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Science
Chemistry
Biological Chemistry
Molecular Biology 2.1-2.7
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Terms in this set (63)
Metabolism
The web of all the enzyme catalyzed reactions in a cell organism, sum of all reactions that occur in an organism, consists of reactions that transform from one molecule to another.
Anabolism
The synthesis of complex molecules from simpler molecules including the formation or macromolecules from monomers by condensation reactions, builds up complex molecules, requires energy.
Catabolism
The breakdown of complex molecules into simular molecules including the hydrolysis of micromolecules to monomers, frees monomers, releases energy, includes hydrolyses reactions.
Hydrolysis reaction
A chemical reaction that breaks apart a larger molecule by adding a molecule of water.
Condensation reactions
a chemical reaction in which two or more molecules combine to produce water or another simple molecule
Why are carbon atoms the basis of life?
It's able to form bonds with many elements including itself.
How much bonds do C, H, N, and O need to be stable?
C= 4 H= 1 N= 3 O= 2 (Remember HONC = 1234)
Carbonyl
C=O
Keytones
Carbonyl is within carbon skeleton
Aldehyde
Carbonyl is at the end
Carboxyl
COOH
Amino
NH2
Sulfhydryl
-SH
List 4 main groups of biological molecules
1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids (fats)
3. Proteins
4. Nucleic Acids
Be able to identify monomers of carbs, proteins, and nucleic acids!
Be able to identify monomers of carbs, proteins, and nucleic acids!
Hydrogen bond and what elements engage in them
Attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom and a slightly negative atom, Strongly electronegative elements.
Thermal properties of water
-water has high specific heat
-water can store and absorb energy for a long time
-high latent heat of vaporization
High latent heat of vaporization
The energy required for a water molecule to separate from other molecules in a liquid (evaporated cooling).
Hydrophilic
water loving
Hydrophobic
Water fearing
Polar nature of water
property that allows water to dissolve polar substances such as sugars, ionic compounds and some proteins
Adhesive properties of water
The dipolarity of water molecules makes them adhere to surfaces that are polar and therefore hydrophilic
-capillary action
Cohesive properties of water
Water molecules cohere because of hydrogen bonds that form between them
-surface tension
Solvent properties of water
Many substances dissolve in water due to its polarity, including those composed of ions or polar molecules
Define a carbohydrate
any of a large group of organic compounds occurring in foods and living tissues and including sugars, starch, and cellulose. They contain hydrogen and oxygen in the same ratio as water (2:1) and typically can be broken down to release energy in the animal body. Fuel building materials (CH2O)
Recognize monosaccharides structure!
Recognize monosaccharides structure!
Alpha glucose
Alpha glucose the OH is pointed down
Beta glucose
Beta glucose the OH is pointed up
Cellulose
Linked beta glucose molecules
Starch
Linked alpha glucose molecules
Glycogen
Linked alpha glucose with branches
Be able to differentiate the structures of Cellulose, amylose, and glycogen!
Be able to differentiate the structures of Cellulose, amylose, and glycogen!
Know the structure difference of lipids from carbohydrates!
Know the structure difference of lipids from carbohydrates!
Lipid
hydrophobic biological molecule composed mostly of carbon and hydrogen; fats, oils, and waxes are lipids the ratio of H to O is much greater (<O)
Contrast structure of fatty acid Vs steroid!
Contrast structure of fatty acid Vs steroid!
Recognize amino acid structure!
Recognize amino acid structure!
Saturated fatty acid
A fatty acid in which all carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds, thus maximizing the number of hydrogen atoms that can attach to the carbon skeleton.
Unsaturated fatty acid
A fatty acid possessing one or more double bonds between the carbons in the hydrocarbon tail. Such bonding reduces the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton.
Fatty acid
Long unbranched chains of C atoms with attached H and other groups. Has an attached carboxyl groups.
Trans fats
An arrangement of the double bond allowed for a straighter molecule
Biological functions of lipids
energy storage, cellular membranes, electrical insulation, signaling molecules, receptors, antigens, membrane protein anchors
Chemical makeup of proteins
CHON (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen)
Some are used in building living material, some carry out chemical reactions, fight disease, transport particles in/out the cell
How many types of amino acids are there?
20
Peptide bond
The chemical bond that forms between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid
Be able to recognize peptide bonds!
Be able to recognize peptide bonds!
Primary structure
Number and order of amino acids in a polypeptide, is read from an amino terminal to a carboxyl terminal
Secondary structure
Coils and folds contributing to overall structures of proteins
-alpha Helix (H bond every 4th amino)
-beta pleated sheet (regions of a polypeptide laying side by side are connected by H bonds)
Tertiary structure
three-dimensional conformation of a protein, including interactions between secondary structural elements; formed from interactions between amino acid side chains, shape is healed by H bonds, ionic bonds and disulfide bridges.
Quaternary Structure
Overall structure of aggregated polypeptides into one functional macromolecule
Enzyme
A type of protein that speeds up a chemical reaction in a living thing (biological catalyst)
Substrate
reactant of an enzyme-catalyzed reactions
Active site
a region on an enzyme that binds to a protein or other substance during a reaction.
Factors that affect enzyme activity
Substrate concentration, pH, temperature.
Denaturation
a structural change in a protein that results in a permanent loss of biological properties. (Usually permanent)
Nucleic acid
store and transmit hereditary/genetic information (RNA, DNA)
Components of a nucleotide (think of the activity where we made a molecule)
nitrogenous base, phosphate, sugar
4 nitogenous bases
Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine
Building blocks of proteins
amino acids
What enables a verity of proteins?
Amino acids
Chemical makeup of Nucleic acids
CHONP (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus)
Purines
Adenine and Guanine
Pyrimidines
Cytosine and Thymine
Alcohols have what?
Hydroxyl
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