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US1H- chapters 1-4 & terms

Terms in this set (165)

In the late fifteenth century, the desire in Europe to look for new lands was spurred in part by

A. a desire to escape the Black Death.
B. the declining political power of many monarchs.
C. significant population growth.
D. the absence of a merchant class.
E. the expansion of feudalism.
C. significant population growth.
Christopher Columbus

A. was a man of little ambition.
B. thought the world was much smaller than it is in reality.
C. believed that Asia could only be reached by sailing east.
D. was trained as a sailor through his long service to Italy.
E. believed the Americas consisted of a few islands.
B. thought the world was much smaller than it is in reality.
What factor is believed to have dramatically reduced New World native populations after contact with Europeans?

A. disease
B. starvation
C. religious conversion
D. war
E. enslavement
A. disease
African and American Indian societies tended to be matrilineal, which means

A. people traced their heredity through their mothers.
B. women were in control of the social institutions.
C. only mothers could act as political leaders.
D. only women could be the heads of families.
E. men could not inherit property.
A. people traced their heredity through their mothers.
In what chronological order, from earliest to latest, did European countries control the African slave trade?

A. the English, the Dutch, the Portuguese
B. the Portuguese, the Spanish, the Dutch
C. the English, the Spanish, the Dutch
D. the Portuguese, the Dutch, the English
E. the Dutch, the English, the Spanish
D. the Portuguese, the Dutch, the English
What condition(s) in England in the sixteenth century provided incentive for colonization?

A. The demand for wool was declining, while the population was growing.
B. Pasture land was being converted to crop production, while the population was declining.
C. The availability of farmland was declining, while the population was growing.
D. Both the food supply and the population were declining.
E. Both the food supply and the population were increasing.
C. The availability of farmland was declining, while the population was growing.
Which statement regarding the economic theory of mercantilism is FALSE?

A. Its principles spread throughout Europe in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.
B. It reduced the desire for nations to acquire and maintain colonies.
C. It assumed that exporting goods was preferable to importing goods.
D. It presumed that the world's wealth was finite.
E. It increased competition among nations.
B. It reduced the desire for nations to acquire and maintain colonies.
In England during the early sixteenth century, mercantilism thrived mostly on the basis of trade in which commodity?

A. spices
B. lumber
C. slaves
D. corn
E. wool
E. wool
At the beginning of the seventeenth century, the already festering English Puritan discontent was increased by

A. the end of rule by the Stuarts.
B. the rising influence of Quakers within the English church.
C. the suppression of English Catholics.
D. the death of Queen Elizabeth.
E. Queen Elizabeth's promotion of English theater.
D. the death of Queen Elizabeth.
England's first experience with colonization came in

A. Africa.
B. Canada.
C. Ireland.
D. North America.
E. the Caribbean.
C. Ireland.
Which statement about French colonization in the New World is FALSE?

A. The French often lived among the natives and married Indian women.
B. French settlers exercised an influence disproportionate to their numbers.
C. The French were more likely than the English to press inland.
D. The French colonial economy was based on an extensive fur trade.
E. The French, like the English, tried to remain separate from native peoples.
E. The French, like the English, tried to remain separate from native peoples.
The first permanent English settlement in the New World was established in

A. Jamestown.
B. Roanoke.
C. Raleigh.
D. Boston.
E. Plymouth.
A. Jamestown.
One important consequence of the defeat of the Spanish Armada was that

A. England found the seas more open to their control.
B. the Reformation extended into Spain.
C. Spain was forced to relinquish its New World empire.
D. Catholicism was swept from western Europe.
E. France came to dominate Spain.
A. England found the seas more open to their control.
The colony of Virginia was named in honor of

A. Virginia Dare.
B. Queen Mary.
C. Queen Elizabeth.
D. Humphrey Gilbert.
E. Walter Raleigh.
C. Queen Elizabeth.
The cause of the failure of the Roanoke colony

A. was the death of the colony's governor.
B. was a severe food shortage.
C. was a virulent malarial epidemic.
D. is historically inconclusive.
E. deterred the English from another colonizing effort for forty years.
D. is historically inconclusive.
Which of the following does NOT describe the site chosen for the Jamestown settlement?

A. It bordered the territories of powerful Indian tribes.
B. It was inaccessible by ship.
C. It was low and swampy and subject to outbreaks of malaria.
D. It was located on a peninsula.
E. It was inland so as to offer security from natives.
B. It was inaccessible by ship.
The initial Jamestown colonists focused primarily on

A. converting the local Indians to Christianity.
B. the search for gold.
C. developing peaceful relations with the Indians in the area.
D. the long-term success of the settlement.
E. building a family-centered community.
B. the search for gold.
Captain John Smith helped the Jamestown settlement survive by

A. imposing work and order on the colonists.
B. dividing decision-making authority among the colonists to improve morale.
C. waging all-out war with the local Indians.
D. introducing tobacco to the colonists.
E. importing African slaves to rebuild the fort.
A. imposing work and order on the colonists.
The "starving time" in Jamestown during the winter of 1609-1610 was partly the result of

