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Bio II Exam 2: Prokaryotes

Terms in this set (75)

Do bacteria have a nuclear envelope?
No
Do archae have a nuclear envelope?
No
Do eukarya have a nuclear envelope?
Yes
Do bacteria have circular chromosomes?
Yes (but linear in some species)
Do archae have circular chromosomes?
Yes
Do eukarya have circular chromosomes?
No
Do bacteria have DNA associated with histone proteins?
No
Do archae have DNA associated with histone proteins?
Yes
Do eukarya have DNA associated with histone proteins?
Yes
Are there organelles present in bacteria?
Some in limited number of species
Are there organelles present in archae?
None
Are there organelles present in eukarya?
Extensive in number and density
Is there flagella in bacteria?
Yes; spin like propeller
Is there flagella in archae?
Yes; spin like propeller like the bacteria but distinctive in molecular composition
Is there flagella in eukarya?
Yes; undulate back and forth and have a completely different molecular composition than bacteria and archae
Is bacteria unicellular or multicellular?
Almost all unicellular
Is archae unicellular or multicellular?
All unicellular
Is eukarya unicellular or multicellular?
Many multicellular
Does bacteria have gene exchange between individuals?
Transfer from viruses (transduction), environment (transformation), or direct contact from another cell (conjugation).
Does archae have gene exchange between individuals?
Transfer from viruses (transduction), environment (transformation), or direct contact from another cell (conjugation).
Does eukarya have gene exchange between individuals?
Sexual reproduction in some species -- fusion of haploid genomes. Transduction and transformation can also occur.
What are the structure of the lipids in the plasma membrane of bacteria?
Glycerol bonded to straight chain fatty acids
What are the structure of the lipids in the plasma membrane of archae?
Glycerol bonded to branched fatty acids
What are the structure of the lipids in the plasma membrane of eukarya?
Glycerol bonded to straight chain membrane fatty acids
What is the cell wall material of bacteria?
Almost all peptidoglycan
What is the cell wall material of archae?
Varies, but no peptidoglycan
What is the cell wall material of eukarya?
When present, cellulose or chitin
What is the information processing of a bacteria?
One simple RNA polymerase; translation begins with formylmethionine; translation poisoned by several antibiotics that do not affect archae or eukarya.
What is the information processing of an archae?
DNA polymerase is eukaryotic-like; one complex RNA polymerase; eukaryotic-like basal transcription complex; translation begins with methionine
What is the information processing of a eukarya?
Several complex RNA polymerase; translation begins with methionine
Prokaryotes are the oldest, simplest, most abundant forms of life
True
How many prokaryotic species are known?
Less than 10%
Are most prokaryotes single or multi celled?
Single
Characteristics of prokaryotic chromosomes
1. Closed, circular double stranded DNA molecule
2. Contains from dozens to hundreds of genes
3. Looped and coiled extensively
4. No histones
What do plasmids do?
1. Replicate independent of chromosome
2. carry genes
3. allow unrelated taxa to exchange genes
What are the 3 forms of asexual reproduction?
1. Budding
2. Fragmentation
3. Binary fission
What are the 3 forms of genetic exchange?
1. transformation
2. transduction
3. conjugation
What happens in conjugation?
1. F cell produces plius that connects to cell
2. plasmid transfers over through conjugation bridge
3. Plasmid is copied
4. Ends in 2 cells
What happens in transformation?
Intake of DNA fragments
What happens in transduction?
Phage carries bacterial DNA between cells
What are phototrophs?
Use light energy to promote electrons to the top of the electron transport chain and ATP is then produced through phosphorylation.
What are chemoorganotrophs?
They oxidize organic molecules and ATP may be produced by cellular respiration using sugars as electron donors or by fermentation pathways
What are chemolithotrophs?
They oxidize inorganic molecules and ATP is produced by cellular respiration with inorganic compounds serving as the electron donor
What are pili and fimbriae?
Protein structures that extend from the cell that help bacteria adhere to surfaces, help with genetic exchange, and sometime aid in locomotion
What are the 3 branches of archae?
1. Methanogens
2. Extremophiles
3. Nonextreme archae
What are methanogens?
They use H2 to reduce CO2 and CH4 and are strict anaerobes that live in swamps and guts
What are the different extremophiles?
1. Thermophiles
2. Halophiles
3. Acidophiles
4. Alkaliphiles
What do thermophiles like?
high temperatures
What do halophiles like?
High salt
What do acidophiles like?
low pH
What do alkaliphiles like?
high pH
What are nonextreme archae?
They grow in the same environments as bacteria
What are the most abundant organisms on earth?
Bacteria
What are the key roles that bacteria plays in the biosphere?
1. extract nitrogen from the air and recycle carbon and sulfur
2. perform much of the world's photosynthesis
What is a gram-positive cell wall in bacteria?
Very thick peptidoglycan and susceptible to penicillin
What is a gram-negative cell wall in bacteria?
Thin layer of peptidoglycan, has an outer membrane, and penicillin is rarely effective.
Difference in cell wall between bacteria and archae
Bacteria's cell wall contains peptidoglycan and archae's does not
Difference in cell membrane between bacteria and archae
Bacteria and Eukaryotes have Ester bonds and Archae have Ether bonds
How does conjugation occur in bacteria?
When a F+ bacteria transfers the F plasmid to a F- bacteria
How does transformation occur in bacteria?
When a bacteria accepts DNA from its environment
How does transduction occur in bacteria?
When bacterial DNA is transferred via viruses
What is cyanobacteria?
A lineage of photosynthetic bacteria that were the first organisms to perform oxygenic photosynthesis and changed the earth's atmosphere to one with a high concentration of oxygen.
What is nitrogen fixation?
The process of converting nitrogen to ammonia
Who can perform nitrogen fixation?
Specific bacteria such as some aquatic cyanobacteria and on land living in plants such as root nodules
What is a symbiotic relationship?
When prokaryotes live with other organisms in relationships such as commensalism or mutualism.
What are some benefits of bacteria?
1. produce various chemicals such as insulin and antibiotics
2. bio remediation: removing pollutants from air, soil, water.
Bacteria that cause disease
Pathogenic
Disease spread by being passed from one infected individual to an uninfected one
Infectious disease
What does the Germ Theory state?
Infectious diseases are caused by bacteria and viruses
Who came up with the Germ Theory?
Robert Koch
Koch's 4 postulates of the Germ Theory
1. Microbe must be present in individual suffering from disease and absent from healthy one
2. The organism must be isolated and grown in a culture away from the host
3. If organisms from culture are injected into healthy host, symptoms should appear
4. This can be redone from this new infected host
What is the first human disease causing archaean and when was it discovered?
Periodontitis in 2004
Prokaryotes cause about half of all human diseases
True
Popular example of prokaryotic disease
Lyme disease
Which of the following characteristics is shared with eukarya and archae but not bacteria?
a. prokaryotic cells
b. multicellularity
c. methionine begins translation
d. membraneous organelles
e. comp. of cell wall
c. methionine begins translation
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