A&P II Homework 3 (Chapter 20 - 21)

Area where T cells become immunocompetent
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Area where T cells become immunocompetent
B - Thymus
Image: Area where T cells become immunocompetent
Area where antigen challenge and clonal selection are most likely to occur.
D - Lymph Node
Image: Area where antigen challenge and clonal selection are most likely to occur.
Small organs associated with lymphatic vessels are termed ________.
A) lacteals
B) lymphatics
C) lymph follicles
D) lymph nodes
D) lymph nodes
Which of the following is characteristic of antibodies?
A) three binding sites per antibody monomer
B) carbohydrate structure
C) composed of heavy and light polypeptide chains
D) incapable of being transferred from one person to another
C) composed of heavy and light polypeptide chains
The process whereby neutrophils and other white blood cells are attracted to an inflammatory site is called ________.
A) chemotaxis
B) margination
C) phagocytosis
D) diapedesis
A) chemotaxis
Which of the following is NOT a function of the inflammatory response?
A) prevents the spread of the injurious agent to nearby tissue
B) sets the stage for repair processes
C) replaces injured tissues with connective tissue
D) disposes of cellular debris and pathogens
C) replaces injured tissues with connective tissue
In clonal selection of B cells, which substance is responsible for determining which cells will eventually become cloned?
A) antigen
B) complement
C) antibody
D) interferon
A) antigen
Select the correct statement about lymphoid tissue.
A) Lymphoid macrophages secrete antibodies into the blood.
B) Lymphoid tissue is predominantly reticular connective tissue.
C) T lymphocytes act by ingesting foreign substances.
D) Once a T lymphocyte enters the lymphoid tissue, it resides there permanently.
B) Lymphoid tissue is predominantly reticular connective tissue.
Activated T cells and macrophages release ________ to mobilize immune cells and attract other leukocytes into the area.
A) Interleukin 2 proteins
B) Perforins
C) Interleukin 1 proteins
D) Cytokines
D) Cytokines
The thymus is the only lymphoid organ that does not ________.
A) have lymphocytes
B) have a cortex and medulla
C) produce hormones
D) directly fight antigens
D) directly fight antigens
The thymus is most active during ________. A) childhood B) fetal development C) middle age D) old ageA) childhoodWhich lymphatic structure drains lymph from the right upper limb and the right side of the head and thorax? A) right lymphatic duct B) thoracic duct C) lumbar trunk D)cisterna chyliA) right lymphatic ductWhich of the following is NOT a method by which antibodies work? A) neutralizing antigen B) enhancing phagocytosis C) direct cell lysis D) agglutinating and precipitating antigenC) direct cell lysisWhich of the following is NOT a function of the lymphatic system? A) transporting respiratory gases B) draining excess interstitial fluid C) transporting dietary fats D) carrying out immune responsesA) transporting respiratory gasesWhich of the following is a part of the second line of defense against microorganisms? A) phagocytes B) cilia C) gastric juice D) keratinA) phagocytesAntibodies that act against a particular foreign substance are released by ________. A) plasma cells B) medullary cords C) lymph nodes D) T lymphocytesA) plasma cellsWhich of the following is not a type of T cell? A) antigenic B) helper C) regulatory D) cytotoxicA) antigenicWhich of the following would not be classified as a lymphatic structure? A) pancreas B) spleen C) Peyer's patches of the intestine D) tonsilsA) pancreasThe lymphatic capillaries are ________. A) less permeable than blood capillaries B) completely impermeable C) more permeable than blood capillaries D) as permeable as blood capillariesC) more permeable than blood capillariesSelect the correct statement about lymphocytes. A) T cells are the precursors of B cells. B) The two main types are T cells and macrophages. C) T cells are the only form of lymphocyte found in lymphoid tissue. D) B cells can become plasma cells, which secrete antibodies into the blood.D) B cells can become plasma cells, which secrete antibodies into the blood.Functions of the spleen include all of those below except ________. A) forming crypts that trap bacteria B) storage of iron C) removal of old or defective blood cells from the blood D) storage of blood plateletsA) forming crypts that trap bacteriaLymphoid tissue that appears as a swelling of the mucosa in the oral cavity is called a(n) ________. A) thymus B) tonsil C) appendix D) Peyer's patchB) tonsilWhich cells become immunocompetent due to thymic hormones? A) monocytes B) macrophages C) basophils D) T lymphocytesD) T lymphocytesWhich of the following does not contain a mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue?: A) Peyer's patch B) tonsil C) appendix D) thymusD) thymusSmall molecules that bind with self-proteins to produce antigenic substances are called ________. A) ions B) reagins C) haptens D) antibodiesC) haptensSelect the correct definition about tissue grafts. A) Xenografts are between individuals of the same species. B) Allografts are between different species. C) Isografts are between identical twins. D) Autografts are between two genetically identical individuals.C) Isografts are between identical twins.Interferons ________. A) are routinely used in nasal sprays