A. an influx of rats from settlers' ships that ate much of the stored grains.
B. a barricade set up by the Indians, which kept the colonists from hunting and cultivating food inland.
C. the extermination of the Indians who used to grow crops.
D. the sinking of the colonists' supply ship in the Atlantic.
E. a drought that led to crop failures.
B. a barricade set up by the Indians, which kept the colonists from hunting and cultivating food inland.
The first profitable economic development in Jamestown resulted from

A. the cultivation of cotton.
B. the discovery of gold and silver.
C. development of fisheries and lumber.
D. fur trade with the Indians.
E. the production of tobacco.
E. the production of tobacco.
The cultivation of tobacco around Jamestown resulted in all the following EXCEPT

A. improved relations with the local Indians.
B. the search for new sources of labor.
C. rising prosperity for the colony.
D. the rapid wearing out of the soil.
E. the expansion of European settlement into the interior.
A. improved relations with the local Indians.
The Virginia Company developed the "headright system" to

A. require families to migrate together.
B. raise revenue from the sale of land.
C. discourage poor people from moving to the colony.
D. cause conflict among the neighboring Indian tribes.
E. attract new settlers to the colony.
E. attract new settlers to the colony.
Which of the following statements best characterizes the first years of Jamestown's existence?

A. A majority of its colonists enjoyed significant economic success.
B. The settlement was often assaulted by Spanish invaders.
C. The settlement was notable for its toleration of political freedom.
D. The settlement survived despite an enormous loss of life.
E. The settlement was notable for its peaceful relations with local Indians.
D. The settlement survived despite an enormous loss of life.
When the House of Burgesses was created in Virginia in 1619,

A. it gave settlers full political control of their colony.
B. colonists were given a share of local political representation.
C. landowning women colonists were allowed to vote.
D. it recommended that Virginia declare independence from England.
E. it put an end to a violent uprising by disgruntled colonists.
B. colonists were given a share of local political representation.
The first blacks imported to Virginia in 1619

A. may have been considered indentured servants by the colonists.
B. sparked an immediate rapid stream of African slaves to the British colonies.
C. followed Indians into slavery.
D. were preferred to European indentured servants.
E. arrived as independent landowners.
A. may have been considered indentured servants by the colonists.
The Powhatan Indian Pocahontas

A. was kidnapped by John Rolfe.
B. married Englishman John Smith.
C. refused to convert to Christianity.
D. was the cause of a war between the Powhatan Indians and Virginian colonists.
E. created an interest in England in "civilizing" Indians.
E. created an interest in England in "civilizing" Indians.
Warfare between Englishmen and Powhatan Indians in Virginia

A. was first triggered by the kidnapping of Pocahontas.
B. continued without interruption until the early eighteenth century.
C. was primarily a result of religious tensions between natives and settlers.
D. was uncommon until the early eighteenth century.
E. included an Indian attack on Jamestown that killed hundreds of colonists.
E. included an Indian attack on Jamestown that killed hundreds of colonists.
The Virginia Company

A. had its charter revoked by James I.
B. was absorbed by the crown because it was becoming too powerful.
C. never sanctioned military action against the Native Americans of Virginia.
D. deeply opposed the importation of Africans to the colonies.
E. found most of its Virginia ventures to be very profitable.
A. had its charter revoked by James I.
In its beginning, the Maryland colony

A. was a refuge for English Catholics.
B. experienced considerable conflict with nearby French settlers.
C. was led by Captain John Smith.
D. allowed no Protestant settlers.
E. experienced tremendous warfare with local Indians.
A. was a refuge for English Catholics.
Which of the following statements regarding Sir William Berkeley is FALSE?

A. He sent explorers across the Blue Ridge Mountains.
B. He encouraged Virginia to develop westward.
C. His relations with Indians were violent and bloody.
D. He was a dominant political figure in Virginia for more than three decades.
E. He extended political representation for frontier settlers.
E. He extended political representation for frontier settlers.
By 1670, political representation for colonists in Virginia

A. favored western counties over eastern counties.
B. expanded to include landholding black men.
C. had grown more restrictive.
D. was open to all white men over the age of twenty-one.
E. involved elections taking place every two years.
C. had grown more restrictive.
Bacon's Rebellion

A. was a conflict between eastern and western political forces in Virginia.
B. saw the royal governor of Virginia forced to resign.
C. spread throughout several colonies.
D. spelled the demise of the Virginia Company.
E. carried on for several years.
A. was a conflict between eastern and western political forces in Virginia.
The suppression of Bacon's Rebellion helped spur

A. calls for independence from England.
B. tobacco production.
C. slavery in Virginia.
D. European investment.
E. the triangular trade.
C. slavery in Virginia.
In 1608, Puritan Separatists that left England

A. could not legally do so without the king's permission.
B. were encouraged by the Church of England to emigrate.
C. emigrated quietly to northern France.
D. chartered a colony in Plymouth.
E. sought refuge in Virginia.
A. could not legally do so without the king's permission.
In 1620, the Puritan Pilgrims who came to North America

