cohort effects. a) True b) Falseb) FalseWhich statement best exemplifies the basic premise of life-cycle forces? a) Unconscious desires are the basis for most human behavior. b) Biological forces play a small role once a person reaches puberty. c) Early experiences may influence behavior throughout one's development. d) The forces that influence human behavior are too complex to identify through empirical research.c) Early experiences may influence behavior throughout one's development.Dr. Link tries to help his students learn how to be independent learners by having them watch how other students can be successful by researching answers to possible test questions on their smartphones. Dr. Link is using principles of ____ to help his students. a) psychosocial theory b) operant conditioning c) cognitive-developmental theory d) social learning theoryd) social learning theoryPlasticity refers to the fact that as we develop, some of our skills grow and others decline. a) True b) Falseb) FalseHarvey is interested in doing a study to determine whether a relationship exists between participating in college athletics and self-efficacy for academic work. Because Harvey is not interested in determining a cause-and-effect relationship, he would be best advised to do a(n) ____study. a) cross-sectional b) naturalistic observation c) correlational d) experimentalc) correlationalWhen describing the development of his son Pitt, Brad says, "The best way to describe it is in terms of a slow computer with a small memory getting a faster processor and more storage space." This type of description would suggest that Brad adheres to a(n) ____ approach to development. a) ecological theory b) Piagetian c) information-processing d) operant conditioningc) information-processingDr. Mitchell is very interested in how individual participants' behaviors change over time. If she wants to study this, she'll have to do a(n) ____study. a) longitudinal b) cross-sectional c) naturalistic observation d) experimentala) longitudinalJulianna is interested in studying how family relationships affect development. Julianna is probably most interested in studying ____ influences. a) biological b) sociocultural c) non-normative d) psychologicalb) socioculturalWhen asked to explain why teenage gang membership is rising, Dr. Yale responds, "Generally speaking, these children are driven by conflicts between what they wish to do and what society wishes them to do." It is most likely that Dr. Yale would be a proponent of ____ theory. a) cognitive-developmental b) social cognitive c) ecological d) psychodynamicd) psychodynamicShuntelle is interested in studying the relationship between self-esteem and school grades. She wants to be able to quantify this relationship but wants to avoid any ethical concerns regarding the manipulation of these variables. What sort of method is the best option for Shuntelle? a) correlational b) natural observation c) experiment d) physiologicala) correlationalA researcher has a hypothesis that hostility toward women is created by viewing pornography. If the researcher does an experiment to test this, what would be the independent variable? a) being placed in a control group b) the viewing of pornography c) scores on a "hostility toward women" scale d) the sex of the subjectsb) the viewing of pornographyWhich problem is least associated with longitudinal research? a) Participants may improve on the tests by taking them multiple times. b) Participants may choose not to continue. c) It is expensive to keep collecting data on a large number of participants. d) It is difficult to generalize results to the larger population.d) It is difficult to generalize results to the larger population.Which term does not belong in this group? a) environmental b) hereditary c) experiential d) nurtureb) hereditaryJamaal is a second-grade teacher who notices that his students behave differently from the fourth-graders during recess. He comes up with several connected ideas to explain why the two groups behave differently. Jamaal 's ideas would best be described as a(n) ____. a) theory b) mesosystem c) experiment d) studya) theoryDuring prenatal development, the arm develops before the fingers. This most illustrates the ____ principle. a) Premack b) coefficient c) cephalocaudal d) proximodistald) proximodistalAlisha is in for her weekly prenatal check-up. Her OB/GYN physician is going over some potential environmental threats to her baby. Describe any three principles the doctor might discuss with Alisha that govern how teratogens could affect her baby's development.