for the common cold B) act by increasing the rate of cell division C) interfere with viral replication within cells D) are virus-specific, so that an interferon produced against one virus could not protect cells against another virusC) interfere with viral replication within cellsWhat is a bubo? A) a lobe of the spleen B) a wall in a lymph node C) an infected Peyer's patch D) an infected lymph nodeD) an infected lymph nodeRegulatory T cells ________. A) decrease their activity as antigenic stimulus decreases B) aid B cells in antibody production C) may function in preventing autoimmune reactions D) release cytokines that increase the activity of cytotoxic T cells and activated B cellsC) may function in preventing autoimmune reactionsSelect the correct statement about lymph transport. A) Under normal conditions, lymph vessels are very high-pressure conduits. B) Lymph transport is only necessary when illness causes tissue swelling. C) Lymph transport is faster than that occurring in veins. D) Lymph transport depends on the movement of adjacent tissues, such as skeletal muscles.D) Lymph transport depends on the movement of adjacent tissues, such as skeletal muscles.Peyer's patches are found in the ________. A) large intestine B) ileum of the small intestine C) duodenum of the small intestine D) jejunum of the small intestineB) ileum of the small intestineLymph leaves a lymph node via ________. A) afferent lymphatic vessels B) efferent lymphatic vessels C) the cortical sinus D) the subcapsular sinusB) efferent lymphatic vesselsWhen the lymphatic structures of a limb are blocked due to tumors, the result is ________. A) shrinkage of tissues distal in the limb to the blockage due to inadequate delivery of lymph B) severe localized edema distal to the blockage of that limb C) increased pressure in the lymphatics proximal in the limb to the blockage D) abnormally high lymph drainage from the distal regionB) severe localized edema distal to the blockage of that limbThe redness and heat of an inflamed area are due to a local hyperemia caused by ________. A) complement production B) vasodilation C) vasoconstriction D) phagocyte mobilizationB) vasodilationWhich of the following cells predominate at the sites of chronic infections? A) Macrophages B) B cells C) Basophils D) EosinophilsA) MacrophagesWhich of the following are functions of lymphoid tissue? A) house and provide a proliferation site for lymphocytes B) house and provide a proliferation site for neutrophils C) furnish an ideal surveillance vantage point for lymphocytes and macrophages D) A and CD) A and C Both : A) house and provide a proliferation site for lymphocytes C) furnish an ideal surveillance vantage point for lymphocytes and macrophagesWhich of the following is associated with passive immunity? A) exposure to an antigen B) passage of IgG antibodies from a pregnant mother to her fetus C) infusion of weakened viruses D) booster shot of vaccineB) passage of IgG antibodies from a pregnant mother to her fetusWhich immunoglobulin class is attached to the external surface of B cells, found nowhere else, and acts as an antigen receptor of the B cell? A) IgG B) IgA C) IgM D) IgE E) IgDE) IgDWhat is the role of interferon in defense against disease? A) activates the inflammatory process B) protects cells that have not yet been infected by viruses C) protects cells that have not yet been infected by bacteria D) activates the complement mechanismB) protects cells that have not yet been infected by virusesWhich of the following is not a part of the lymphatic system? A) erythrocytes B) lymph nodes C) lymph D) lymphatic vesselsA) erythrocytesWhich of the following is not a method that maintains lymph flow? A) valves in lymph vessel walls B) capillary smooth muscle contraction C) breathing D) skeletal muscle contractionB) capillary smooth muscle contractionWhich of the following is NOT a normal component of lymph? A) plasma proteins B) ions C) platelets D) waterC) plateletsClonal selection of B cells ________. A) only occurs in the secondary immune response B) results in the formation of plasma cells C) occurs during fetal development D) cannot occur in the presence of antigensB) results in the formation of plasma cellsIn which of the following would you find lymph capillaries? A) bone marrow B) bones C) teeth D) digestive organsD) digestive organsFever ________. A) production is regulated by chemicals that reset the body's thermostat to a higher setting B) decreases the metabolic rate of the body to conserve energy C) causes the liver to release large amounts of iron, which seems to inhibit bacterial replication D) is a higher-than-normal body temperature that is always dangerousA) production is regulated by chemicals that reset the body's thermostat to a higher settingThe light and heavy chains of an antibody molecule are held together by ________ bonds. A) sodium B) amino acid C) hydrogen D) disulfideD) disulfideWhich of the following is NOT characteristic of the adaptive immune system? A) It is antigen-specific. B) It is systemic. C) It has memory. D) It is specific for a given organ.D) It is specific for a given organ.Cytotoxic T cells ________. A) require the double recognition signal of I MHC plus II MHC on the target cell in order to function B) self-destruct once the antigen has been neutralized C) function mainly to stimulate the proliferation of other T cell populations