A. hoped to create their ideal close-knit Christian community.
B. enjoyed a particularly mild winter their first year.
C. came over the objections of the Virginia colony.
D. were seeking to escape military service in England.
E. intended to settle at Cape Cod.
A. hoped to create their ideal close-knit Christian community.
During the early years, the survival and growth of the Plymouth colony

A. was due in large part to the assistance of the natives.
B. led the colonists to grow rich from the surrounding productive farmlands.
C. was critically important for trade routes with Jamestown to the south.
D. nevertheless saw two-thirds of its population die.
E. saw the colonists carry out warfare that wiped out much of the local Indian population.
A. was due in large part to the assistance of the natives.
King Charles I's treatment of Puritans could be characterized as

A. unlikely to involve imprisonment for religious beliefs.
B. relatively tolerant.
C. more likely to advance Puritan thought in England.
D. governed by economic motives.
E. extremely hostile.
E. extremely hostile.
The Puritan merchants who founded the Massachusetts Bay colony

A. established their capital in Salem.
B. were given their colonial charter by Charles II.
C. took over what had been a royal colony.
D. were led by Miles Standish.
E. carried out the largest single migration in the seventeenth century.
E. carried out the largest single migration in the seventeenth century.
The Massachusetts Bay Puritans

A. created a colonial "theocracy."
B. lived as grim and joyless people.
C. took vows of poverty as evidence of their commitment to their faith.
D. fought with the surrounding Indians almost immediately.
E. introduced freedom of worship to the New World.
A. created a colonial "theocracy."
The Puritan founders in Massachusetts who described their colony as a "city upon a hill"

A. sought to create a community in which all people were treated as equals.
B. wanted to construct their community on high ground to save it from Indian attacks.
C. wanted to create a community that would be open to all peoples of all faiths.
D. wanted to differentiate their community from the materialism and acquisitiveness of New Haven.
E. felt they were creating a holy community that would be a model for the world.
E. felt they were creating a holy community that would be a model for the world.
Thomas Hooker is associated with establishing the colony of

A. Connecticut.
B. Vermont.
C. Maine.
D. New Hampshire.
E. Rhode Island.
A. Connecticut.
One reason Roger Williams was deported from the Massachusetts colony was that he

A. attempted to take over the leadership of the colony.
B. proclaimed that the Indians had no right to the land occupied by the colonists.
C. advocated the principle of plural marriage.
D. was a confirmed Separatist.
E. argued that the colony should maintain allegiance to the Church of England.
D. was a confirmed Separatist.
When it was established in 1644, the colony of Rhode Island

A. organized the first fully democratic government in North America.
B. banned Jews from immigrating.
C. had strong ties to the church in the Massachusetts colony.
D. was notable for its religious toleration.
E. had no ties to the Massachusetts colony.
D. was notable for its religious toleration.
In 1638, Anne Hutchinson was deported from the Massachusetts colony because she

A. was a single mother who refused to marry.
B. challenged the prevailing assumptions of the proper role of women in society.
C. argued that only the "elect" were entitled to any religious or political authority.
D. was accused of practicing witchcraft.
E. preached against what she called the "Antinomian heresy."
B. challenged the prevailing assumptions of the proper role of women in society.
Over time in the seventeenth century, an increasing number of New England Puritans came to view Indian society

A. as helpful neighbors and partners in commerce.
B. as worth preserving.
C. with fear and contempt.
D. with condescending admiration.
E. as part of the godly community.
C. with fear and contempt.
In 1637, hostilities broke out between English settlers in the Connecticut Valley and which local Native American tribe?

A. Pequots
B. Sioux
C. Powhatans
D. Seminoles
E. Wampanoags
A. Pequots
In King Philip's War, Indians made effective use of a relatively new weapon, the

A. artillery cannon.
B. flintlock rifle.
C. Gatling gun.
D. matchlock rifle.
E. repeating revolver.
B. flintlock rifle.
In the 1640s, during the English Civil War, the Cavaliers were

A. the forces of Parliament, who were largely Puritans.
B. Scottish and Irish gentry desiring to secede from England.
C. both the forces of Parliament and supporters of King Charles I.
D. supporters of King Charles I.
E. neither the forces of Parliament nor supporters of King Charles I.
D. supporters of King Charles I.
The English Restoration began with the reign of

A. Elizabeth I.
B. Oliver Cromwell.
C. Charles II.
D. George I.
E. James II.
C. Charles II.
The proprietors who founded the Carolina colony

A. quickly made it a financial success.
B. banned the importation of indentured servants.
C. ruled the colony with dictatorial powers.
D. guaranteed religious freedom to all Christians.
E. rejected the headright system.
D. guaranteed religious freedom to all Christians.
The Fundamental Constitution for the Carolina colony

A. made no provisions for a colonial parliament.
B. sought to create a society of general equality among Englishmen.
C. was influenced by the English philosopher John Locke.
D. initially did not include slavery.
E. All these answers are correct.
C. was influenced by the English philosopher John Locke.
The development of the Carolina colony was notable in that

