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Readings (For Lecture 12 and 13)

Terms in this set (42)

What is object recognition in regards to computers?
In a study the computer was programmed to generate descriptions of a scene based on the objects that it detected in the image. To create the description, "a young boy is holding a baseball bat" the computer first had to detect the objects in the image and then match those objects to existing, stored representations of what those objects are—a process known as object recognition.
What are some conditions that computers fall short of object recognition?
Where they often fall short is in identifying objects under degraded conditions—like when an image is blurry—or in uncommon or unexpected situations. Humans are exceptionally better at this type of scene and object recognition than computers.
What is the Inverse Projection Problem?
It starts with the image on the retina, and its job is to determine the object "out there" that created the image. The task of determining the object responsible for a particular image on the retina is called the inverse projection problem because it involves starting with the retinal image and extending rays out from the eye.
What is viewpoint invariance?
The ability to recognize an object seen from different viewpoints.
What is perceptual organization?
It is the process by which elements in a person's visual field become perceptually grouped and segregated to create a perception. This is done through 2 different processes: Segregation and Grouping.
What is grouping?
Grouping is the process by which elements in a visual scene are "put together" into coherent units or objects.
What is segregation?
Segregation is the process of separating one area or object from another.
What is structuralism?
Structuralism distinguished between sensations—elementary processes that occur in response to stimulation of the senses—and perceptions, more complex conscious experiences such as our awareness of objects. Such as perceived "dots" of sensation make up our perception of face.
Why did gestalt psychologists oppose structuralism?
The Gestalt psychologists rejected the idea that perceptions were formed only by "adding up" sensations. Supported by the idea of apparent movement.
What is apparent movement?
The perception that a stationary object is moving. Discovered by Wertheimer looking through a stroboscope and perceiving movement where there was none.
What experiment illustrated apparent movement?
Light flashing experiment. A light is flashed at one point, then a brief period of darkness, and then a second light is flashed at a different but close point. The brain perceives this as movement of the light when there was none.
What 2 conclusions were drawn from the light flashing experiment that illustrated apparent movement?
The first conclusion was that apparent movement can't be explained by sensations alone, because there is nothing in the dark space between the flashing lights. His second conclusion, which became one of the basic principles of Gestalt psychology, is the whole is different than the sum of its parts, because the perceptual system creates the perception of movement where there actually is none.
What are illusory contours?
They are figures in which we see edges even though they are not physically present. Sensation cannot explain this, as the contours do not actually exist. Ex: 3 "pac men" looking at each other form the outline of a triangle where there is none.
What is the Principle of Good Continuation?
States that if lines cross each other or are interrupted, people tend to still see continuously flowing lines. Dashes in a sequence are seen as one continuous line.
What is the Principle of Pragnanz (good figure/simplicity)?
States every stimulus pattern is seen in such a way that the resulting structure is as simple as possible. We see the Olympic symbol as five rings instead of 9 distinct shapes.
What is the Principle of Similarity?
Similar things appear to be grouped together. Color/Shape/Etc.
What is the Principle of Proximity?
Things that are near each other appear to be grouped together.
What is the Principle of Common Fate?
Things that are moving in the same direction appear to be grouped together. This applies even if the group of objects is dissimilar. Ex: A flock of birds.
What is the Principle of Common Region?
Elements that are within the same region of space appear to be grouped together. This overpowers proximity. Ex: Two square circled within an oval tend to be grouped together.
What is the Principle of Uniform Connectedness?
A connected region of the same visual properties, such as lightness, color, texture, or motion, is perceived as a single unit. This overpowers proximity. Ex: Two circles connected by a line.
What is figure-ground segregation?
Determining what part of environment is the figure so that it "stands out" from the background. When we see a separate object, it is usually seen as a figure that stands out from its background, which is called the ground.
What is reversible figure-ground?
Alternating what you see as the figure and ground. Ex: The optical illusion where you see either 2 faces or a vase.
What is border ownership?