- depends on the genotype of the organism - changes over the course of prenatal development - each teratogen affects a specific aspect (or aspects) of prenatal development - depends on the dose - damage not always evident at birth but may appear later in lifeThe developing human organism that has just become completely embedded in the wall of the uterus is called the a) amnion. b) fetus. c) zygote. d) embryo.d) embryo.When the chromosomes in a pair are the same, they are said to be heterozygous. a) True b) Falseb) FalseWhich physical characteristic is most indicative of an individual with Down syndrome? a) An enlarged head b) A fold of skin over each eyelid c) A long neck d) A larger nose than same-age peersb) A fold of skin over each eyelidDamage to cells in the embryo's ____ layer would be most likely to result in the development of a defective digestive system. a) endoderm b) placenta c) ectoderm d) mesoderma) endodermA knowledgeable nutritionist would tell a pregnant person that, in order to reduce the risk of having a baby born with spina bifida, they need to make sure to ingest an adequate amount of a) vitamin A. b) iron. c) vitamin E. d) folic acid.d) folic acid.How many of the following are potential teratogens: aspirin, nicotine, cocaine, and caffeine? a) one b) two c) three d) fourd) fourWhich best exemplifies the concept of incomplete dominance? a) An individual with two alleles for baldness who has long hair b) An individual with two alleles for shyness who is shy c) An individual with one allele for obesity and another for thinness who is of average weight d) An individual with a single allele for aggression who is violentc) An individual with one allele for obesity and another for thinness who is of average weightWhat combination would result in a boy? a) A 17th pair of chromosomes with one X and one Y b) A 23rd pair of chromosomes with one X and one Y c) A 17th pair of chromosomes with two Xs d) A 23rd pair of chromosomes with two Xsb) A 23rd pair of chromosomes with one X and one YIf Agnieszka found out that she was conceived through in vitro fertilization, she would know for certain that a) she was conceived in a Petri dish. b) he was conceived inside a fallopian tube. c) her biological parents were not the same as the parents who reared her. d) the woman who carried her as a baby was not the woman who reared her.a) she was conceived in a Petri dish.A teratogen is any agent that a) results in abnormal prenatal development. b) enhances the flow of oxygen across the placental barrier. c) decreases the chances of having a child with a genetic disorder. d) inhibits the impact of drugs on the developing embryo.a) results in abnormal prenatal development.One key purpose of the amniotic fluid is to a) provide the embryo with nutrients. b) stimulate development of neurotransmitters. c) screen the flow of blood between mother and embryo. d) maintain a constant temperature for the embryo.d) maintain a constant temperature for the embryo.Kyoko is 5 feet, 11 inches tall, plays tennis, and is an all-around nice person. This is a description of Kyoko's a) allele. b) genotype. c) homozygosity. d) phenotype.d) phenotype.The uniting of the egg and sperm (conception) typically takes place in the a) uterus. b) testes. c) fallopian tube. d) ovary.c) fallopian tube.Julio and Kari are babies who are the same age but very different from each other. Julio has the ability to focus his attention on a task, while Kari is very easily distracted. Julio and Kari differ on which dimension of temperament? a) Activity b) Negative affect c) Effortful control d) Surgencyc) Effortful controlIf Tori is a proponent of dynamic systems theory, then you know that she is most interested in a) the cerebral cortex. b) crawling and stepping. c) language development. d) temperament.b) crawling and stepping.Which statement concerning co-sleeping is accurate? a) It is most effective in cultures that value child self-reliance. b) It can facilitate breastfeeding. c) It seems to negatively affect child-parent bonding. d) It is done exclusively with mom.b) It can facilitate breastfeeding.Which is considered a pictorial cue to depth? a) Visual expansion b) Texture gradient c) Retinal disparity d) Motion parallaxb) Texture gradientSynaptic pruning significantly increases the number of neural connections in the brain. a) True b) Falseb) FalseAlthough they are often unsuccessful in getting the food into their mouths, many children first begin to experiment with finger foods around age a) 2 months. b) 6 months. c) 10 months. d) 14 months.b) 6 months.Which is the best example of differentiation? a) Jimmy's legs have matured to the point where he is capable of walking. b) Tommy learns how to grasp a spoon before he can successfully use it to eat. c) Lisa combines reaching, grasping, and wrist rotation and successfully uses a spoon to eat. d) Rebecca learns how to swim before she learns to walk.b) Tommy learns how to grasp a spoon before he can successfully use it to eat.Infants tend to be able to a) hear tones lower than the human speech range better than adults. b) hear tones higher than