A. its founders had discouraged the use of slaves.
B. it advocated independence from England well before any other mainland colony.
C. its economy was grounded in tobacco production.
D. the northern and southern regions were economically and socially distinct from each other.
E. the colony was able to attract large numbers of settlers from nearby colonies.
D. the northern and southern regions were economically and socially distinct from each other.
The New York colony

A. banned slavery from its inception.
B. made a commitment to representative assemblies.
C. saw its population grow slowly for its first fifty years.
D. emerged after a struggle between the English and the Dutch.
E. had its founding proprietors from the Carolina colony.
D. emerged after a struggle between the English and the Dutch.
Like New York, the New Jersey colony

A. had few slaves during its early existence.
B. quickly developed a strong local government.
C. had great ethnic and religious diversity.
D. developed an important class of large landowners.
E. was characterized by a unified and generally peaceful society.
C. had great ethnic and religious diversity.
Which of the following was NOT a Restoration colony?

A. New York
B. Carolina
C. Pennsylvania
D. New Jersey
E. Maryland
E. Maryland
Unlike Puritans, the Quakers

A. rejected the doctrine of original sin.
B. paid their clergy handsomely.
C. were not persecuted by the English government.
D. accepted the concept of predestination.
E. All these answers are correct.
A. rejected the doctrine of original sin.
In the seventeenth century, English Quakers

A. believed all could attain salvation.
B. were pacifists.
C. had no paid clergy.
D. granted women a position within the church generally equal to that of men.
E. All these answers are correct.
E. All these answers are correct.
William Penn

A. suppressed the local Indians in Pennsylvania with a strong military presence.
B. was a man of great wealth who converted to Quakerism.
C. established a moderately successful but never cosmopolitan colony.
D. never visited Pennsylvania.
E. used unscrupulous and deceptive advertising to attract settlers.
B. was a man of great wealth who converted to Quakerism.
The colony established by people seeking to separate from Pennsylvania was

A. Kentucky.
B. New York.
C. Maryland.
D. Delaware.
E. New Jersey.
D. Delaware.
The English colonial settlements in the Caribbean

A. had a smaller percentage of slaves than that held by the North American colonies.
B. were forced to deal with larger native populations than settlements on the mainland.
C. developed significant economic success through the production of tobacco.
D. developed their settlements along the same lines as those of the Chesapeake.
E. concluded it was cheaper to buy new African slaves than to protect those they owned.
E. concluded it was cheaper to buy new African slaves than to protect those they owned.
What became the dominant crop of the Caribbean colonies?

A. beans
B. corn
C. cotton
D. tobacco
E. sugar
E. sugar
Georgia was founded

A. by Quaker missionaries.
B. to provide a refuge for Catholics.
C. as a haven for religious dissenters.
D. to quickly make money for its investors.
E. to create a military barrier against the Spanish.
E. to create a military barrier against the Spanish.
Originally, the Georgia colony excluded

A. indentured servants.
B. slaves.
C. free Africans.
D. both free Africans and slaves.
E. neither free Africans nor slaves.
D. both free Africans and slaves.
The "middle grounds" refers to a region of colonial North America in which

A. Indian tribes were largely able to keep European colonists out.
B. French colonists managed to hold the balance of power.
C. no single European or Indian group held clear dominance.
D. English colonists quickly became the dominant power.
E. Spanish colonists were long the dominant power.
C. no single European or Indian group held clear dominance.
Which of the following statements regarding the Navigation Acts (1660s and 70s) is FALSE?

A. All European goods sent to the colonies had to pass through England and were subject to taxes.
B. Certain colonial products could be exported only to England.
C. English colonists could only produce products that were also sold in England.
D. Duties were imposed on the coastal trade among the English colonies.
E. English colonies were closed to all trade except that carried by English ships.
C. English colonists could only produce products that were also sold in England.
The Dominion of New England

A. was called into being by King Charles II.
B. called for a single royal governor.
C. was limited to what now constitutes New England.
D. preserved existing colonial legislative assemblies.
E. declared the Navigation Acts null and void.
B. called for a single royal governor.
Most seventeenth-century English immigrants to the North American colonies were

A. commercial agents.
B. landowners.
C. laborers.
D. aristocrats.
E. religious dissenters.
C. laborers.
In the seventeenth century, the great majority of English immigrants who came to the Chesapeake region were

A. women.
B. religious dissenters.
C. convicts.
D. indentured servants.
E. slaves.
D. indentured servants.
Which of the following was NOT characteristic of the English indenture system?