D) are the only T cells that can directly attack and kill other cellsD) are the only T cells that can directly attack and kill other cellsSelect the correct statement about immunodeficiency. A) Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) disease is an acquired condition. B) Hodgkin's disease is a hereditary immunodeficiency found in children. C) The most common form of immunodeficiency is graft-versus-host (GVH) disease. D) The causative agent in acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a virus that recognizes CD4 proteins.D) The causative agent in acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a virus that recognizes CD4 proteins.T-cell activation requires ________. A) antigen binding and co-stimulation B) antigen binding, antibody production, and co-stimulation C) antibody production and co-stimulation D) antigen binding and antibody productionA) antigen binding and co-stimulationWhich of the following is true of immediate hypersensitivities? A) They are adaptive immune responses to disease organisms. B) They include allergic contact dermatitis. C) They involve IgE antibodies and the release of histamine from mast cells and basophils. D) They are also called type IV hypersensitivities.C) They involve IgE antibodies and the release of histamine from mast cells and basophils.A sentinel node is ________. A) the first node at the junction of all the lumbar trunks B) the first node to receive lymph from an area suspected to be cancerous C) a lymph node found in the intestinal lamina propria D) a small node in the spleenB) the first node to receive lymph from an area suspected to be cancerousWhich of the following statements regarding the thymus is not true? A) It does not fight antigens. B) It has follicles similar to those in the spleen. C) Its stroma consists of epithelial tissue. D) It functions strictly in T lymphocyte maturation.B) It has follicles similar to those in the spleen.Which of the following statements regarding NK cells is a false or incorrect statement? A) NK cells are present in the blood, spleen, lymph nodes, and red bone marrow. B) NK cells attack cancer cells and virus-infected body cells. C) NK cells attack cells that display abnormal MHC antigens. D) NK cells are a type of neutrophil.D) NK cells are a type of neutrophil.The tonsils located at the base of the tongue are the ________. A) pharyngeal tonsils B) Peyer's tonsils C) palatine tonsils D) lingual tonsilsD) lingual tonsilsNatural killer (NK) cells ________. A) can kill cancer cells before the immune system is activated B) are cells of the adaptive immune system C) are also called cytotoxic T cells D) are a type of phagocyteA) can kill cancer cells before the immune system is activatedWhich of the following is not an autoimmune disease? A) systemic lupus erythematosus B) glomerulonephritis C) type II diabetes D) multiple sclerosisC) type II diabetesHelper T cells ________. A) often function to decrease the immune response B) release B7 proteins C) function in the adaptive immune system activation D) bind tightly to target cells and release a lymphotoxin called perforinC) function in the adaptive immune system activationThe primary immune response ________. A) occurs more rapidly and is stronger than the secondary response B) has a lag period while B cells proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells C) occurs when memory cells are stimulated D) is another name for immunological memoryB) has a lag period while B cells proliferate and differentiate into plasma cellsPhagocyte mobilization involves ________. A) margination, which is the process of white cell movement through the walls of capillaries into injured tissues B) mainly neutrophil and macrophage migration into inflamed areas C) monocytes as the most active phagocyte D) diapedesis, during which cells line up against the capillary wall without crossing itB) mainly neutrophil and macrophage migration into inflamed areasLarge clusters of lymph nodes occur in all of the following locations except the ________. A) axillary region B) lower extremities C) inguinal region D) cervical regionB) lower extremitiesImmunocompetence ________. A) occurs only in one specific organ of the adaptive immune system B) prevents intercellular communication so that only specific cell types respond to the invader C) is the ability of individual cells to recognize a specific antigen by binding to it D) requires exposure to an antigen before it can developC) is the ability of individual cells to recognize a specific antigen by binding to itB cells respond to the initial antigen challenge by ________. A) producing progeny cells that include plasma cells and memory cells B) immediately producing antigen-specific antibodies C) forming of a large number of cells that are unlike the original B cell D) reducing its sizeA) producing progeny cells that include plasma cells and memory cellsWhich of the statements below does not describe antigens? A) Antigens only come from microbes. B) The parts of antigen molecules that initiate immune responses are called epitopes or antigenic determinants. C) Antigens exhibit immunogenicity and reactivity. D) Antigens can include proteins, nucleic acids, lipoproteins, glycoproteins, and certain large polysaccharides.A) Antigens only come from microbes.Complement proteins and antibodies coat a microorganism and provide binding sites, enabling