the human speech range better than adults. c) pick out a sound from background noise, though not as skillfully as adults. d) all of these are correctc) pick out a sound from background noise, though not as skillfully as adults.Bruce and Wayne are twins. They are both assessed with Rothbart's three dimensions of temperament. Bruce scored low on surgency/extroversion and Wayne scored high. Bruce scored low on negative affect and Wayne scored high. Bruce scored high on effortful control and Wayne scored low. Given this information, how would you describe the characteristics displayed by each of the twins.?Bruce is not generally happy, active, and vocal and does not actively seek out stimulation, but Wayne is and does. Bruce is not generally angry, fearful, frustrated, and shy and is easily soothed, but Wayne is generally described as those things and is not easily soothed. Bruce tends to focus attention well, is not readily distracted, and can inhibit responses, while Wayne is the opposite. He does not focus attention well, is readily distracted, and cannot inhibit responses.Winchester notices that every time he touches his newborn son's cheek, the infant turns his head and tries to suck. This behavior demonstrates the ____ reflex. a) withdrawal b) Moro c) rooting d) Babinskic) rootingPain cries can usually be differentiated from basic or mad cries by their a) intensity. b) sudden onset. c) time of occurrence. d) relationship to REM.b) sudden onset.Amanda's baby is awake and squirming around, oblivious to anything happening around her. Amanda's baby is most likely in the ____ state. a) alert inactivity b) crying c) waking activity d) REMc) waking activityWhat would be the best example of a fine motor skill? a) Crawling b) Feeding yourself with a spoon c) Running in a race d) Climbing to the top of a large hillb) Feeding yourself with a spoon____ is (are) a fatty substance that surrounds the axon of a neuron. a) The corpus callosum b) The neural plate c) Cones d) Myelind) MyelinExperience does not influence brain development. a) True b) Falseb) FalseWhich result would not support the idea that genes play a significant role in behavior? a) Finding dizygotic twins to be more similar than monozygotic twins b) Finding children to be more similar to their biological parents than to their adoptive parents c) Finding similarities between biological siblings d) Finding monozygotic twins to be more similar than pairs of unrelated individualsa) Finding dizygotic twins to be more similar than monozygotic twinsThe embryo is connected to the uterus via the fallopian tube. a) True b) Falseb) FalseWhich event is characteristic of the period of the fetus? a) The first beat of the heart b) The first neural activity in the neocortex c) The significant growth in the cerebral cortex d) The attachment of the umbilical cord to the placentac) The significant growth in the cerebral cortexWhich period is not considered part of prenatal development? a) Period of the fetus b) Period of the zygote c) Period of the neonate d) Period of the embryoc) Period of the neonatePhysicians are currently able to correct spina bifida at around the seventh or eighth month of pregnancy using a) genetic engineering. b) fetal surgery. c) chorionic villus sampling. d) ultrasound.b) fetal surgery.Jen is 20 years old, pregnant, and eats well, but she is under a lot of prolonged, extreme stress. Her friend Angelina, who is also pregnant, is 42 years old and has a very poor diet, but is under little stress. What prediction could you make concerning the postbirth health of each of these women's babies?Jen, being in her 20s and having good nutrition, should give birth to a baby that fairs well. Prolonged, extreme stress, however, can lead to premature birth or low birth weight babies, which brings up new problems of its own. What we know about premature and low birth weight babies tells us that Jen's child may lag behind for the first year or so but should develop normally and "catch up" by age 2 or 3. Angelina, being over 40 years old and not having proper nutrition, has two risks to the postbirth health of her infant, meaning that her baby will fair more poorly than Jen's more than likely. Being over 40, her baby is at a greater risk of miscarriage/stillbirth and Down Syndrome. Not eating a balanced diet can affect her baby in many ways, depending on what she is lacking. Effects can include impairment to spinal cord development, the ability to make hemoglobin, and the ability to develop strong teeth, bones, a healthy heart, muscles, and nerves, as well as other things.If tallness is dominant and designated as "T," and shortness is recessive and designated as "s," who would likely be short? a) Blake, who is "sT" b) Adam, who is "Ts" c) Alicia, who is "ss" d) Miley, who is "TT"c) Alicia, who is "ss"An individual with phenylketonuria is