A. The presence of indentured servants was a source of social unrest.
B. Most indentured servants received land upon completion of their contracts.
C. Female indentured servants constituted one-fourth of the total arrivals.
D. Female indentured servants were typically not allowed to marry while under contract.
E. Contracts for indenture generally lasted four to five years.
B. Most indentured servants received land upon completion of their contracts.
In colonial New England Puritan communities, the family was

A. neither highly valued nor expected to be under the authority of women.
B. both highly valued and expected to be under the authority of women.
C. highly valued.
D. marked by relatively loose parental supervision.
E. expected to be under the authority of women.
C. highly valued.
The term middle passage refers to the movement of enslaved Africans

A. from the coastal regions of colonies to their interiors.
B. from Africa to Europe.
C. between individual North American colonies.
D. from Africa to the New World.
E. from the Caribbean to the mainland colonies.
D. from Africa to the New World.
Which statement about the economy of the northern colonies is true?

A. Conditions for farming were more favorable than in the southern colonies.
B. The economy was more diverse than in the southern colonies.
C. New England was able to develop several major export crops.
D. Agriculture was not the dominant industry of the economy.
E. Planters were more likely to rely on slave labor.
B. The economy was more diverse than in the southern colonies.
The first significant metals industry in the colonies was developed for

A. silver.
B. steel.
C. iron.
D. gold.
E. brass.
C. iron.
The "triangular trade" in the Atlantic dealt with which commodity?

A. molasses
B. slaves
C. rum
D. All these answers are correct.
E. sugar
D. All these answers are correct.
Seventeenth-century southern plantations

A. created few new wealthy landowners.
B. enabled planters to control their markets.
C. tended to be rough and relatively small.
D. rarely required the landowner do any manual labor.
E. used many more slaves than indentured servants.
C. tended to be rough and relatively small.
The first plantations in colonial North America emerged in the tobacco-growing areas of

A. North Carolina and South Carolina.
B. Virginia and Maryland.
C. Delaware and Pennsylvania.
D. New York and New Jersey.
E. Georgia and South Carolina.
B. Virginia and Maryland.
The proportion of all blacks in the colonies living on a plantation of at least ten slaves was over

A. three-fourths.
B. one-fourth.
C. nine-tenths.
D. one-half.
E. one-third.
A. three-fourths.
Which statement regarding the lives of slaves in colonial North America is true?

A. Slaves hardly ever resisted their masters.
B. Whites rarely intruded upon the conventions of black society.
C. Slaves had no opportunity to develop their own society or culture.
D. Slave religion was a blend of Christianity and African folk tradition.
E. Most slaves worked as house servants.
D. Slave religion was a blend of Christianity and African folk tradition.
In Puritan New England, full membership in town governance was limited to

A. "selectmen."
B. adult males who were church members.
C. all church members.
D. land-owning males.
E. all land-owning adults.
B. adult males who were church members.
Over time, tensions in Puritan New England communities developed, primarily as a result of

A. calls for gender equality.
B. population growth and calls for gender equality.
C. population growth and the commercialization of society.
D. religious dissent.
E. the practices of land inheritance.
C. population growth and the commercialization of society.
In the outbreaks of witchcraft hysteria that marked New England colonial life, those accused were most commonly

A. women of low social position.
B. not members of the church.
C. criminals.
D. indentured servants.
E. Indians or slaves.
A. women of low social position.
The witchcraft trials in Salem

A. almost resulted in the revocation of Massachusetts's charter.
B. provided evidence of a decline in religious fervor.
C. led to prison terms, but no executions.
D. saw the original accusers recant their charges.
E. were unique in the history of colonial New England.
D. saw the original accusers recant their charges.
By the 1770s, the two largest port cities in colonial North America were

A. Boston and Newport.
B. New York and Boston.
C. Philadelphia and New York.
D. Philadelphia and Charleston.
E. Boston and Charleston.
C. Philadelphia and New York.
In the 1760s, the revolutionary crisis in English North America began in cities because

A. the majority of the population lived in urban areas.
B. cities were the centers of intellectual information.
C. All these answers are correct.
D. city inhabitants tended to be rowdier than their rural counterparts.
E. rural populations had few grievances with the crown.
B. cities were the centers of intellectual information.
In the eighteenth century, religious toleration in the American colonies

A. flourished due to the diversity of practices brought by settlers.
B. grew despite laws establishing the Church of England as the official colonial religion.
C. was enhanced because no single religious code could be imposed on any large area.
D. All these answers are correct.
E. was unmatched in any European nation.
D. All these answers are correct.
The Church of England was the official faith of

A. New Jersey.
B. Massachusetts.
C. Connecticut.
D. Virginia.
E. all of the colonies.
D. Virginia.
In the English colonies, Roman Catholics

A. were officially illegal.
B. were generally well treated.
C. suffered their greatest persecution in Maryland.
D. made up a large minority population of most colonies.
E. suffered their greatest persecution in the Carolinas.
C. suffered their greatest persecution in Maryland.
Jeremiads were

A. witchcraft.
B. sermons.
C. community experiments.
D. town meetings.
E. a measurement of wealth.
B. sermons.
In the mid-1600s, New England Puritan ministers began preaching against the decline of

A. freedom.
B. tolerance.
C. piety.
D. community.
E. family.
C. piety.
The Great Awakening of the 1730s and 1740s

A. began as a call for young men to become ministers.
B. had particular appeal with women and young men.
C. failed to take root in southern colonies.
D. helped to smooth differences within existing congregations.
E. alienated traditional New England Puritans.
B. had particular appeal with women and young men.
George Whitefield is associated with the