The perception that an edge, or border, is "owned" by a particular region of the retinal image. Typically the figure in the image "owns" the border.
What are figural cues?
Figural cues determine how an image is segregated into figure and ground. Number of these cues determine which areas in the image are perceived as a picture.
Is there a preference for what our brain sees as a figure?
Yes, there seems to be a preference for seeing objects lower in an image as the figure and convex (bulging outward) regions.
What was a problem with the gestalt view of perception?
It minimized experience's role in perception.
What is recognition by components theory (RCB)?
A bottom-up processing theory that we use a set of 36 3-D shapes called geons to construct representations of objects in our mind. Ex: A cylinder and an arch form a coffee mug.
What is the Tadoma Method?
A system for people who are deaf and blind to manually lip-read with touch. Can be used to teach deaf-blind individuals the concept of language.
Does touch impact the average person's hearing of speech?
Touch can enhance your understanding of speech in loud environments and enhance your sense of lip-reading. Touching a face can also help identify the face and it's facial expressions.
What area of the brain is activated by both looking at a face and even touching a face?
Fusiform gyrus, or FFA (fusiform face area.) Seeing faces activates it's right side, feeling faces activates it's left side, given you are right-handed.
Can you feel things without touching them?
Yes, the muscles and tendons of your wrists and arms are infused with little sensors (mechanoreceptors). These sensors respond to how your hand moves and what makes your hand move. These sensors can inform you about the orientation of held items like toothbrushes. You use this muscle-tendon sense more often than touch, as you can feel much more than you can touch.
What is proxy touch?
Using a probe or tool to touch something. Such as stirring soup with a spoon to determine its density. Blind people do this with walking canes. Think of the rubber hand experiment, things can often become an extension of your body.
What allowed Sue Thomas to be hired to the FBI?
Though they originally hired deaf individuals for fingerprint analysis, she proved herself to be a gifted lip-reader and would provide transcripts of audio-less interactions.
Do we engage in lip-reading on a subconscious level?
Yes, what we see can oftentimes override what we hear. We lip-read in situations where sound is not enough information, like low volume or people with accents.
What is the McGurk Effect?
A perceptual phenomenon that demonstrates an interaction between hearing and vision in speech perception. The illusion occurs when the auditory component of one sound is paired with the visual component of another sound, leading to the perception of a third sound. This applies to all tested languages and even babies. "What we see is what we hear."
Do people only look at the lips when they lip-read?
No. Lip-reading requires information from multiple places such as the cheeks and the jaw. You can even lip-read pitch changes by looking at the forehead mainly, and the throat. You can distinguish sentences and statements by looking at eyebrow and head movements. These shifts in your gaze to different parts of the face happen more when you cannot focus your sense of hearing such as in loud places.
Why does the McGurk Effect happen?
When you are presented audiovisual stimuli response patterns in your auditory brain areas (auditory cortex) change as the visual stimuli change. Conversely, keeping visual components the same (va) while changing auditory components (va to ba) fails to induce changes in your auditory brain, despite the significant acoustic change (recall that you "hear" va in both cases). In the McGurk effect, your auditory brain uses visual speech as if it's heard.
Lip-reading activates the _____ parts of the brain as speech.
Same.
What do you have an automatic instinct to do as you see speech, very similarly to what you do when you hear speech?
Mimic it. People subtly imitate each others' speaking rate, intonation, and manner as they interact.
How does the brain match voices to faces?
You could listen for the voice's rough age, and look for the talker who looks to be closest to that age. You might listen for the pitch or loudness of the voice and then match based on the apparent size of the talkers. And as you'll learn in the next chapter, you could implicitly listen for the attractiveness of the voice and match based on the comparably attractive talker.
Is there a difference in your hearing perception based on whether someone is familiar to you or not?
Research shows that as you become more familiar with listening to a talker, you can better understand that person's speech when, for example, faced with a noisy environment. Even lip-reading someone you cannot hear can make them more easy to identify in a room full of people when you CAN hear them.
Speech perception is a _____?
Multisensory function.
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