born without a key _______________ enzyme required for normal development.liverIdentify one disease, one drug, and an environmental hazard that is known to negatively impact prenatal development. Be sure to describe the specific impact of each teratogen.One disease that is known to negatively impact prenatal development is AIDS. AIDS impacts development through frequent infections, neurological disorders, and even death. One drug that is known to negatively impact prenatal development is Aspirin. Aspirin produces deficits in intelligence, attention, and motor skills. An environmental hazard that is known to negatively impact prenatal development is Mercury. Mercury leads to retarded growth, mental retardation, and cerebral palsy.The functional units of heredity are a) genes. b) neurotransmitters produced in the brain. c) phenotypes. d) basic chemical compounds that form the single helix of a DNA molecule.a) genes.John and Wayne have the exact same genes. This indicates that they must be a) dizygotic twins. b) monozygotic twins. c) heterozygous. d) co-dominant.b) monozygotic twins.Damage from teratogens is sometimes not evident until later in life. a) True b) Falsea) TrueThe first 22 pairs of chromosomes are called _______________.autosomesWhen Mia uses motion to determine the depth of an object, she is using a ____ cue. a) pictorial b) retinal disparity c) kinetic d) visual expansionc) kineticWhere are neurotransmitters stored until they are released? a) Terminal buttons b) Cell bodies c) Myelin d) The neural platea) Terminal buttonsA ____ is best described as any unlearned response triggered by a specific form of stimulation. a) reflex b) thought c) theory of mind d) memorya) reflexWhich person is most likely experiencing the most rapid physical growth? a) Jose, who is 18 months old b) Sean, who is 6 years old c) Rudolf, who is just reaching puberty d) Elias, who is 19 years olda) Jose, who is 18 months oldIf Donna is a normal 3-year-old, her definition of herself will consist largely of her a) beliefs. b) feelings. c) family. d) possessions.d) possessions.According to dynamic systems theory, once motor skills are originally organized, they do not change. a) True b) Falseb) FalseCody slips his little finger into the hand of his newborn infant, who immediately grasps onto it. The infant is exhibiting the ____ reflex. a) Moro b) stepping c) rooting d) Palmard) PalmarTomomi has mastered balancing, stepping, and the perceptual skills necessary to negotiate her way around. Putting all these skills together to enable her to walk is a process called a) integration. b) differentiation. c) retinal disparity. d) perception.a) integration.If a baby is breastfed, it is more likely to a) transition to solid food more easily. b) be constipated. c) be ill. d) be exposed to contaminants.a) transition to solid food more easily.Dr. Gribble has completed an Apgar assessment of newborn baby boy Noah. Noah's father is informed by Dr. Gribble that the Apgar assessment score is a 7. As a person who understands the scoring system, he would most likely a) panic, as this may indicate that his son is in a life-threatening state and needs immediate medical attention. b) be somewhat concerned, as this score would indicate at least some minor distress. c) be very happy, as a 7 indicates a baby in good physical condition. d) be confused, as Apgar scores must fall between -1.0 and +1.0.c) be very happy, as a 7 indicates a baby in good physical condition.A mad cry is a more intense version of a basic cry. a) True b) Falsea) TrueUNICEF, WHO, and The World Bank (2016) collectively estimate that about one in ____ children under age 5 suffers from malnutrition. a) four b) six c) eight d) tena) fourAn information-processing theorist would most likely conceptualize all built-in neural structures that assist the operations of the mind as a) mental hardware. b) private speech. c) mental software. d) psychodynamic mechanisms.a) mental hardware.How did Piaget and Vygotsky view the "journey" of cognitive development? a) Both saw children as making the journey alone. b) Piaget saw the journey as involving an apprenticeship driven by collaboration with others, while Vygotsky saw children as making the journey alone. c) Vygotsky saw the journey as involving an apprenticeship driven by collaboration with others, while Piaget saw children as making the journey alone. d) Both saw the journey as involving an apprenticeship driven by collaboration with others.c) Vygotsky saw the journey as involving an apprenticeship driven by collaboration with others, while Piaget saw children as making the journey alone.While visiting a zoo, 5-month-old Leo is frightened by a roaring lion and starts to cry. By the time Leo is 1 year old, he appears to have forgotten this event and actually enjoys movies with lions. Based on memory research, how might