A. growth of American Catholicism.
B. Enlightenment.
C. founding of the American Baptist Church.
D. Quakers.
E. Great Awakening.
E. Great Awakening.
As a leading figure of the Great Awakening, Jonathan Edwards preached

A. that the ideas of predestination were outmoded for the times.
B. the possibility of easy salvation.
C. salvation through good works.
D. that women should join the ministry.
E. highly orthodox Puritan ideas.
E. highly orthodox Puritan ideas.
Eighteenth-century Enlightenment thought

A. rejected most religious thought.
B. challenged concepts such as "natural laws."
C. suggested that people had considerable control over their own lives.
D. had little influence on American intellectual thought.
E. emphasized the importance of religious faith.
C. suggested that people had considerable control over their own lives.
Which statement regarding colonial higher education is true?

A. Colonists placed a low value on any formal education.
B. Most colleges were founded by religious groups.
C. Parliament regulated the establishment of American colleges.
D. Most colonial leaders after 1700 went abroad to study.
E. Most colonial colleges accepted female students.
B. Most colleges were founded by religious groups.
The first American college was

A. Yale.
B. Harvard.
C. Princeton.
D. William and Mary.
E. Columbia.
B. Harvard.
The verdict of the 1734-1735 libel trial of New York publisher John Peter Zenger

A. banned all printed attacks on the king or Parliament in the colonies.
B. ruled that criticisms by the press, even if factually accurate, were libelous.
C. resulted in the closure of several colonial newspapers.
D. increased freedom of the press in the colonies.
E. restricted the ability of the press to report on government affairs.
D. increased freedom of the press in the colonies.
By the 1750s, American colonial assemblies

A. had claimed the right to levy taxes.
B. were petitioning the king to charter new colonies to the west.
C. consisted of colonists all approved by royal governors.
D. existed only to implement the policies of the English Parliament.
E. felt little loyalty to the English government.
A. had claimed the right to levy taxes.
The proposed Albany Plan of 1754

A. recognized the land rights of Indian tribes living within the colonies.
B. was intended to give the colonies greater independence from royal authority.
C. attempted to create a united front with New France against Indian attacks.
D. was approved by the colonial assemblies but was vetoed by Parliament.
E. revealed the difficulties colonies had in cooperating with each other.
E. revealed the difficulties colonies had in cooperating with each other.
In North America as a result of the Seven Years' War, England

A. confirmed its commercial supremacy and increased its political control of the settled regions.
B. shifted its interest away from the Caribbean colonies.
C. lost some of its global commercial supremacy.
D. granted more political autonomy to the American colonies.
E. confirmed its commercial supremacy and shifted its interest away from the Caribbean colonies.
A. confirmed its commercial supremacy and increased its political control of the settled regions.
The major participants in the Seven Years' War in North America were the

A. English, the Iroquois, and the Spanish.
B. French, the Spanish, and the English.
C. Iroquois, the English, and the French.
D. colonists, the English, and the Spanish.
E. French, the colonists, and the Spanish.
C. Iroquois, the English, and the French.
In North America during the eighteenth century, French relations with the Indians differed from that of the English in that they

A. largely isolated themselves from Indian tribes.
B. offered the Indians more and better trading goods.
C. made little effort to convert Indians to Christianity.
D. were more tolerant of Indian cultures.
E. forced Indians to adjust to European ways.
D. were more tolerant of Indian cultures.
Through the first half of the eighteenth century, the Iroquois Confederacy formed agreements and traded with

A. England, and then France.
B. both France and England at the same time.
C. France only.
D. England only.
E. no European powers.
B. both France and England at the same time.
King George's War

A. was a conflict between England and the Iroquois.
B. saw England acquire Newfoundland from the French.
C. saw English colonists remain out of the conflict.
D. failed to resolve European conflicts in North America.
E. inspired the American Revolution.
D. failed to resolve European conflicts in North America.
In the aftermath of King George's War

A. military activity west of England's North American colonies steadily declined.
B. the French moved out of the Ohio Valley.
C. relations among the English, French, and Iroquois deteriorated.
D. the English abandoned many of their fortresses in the interior.
E. the Iroquois decided not to grant any future trade concessions to the English.
C. relations among the English, French, and Iroquois deteriorated.
What future American revolutionary figure surrendered to French forces in 1754 at Fort Necessity in the Ohio Valley?