macrophages and neutrophils to phagocytize the organism. This phenomenon is termed ________. A) chemotaxis B) opsonization C) agglutination D) diapedesisB) opsonizationSelect the correct statement about antigens. A) One antigen may have many different antigenic determinants and may therefore cause the formation of more than one antibody. B) "Self-antigens" is another name for incomplete antigens. C) The largest type of antigen is called a hapten. D) Only small antigens exhibit reactivity.A) One antigen may have many different antigenic determinants and may therefore cause the formation of more than one antibody.Which of the following is not a function of lymph nodes? A) produce lymph fluid and cerebrospinal fluid B) act as lymph filters and activate the immune system C) serve as antigen surveillance areas D) produce lymphoid cells and house granular WBCsA) produce lymph fluid and cerebrospinal fluidDigestive tract-associated lymphatic tissue includes all of the following except ________. A) islets of Langerhans B) palatine tonsils C) Peyer's patches D) lingual tonsilsA) islets of LangerhansWhich of the following is not a role of activated complement? A) insertion of MAC and cell lysis B) enhancement of inflammation C) opsonization D) prevention of immediate hypersensitivity reactionsD) prevention of immediate hypersensitivity reactionsLymph transport involves all but which of the following? A) smooth muscle contraction in the lymph capillary walls B) milking action of active muscle fibers C) thorax pressure changes during breathing D) lymph capillary minivalve actionA) smooth muscle contraction in the lymph capillary wallsAntibody functions include all of the following except ________. A) targeting foreign cells so that complement proteins can cause cellular lysis B) cross-linking cell-bound antigens on red blood cells when blood types are properly matched C) linking soluble antigens together so that they fall out of solution D) binding and inactivating chemical toxins released by bacteria or other microorganismsB) cross-linking cell-bound antigens on red blood cells when blood types are properly matchedMonoclonal antibodies are used for the diagnosis of all of the following except ________. A) juvenile diabetes B) hepatitis C) pregnancy D) rabiesA) juvenile diabetesTrue or False: Lymphatic capillaries are permeable to proteins.TrueTrue or False: All the lymphoid organs are well developed before birth.FalseTrue or False: If even a small part of the spleen is left in a ten-year-old child, it will most likely regenerate itself.TrueTrue or False: Like blood, lymph flows both to and from the heart.FalseTrue or False: Chyle is delivered to the blood via the lymphatic system.TrueTrue or False: Digested fats are absorbed from the intestine by the lymph capillaries.TrueTrue or False: Because lymph vessels are very low-pressure conduits, movements of adjacent tissues are important in propelling lymph through the lymphatics.TrueTrue or False: T lymphocytes reside temporarily in lymphoid tissue, then move to other parts of the body.TrueTrue or False: Fever is seldom beneficial because it speeds up the cellular metabolic rate and will not allow antigen-antibody reactions to occur.FalseTrue or False: Monoclonal antibodies can be specific for several antigenic determinants.FalseTrue or False: Some immunocompetent cells will never be called to service in our lifetime.TrueTrue or False: The mechanism of the "lethal hit" of cytotoxic T cells and NK cells involves a protein called perforin.TrueTrue or False: Peyer's patches are clusters of lymphoid tissue found primarily in the large intestine.FalseTrue or False: About 3 liters of fluid are lost to the tissue spaces every 24 hours and are returned to the bloodstream as lymph.TrueTrue or False: The lymphatic capillaries function to absorb the excess protein-containing interstitial fluid and return it to the bloodstream.TrueTrue or False: Anaphylactic shock can result from an immediate hypersensitivity where the allergen enters the blood.TrueTrue or False: A transfusion reaction is a subacute hypersensitivity to foreign red blood cells.TrueTrue or False: The classical complement pathway involves antibodies.TrueTrue or False: There are more efferent lymphatic vessels leaving a lymph node than there are afferent vessels entering a lymph node.FalseTrue or False: In the spleen, red pulp is involved in the immune functions and white pulp is involved in disposing of worn-out RBCs.FalseTrue or False: Adaptive immunity is provided only by lymphocytes that secrete antibodies.FalseTrue or False: When tissues are inflamed, lymphatic capillaries develop openings that permit uptake of large particles such as cell debris, pathogens, and cancer cells.TrueTrue or False: Virus infected cells secrete complement to "warn" other cells of the presence of virus.FalseTrue or False: The cisterna chyli collects lymph from the lumbar trunks draining the upper limbs and from the intestinal trunk draining the digestive organs.FalseTrue or False: The simplest lymphoid organs are the lymph nodes.FalseTrue or False: Lymph capillary permeability is due to minivalves and protein filaments.TrueTrue or False: Somatic recombination by B cells allows each B cell to form its own unique antibody genes.TrueTrue or False: A given pathogen will provoke either a cell-mediated response or an antibody-mediated response but not both.False