you get Leo to exhibit the original fear response? a) Show him a picture of a lion. b) Bring him back to the zoo. c) Have one of his brothers roar like a lion. d) There is nothing you can do to generate the pervious reaction.b) Bring him back to the zoo.When dealing with young infants, why is infant-directed speech preferred over normal adult speech? a) Infants have an easier time producing infant-directed speech. b) Infants pay more attention to infant-directed speech. c) Infants prefer the rapid pace of infant-directed speech. d) Infants like infant-directed speech because it lacks the confusing changes of pitch found in normal adult speech.b) Infants pay more attention to infant-directed speech.Bob is a normally developing 18-month-old. According to Piaget, Bob is most likely in the ____ period of cognitive development. a) formal operational b) sensorimotor c) concrete operational d) preoperationalb) sensorimotorWhich child (identified here by player name) is most likely using private speech while playing a video game? a) n0thing, who is practicing a very easy level in the game b) autimatic, who is not making any mistakes and successfully completing more challenging levels in the game. c) Stewie2k, who is playing a new, difficult level for the first time d) Skadoodle, who is already replaying the game to see how fast it can be completed.c) Stewie2k, who is playing a new, difficult level for the first timeWhen Noam bumps into a table, he says to it, "You bumped into me because you're mean." Noam is exhibiting a) the cardinality principle. b) animism. c) irreversibility. d) egocentrism.b) animism.Piaget used the term ____ to describe the process by which new experiences are easily incorporated into existing schemes. a) accommodation b) scaffolding c) assimilation d) secondaryc) assimilationWhich statement best exemplifies the concept of essentialism? a) "The purpose of popcorn is to make kids happy when they are at the movies." b) "If your parent says 'no,' then you should not do it." c) "A monkey raised by people will become a human." d) "Fish have a special 'fishiness' that allows them to breathe underwater."d) "Fish have a special 'fishiness' that allows them to breathe underwater."Preschoolers who watch the television show Dora the Explorer have been shown to ____ in kindergarten than children who have not watched the show. a) be less social b) be more violent c) have larger vocabularies d) have less inner speechc) have larger vocabulariesThe processes in which children acquire new words at such a speed that they cannot be considering all meanings for the new word is called a) telegraphic speech. b) quick time. c) habituation d) fast mapping.d) fast mapping.Piaget is often criticized for overestimating the impact of sociocultural factors on cognitive development. a) True b) Falseb) FalseWhich best exemplifies intersubjectivity? a) The fact that identical twins sometimes appear to know what the other twin is thinking b) The fact that most students who are good at math are also good at English c) The fact that all members of the soccer team know that the main point is to kick a ball into a goal d) The fact that culture influences thought and thought influences culturec) The fact that all members of the soccer team know that the main point is to kick a ball into a goalBaby Lee has just discovered that banging on a big pot produces a loud sound. He then decides to bang on a small pot to see what happens. A Piagetian would predict that such active experimentation with the environment would be most likely to first emerge in a child who is a) 24 hours old. b) 24 days old. c) 12 months old. d) 24 months old.c) 12 months old.Memory research suggests that a) at 3 months, infants start to successfully remember events that occurred several days before. b) infants seldom forget past events over time. c) "reminders" do not enhance infant memory. d) at 6 months, infants start to successfully remember events that occurred several days before.a) at 3 months, infants start to successfully remember events that occurred several days before.Research shows that as early as 2 months of age, infants can recall past events. a) True b) Falsea) TrueWhich is a legitimate criticism of Piaget's theory? a) Too much emphasis on unconscious thoughts b) Too much emphasis on children as "computing machines" (complete with software) c) Not enough emphasis on sociocultural influences d) Not enough emphasis on stages of developmentc) Not enough emphasis on sociocultural influencesJeanne has just learned to talk and often says things like "I want it," "Come here," or "Where did he go?" Jeanne is exhibiting a) infant-directed speech. b) an expressive style. c) a referential style. d) babbling.b) an expressive style.An expressive style vocabulary consists of many names for people, objects, and actions. a) True