A. George Washington
B. Benedict Arnold
C. Patrick Henry
D. James Madison
E. John Adams
A. George Washington
During the first stage (1754-1756) of the French and Indian War,

A. only the Iroquois Indians were allied with the French.
B. the Iroquois remained largely passive.
C. English colonists fought with the support of the Iroquois.
D. the colonists fought primarily against the Iroquois.
E. the colonists fought with the French against the English.
B. the Iroquois remained largely passive.
The French and Indian War was fought in

A. All these answers are correct.
B. India.
C. the West Indies.
D. Europe.
E. the North American interior.
A. All these answers are correct.
During the third phase of the French and Indian War, British leader William Pitt

A. barred the colonists from military service.
B. allowed Indian tribal leaders to dictate British battle strategy.
C. gave more authority to conduct the war over to the colonists.
D. ignored the complaints of colonists.
E. gradually loosened his tight control over the colonists.
E. gradually loosened his tight control over the colonists.
According to the terms of the Peace of Paris of 1763,

A. France surrendered New Orleans and Canada to the British.
B. France ceded Canada and all of its claims to land east of the Mississippi River, except New Orleans, to Great Britain.
C. France agreed to pay England for the cost of the war.
D. England acquired all French naval vessels docked in North American ports.
E. France ceded all of its Caribbean colonies to England.
B. France ceded Canada and all of its claims to land east of the Mississippi River, except New Orleans, to Great Britain.
For most Indians in North America, the British victory in the French and Indian War

A. led to an improvement in relations with English colonists.
B. encouraged tribes to join the Iroquois Confederacy.
C. convinced many tribes to cease in their struggle against European expansion.
D. had disastrous effects on their future.
E. was cheered only by the Iroquois Confederacy.
D. had disastrous effects on their future.
The French and Indian War in North America

A. led England to conclude that its relationship with the colonies was strong.
B. led England to conclude that the American colonies were not worth protecting.
C. began a period of almost continual warfare for England.
D. greatly enriched the English government's finances.
E. demonstrated that increasing England's control over the colonies would not be easy.
E. demonstrated that increasing England's control over the colonies would not be easy.
When George III assumed the throne of England, he

A. mandated official recognition of the Church of England in all colonies.
B. was considered to have a brilliant mind for politics.
C. feared using the authority of his monarchy.
D. was painfully immature.
E. faced a full rebellion in the colonies.
D. was painfully immature.
The Proclamation of 1763