b) Falseb) FalseWhen 5-year-old Monarch says, "Butterflies exist to make the world more beautiful for people to look at," she is providing a great example of a) the core knowledge hypothesis. b) a teleological explanation. c) an orienting response. d) intersubjectivity.b) a teleological explanation.Seven-month-old LeBron appears to possess a sense of "naïve physics." Which of LeBron's actions would indicate that he does possess this sense? a) His surprise when he sees a basketball go through a hoop b) His surprise when he drops a ball and it falls to the floor c) His surprise when he hears his dad cheering while watching a basketball game on television d) His surprise when a basketball appears to be hanging in mid-air when it is not attached to a string or other supporting deviced) His surprise when a basketball appears to be hanging in mid-air when it is not attached to a string or other supporting deviceScaffolding involves a teaching style in which assistance is always a) from peers. b) nonverbal. c) done in informal settings. d) based on the level of the learner's needs.d) based on the level of the learner's needs.Barry walks up to his 9-month-old son and says (very slowly and with major fluctuations in his voice's pitch and loudness), "Ohhhhhhhhh, are you Daddy's little baaaaaaaby?" Barry is illustrating a) scaffolding. b) telegraphic speech. c) overextension. d) infant-directed speech.d) infant-directed speech.Preoperational children often think in a manner consistent with the idea that appearance is reality. a) True b) Falsea) TrueWhy do children in Asian countries like China or Japan tend to recall less from their early years than children from North American countries? a) They are actively encouraged to not dwell on their pasts. b) They are not given the same amount of opportunities to talk with parents about past events. c) They have slightly different brains that are less effective at autobiographical memory but superior in procedural memory. d) They have a less "rich" childhood since they come from such poor countries.b) They are not given the same amount of opportunities to talk with parents about past events.Francesca does a pretty good job of completing spelling problems but does much better if she is given direction by her teacher. The difference between what Francesca can do alone and with assistance is best defined in terms of her a) orienting response. b) animism. c) one-to-one principle. d) zone of proximal development.d) zone of proximal development.Phonological memory is defined as the ability to recall a visual image after the passage of time. a) True b) Falseb) FalseDr. Eco has a strong belief that global warming is a theoretical myth. In recent years, however, the increased rate of polar ice cap melt has forced him to alter his theory, and he is now a strong advocate against greenhouse pollutants. A Piagetian would most likely describe Dr. Eco's theoretical conversion in terms of a) the one-to-one principle. b) overextension. c) equilibration. d) abstract thinking.c) equilibration.Piagetians believe that an average child would first demonstrate the onset of intentional behavior when he or she is approximately a) 18 hours old. b) 8 weeks old. c) 8 months old. d) 18 months old.c) 8 months old.Infants rarely become attached to their fathers. a) True b) Falseb) FalseWhich is the best advice for parents wishing to socialize altruistic behavior in their child? a) Don't model altruism. b) Don't force altruistic behavior by threat. c) Don't provide opportunities to practice altruism. d) Don't believe that parenting behavior can impact altruismb) Don't force altruistic behavior by threat.Which normally developing child would be most likely to have just begun to experience the emotion of anger? a) Aaron, who is 5 days old b) Eli, who is 5 months old c) Tom, who is 15 months old d) Cam, who is 5 years oldb) Eli, who is 5 months oldDavid is a 5-year-old who knows that he is a boy, and that he is a boy whether he's playing with his toys or his sister's toys. This indicates that David has developed a) prosocial behavior. b) gender stability. c) cooperative play. d) social roles.b) gender stability.Gender-role stereotypes involve beliefs that a) are never true. b) are always true. c) are always true, but only in a specific culture. d) are sometimes true.d) are sometimes true.Which finding is not consistent with research studies of sex differences? a) Males are more aggressive. b) Males are more likely to comply with the directions of adults. c) Females are less likely to have language-related problems. d) Females have larger vocabularies.b) Males are more likely to comply with the directions of adults.In the Strange Situation test, a(n) ____ remains alone in a room with an infant. a) mother b) observer c) stranger d) second infantc) strangerOne-year-old Mathieu is afraid of the dog because he saw his father react with fear to the same dog. Which term best explains why Mathieu is afraid? a) Stranger wariness b) Social referencing c) Complex emotions d) Avoidant attachmentb) Social referencingWhich aspect of a local daycare's advertisement would be inconsistent with your text's description of quality day care? a) child-to-caregiver ratios b) Daycare workers are well trained c) New, energetic staff each day d) High level of communication between daycare workers and parentsc) New, energetic staff each dayOn average, boys are ____ than girls. a) better able to express emotions b) less aggressive c) better at spatial tasks d) more readily influenced by othersc) better at spatial tasksNathan is feeling guilty about sending his 18-month-old off to day care. Assuming Nathan is sending his daughter to a quality day care center, should he be worried? a) Yes. Children younger than two who are in day care experience far more negative effects than positive effects. b) Yes, but only because his child is female. c) No, as long as Nathan provides "good fathering" when he's with the child at home. d) No, because daycare makes children more cooperative.c) No, as long as Nathan provides "good fathering" when he's with the child at home.What advice should you give to a parent who wants his or her 2-month-old to form a secure attachment? a) "Be responsive and caring." b) "Avoid discipline." c) "Just be yourself." d) "Don't bottle-feed."a) "Be responsive and caring."A secure infant attachment predicts ____ during later childhood. a) greater intelligence b) more capable peer interactions c) greater independence d) nothingb) more capable peer interactionsAltruistic behavior involves an expectation of a reward. a) True b) Falseb) FalseJuanita is a typical 6-month-old. How is she most likely to regulate her emotions if she sees a scary object? a) She will look away from the object. b) She will make a sad face. c) She will stare back and try to frighten the object away. d) She will make no attempt to regulate her emotions.a) She will look away from the object.We would know that 2-month-old Brenda is exhibiting a social smile when she smiles in response to a) waking up from a nap. b) seeing her mother's face. c) finishing a meal. d) a cat's tail brushing up against her.b) seeing her mother's face.When infants look to a parent to get cues about whether or not a new situation is safe, they are exhibiting social referencing. a) True b) Falsea) TrueWhich statement is true regarding basic emotions? a) They are experienced by people in all cultures. b) They have a self-evaluative component. c) Most of them begin to develop after 12 months. d) They are not reflected in facial expressions.a) They are experienced by people in all cultures.Complex emotions differ from basic emotions in that complex emotions require some understanding of a) self. b) biology. c) waking states. d) purpose.a) self.When Adam walks into the dark basement, he feels afraid but is able to calm himself down by saying to himself, "Don't be afraid. There's nothing down here that can hurt you." Apparently, Adam is successfully a) engaging in solitary play. b) expressing complex emotions. c) regulating his emotions. d) utilizing social referencing.c) regulating his emotions.Erikson suggested that a proper balance between trust and mistrust can result in the acquisition of hope. a) True b) Falsea) TrueSocial smiles tend to be in response to seeing another human's face. a) True b) Falsea) TrueFranklin and Benjamin are pretending to be transformers. Franklin is pretending to be Optimus, and Benjamin is pretending to be Megatron. What sort of interaction does this exemplify? a) Parallel play b) Cooperative play c) Simple social play d) Constricting actionsb) Cooperative playTony is playing with his ball, and Pepper is playing with her doll, but they are each watching what the other is doing. Tony and Pepper are most likely involved in a) cooperative play. b) parallel play. c) simple social play. d) prosocial behavior.b) parallel play.Which baby is most likely to be insecurely attached? a) Joey, whose parents play with him frequently b) Monica, whose parents are very affectionate toward her c) Phoebe, whose parents tend to not respond to her crying d) Chandler, whose parents often express happiness toward himc) Phoebe, whose parents tend to not respond to her cryingWhich child is most likely to act altruistically toward Gaston, who is having a very difficult time learning how to skate? a) Maurice, who is not very good at skating b) Belle, who is feeling happy c) LeFou, who was yelled at by the rink attendant only minutes ago d) Agathe, who would have to miss her only ride home in order to help Gastonb) Belle, who is feeling happyChildren typically begin to exhibit simple social play around ____ months of age. a) 18 b) 28 c) 38 d) 48a) 18