A. was generally effective.
B. disrupted England's western trade in the colonies.
C. encouraged settlement of the western edge of the colonies.
D. led to renewed conflict with the remaining French colonists in the West.
E. was supported by many Indian tribal groups.
E. was supported by many Indian tribal groups.
Treaty of Tordesillas
the agreement, signed by Spain and Portugal in 1494, that moved the line separating Spanish and Portuguese claims to territory in the non-Christian world, giving Spain most of the western hemisphere.
Encomienda
a system of bonded labor in which Indians were assigned to Spanish plantation and mine owners in exchange for a tax payment and an agreement to "civilize" and convert them to Catholicism.
Spanish Armada
Spain's King Philip launched an armada, or a fleet of warships, to attack England. British defense ships defeated it, and the expected conquest of England was ruined. This ended Spain's monopoly over New World colonization.
Roanoke
Established in 1587, the first English colony, called the Lost Colony. It was financed by Sir Walter Raleigh, and its leader in the New World was John White. All the settlers disappeared, and historians still don't know what became of them.
William Penn
English Quaker who founded the colony of Pennsylvania in 1681
John Locke
a British philosopher who was one of the most influential of the Enlightening thinkiers
Anglican Church
church that King Henry VIII of England created so that he can marry and divorce as he pleases. Also called the Church of England.
Puritans
people who left England for America to establish a purer church. Settled Plymouth Colony in 1620 and the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1630.
Separatists
protestants who did not believe that the Church of England could be "purified" and hence chose to "separate from it." The Pilgrims were separatists.
Pilgrims
a small group of separatists who left England in search of religious freedom and sailed to America on the Mayflower in 1620
Mayflower Compact
an agreement drafted in 1620 when the Pilgrims reached America that granted political rights to all male colonists who would abide by the colony's laws
Royal Colony
A colony under the direct control of a monarch
Joint Stock Company
a business financed through the sale of shares of stock to investors; the investors share in both the profits and losses from a risky venture.
Propietary Colony
English colony in which the king gave land to proprietors in exchange for a yearly payment
Roger Williams
Puritan minister banished from Massachusetts for criticizing its religious rules and government policies; in 1635, he founded Providence, a community based on religious freedom and the separation of church and state.
Town Meeting
direct Democratic style of government. Towns and cities grew around gathering places, and allowed mass participation in politics.
Anne Hutchinson
a religious leader banished from Massachusetts in 1637 because of her criticism of the colonial government and what were judged to be heretical beliefs.
Thomas Hooker
A Puritan minister who led about 100 settlers out of Massachusetts Bay to Connecticut because he believed that the governor and other officials had too much power. He wanted to set up a colony in Connecticut with strict limits on government.
Antinomianism
a belief originating in Christian theology that faith alone, not obedience to religious law, is necessary for salvation
Theocracy
a form of government in which a state is governed by immediate divine guidance or by officials who are regarded as divinely guided
King Philip's War
sometimes called Metacom's War or Metacom's Rebellion, was an armed conflict between Native American inhabitants of present-day southern New England and English colonists and their Native American allies
Jamestown, VA
first permanent English settlement in mainland America, established in 1607 by the Virginia Company and named in honor of King James I.
Head Right System
the grant of 50 acres of land for each settler brought over to Virginia by a colonist
Virginia Company
a joint stock corporation founded with a charter from King James I. It had the power to appoint the Council of Virginia, the Governor and other officials, and the responsibility to provide settlers, supplies, and ships for the venture. Enthusiasm started out strong and dwindled. Failed and revoked.
"Starving Time"
at Jamestown in the Colony of Virginia was a period of forced starvation initiated by the Powhatan Confederacy to remove the English from Virginia. The campaign killed all but 60 of the 400 colonists during the winter of 1609-1610.
Bacon's Rebellion
was an uprising in 1676 in the Virginia Colony, led by Nathaniel Bacon, a wealthy planter. The uprising was a protest against Native American raids on the frontier and against the Royal Governor of Virginia, William Berkeley, and his policies of favoring his own court
Fundamental Orders of Connecticut
were adopted by the Connecticut Colony council on January 14, 1638. The orders describe the government set up by the Connecticut River towns, setting its structure and powers.
Mercantilism
is economic nationalism for the purpose of building a wealthy and powerful state. Restrains imports and encourages exports.
John Rolfe
married Pocahontas and started the planting of tobacco in Jamestown, making Virginia an economically successful colony.
Salutary Neglect
Great Britain's policy in the early 1700s of not interfering in the American colonies' politics and economy as long as such neglect served British economic interests.
House of Burgesses
the elected lawmaking body of Virginia, established by the Virginia Company in 1618; the assembly first met in 1619.
George Calvert
first Lord Baltimore, founded Maryland (for his wife, Mary) as colony for Catholics (1634)
James Ogelthorpe
English philanthropist who established the clony of Georgia in 1732 as a refuge for debtors.
Maryland Act of Toleration
also known as the Act Concerning Religion, was a law mandating religious tolerance for Trinitarian Christians. Created the first legal limitations on hate speech in the world.
Indentured Servant
compulsory service for a fixed period of time, usually from four to seven years, most often agreed to in exchange for passage to the colonies; a labor contract called an indenture spelled out the terms of the agreement.
First Great Awakening
a time of religious fervor during the 1730s and 1740s. The movement arose in reaction to the rise of skepticism and the waning of religious faith brought about by the Enlightenment. Protestant ministers held revivals throughout the English colonies in America, stressing the need for individuals to repent and urging a personal understanding of truth.
Jonathan Edwards
American theologian whose sermons and writings stimulated a period of renewed interest in religion in America (1703-1758)
George Whitfield
English evangelical preacher of the Great Awakening whose charismatic style attracted huge crowds during his preaching tours of colonies.
Governor William Berkeley
Virginia governor, friendly policies toward Indians; monopolized fur trade; suppressed rebellion by Bacon when he died
Great Migration
the movement of Puritans from England to America in the 1630's, caused by political and religious unrest in England. Also, movement of about a half-million black people from the rural south to the urban North during World War I.
Half-Way Covenant
an agreement (1662) that gave partial membership in Puritan churches to the children of church members even if they had not had a "saving faith" experience.
Salem Witch Trials
Several accusations of witchcraft led to sensational trials in Salem, Massachusetts at which Cotton Mather presided as the chief judge. 18 people were hanged as witches. Afterwards, most of the people involved admitted that the trials and executions had been a terrible mistake.
"City on a Hill"
Biblical ideal, invoked by John Winthrop, of a society governed by civil liberty (where people did only that which was just and good) that would be an example to the world.
Society of Friends
also known as Quakers, founded by Margaret Fell and George Fox, name came from shaking at the name of the Lord, rejected predestination and orginal sin, believed that all could achieve salvation, women held positions in the church
Navigation Acts
Laws that governed trade between England and its colonies. Colonists were required to ship certain products exclusively to England. These acts made colonists very angry because they were forbidden from trading with other countries.
Enumerated Articles
Under the English Navigation Acts, those commodities that could be shipped only to England or other English colonies; originally included sugar, tobacco, cotton, and indigo
Wampanoags
tribe whose chief, Metacom, known to the colonies as King Phillip, united many tribes in southern New England against the English settlers
John Winthrop
one of the founders of Massachusetts Bay Colony and the colony's first governor.
William Bradford
the separatist who led the Pilgrims to America; he became the first governor of Plymouth Plantations.
Dominion of New England
a megacolony created in 1686 by James II that brought Massachusetts, Plymouth Plantations, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New Jersey, and New York under the control of one royal governor; William and Mary dissolved the Dominion when they came to the throne in 1689.
Sir Edmund Andros
Governor of the Dominion of New England; suppressed the legislature, limited towns to a single annual meeting, and strictly enforced toleration of Angelicans and the Navigation Acts; hated by most colonists
John Calvin
Swiss theologian (born in France) whose tenets (predestination and the irresistibility of grace and justification by faith) defined Presbyterianism (1509-1564)
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