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chem ex 2

Terms in this set (206)

states that matter consists of atoms or molecules in random motion, and those moving particles can transfer their kinetic energy to other nearby particles
kinetic theory of matter
translational motion highest in this state
gas
average KE for a gas depends on what?
the temepature
temperature...
-deals with molecular kinetic energy
-is a measurable physical proerty of the system
-is the average KE of molecules within the system
-measured in K,C,F
at a constant temperature, pressure of a gas is INVERSELY proportional to volume
boyle's law (volume pressure relationship)
P1V1=P2V2
boyle's law (increase pressure, decrease volume); temp is constant
at a constant pressure, the volume of a gas is DIRECTLY proportional to its absolute temperature
Charle's law
V1/T1=V2/T2
Charles' Law (Volume, temperature relation); P is constant
equal volumes of all gases at the same temp and pressure contain the same number of molecules or atoms; 1 mole of gas at STP has 6.02*10^23 particles and occupies 22.4L
avogadro's law
What is STP
1atm and OC
charles law temperatures must be in what
kelvin
at a constant volume, the pressure of a gas is DIRECTLY porportional to its absolute temp
gay-lussac's law
assumption in gay-lussac's law
volume is constant
temperature in what for gay-lussac's
kelvin
P1/T1=P2/T2
Gay-Lussac's Law (pressure-temperature relation)
PV/T constant combine what gas laws
boyle's and charles
are anesthetics ideal gases
no but follow most of the ideal gas laws
ideal gas law tenets that work well for real gases and are applicable to anesthesia
1. gases consist of small particles whose volume is very small compared to the volume of the gas itself (not at high P or T)
2. gas molecules are in constant, random motion
3. molecules within a gas sample show a range of KE, but the avg KE depends only on the temperature
4. have weak attractive or repulsive forces between "real" gas molecules, whereas "ideal" gas molecules have NO IMF
combines avogadro's, Boyle's, charles
ideal gas law PV=nRT
STP conditions
OC (273K) and 1atm (760mmHg)
units for ideal gas constant R
mmHg*L/moleK
air percentages of O2 and N2
21% O2
79%N2
density of air
1.28g/L
total pressure of a gas = to sum of pressures of individual gases in mix
dalton's law
equation for driving O2 into blood
PAO2-P arterial (change in P drives O2 into the blood)
alveolar gas (air) equation
PAO2= PIO2- (PaCO2/0.8)
correction factor for CO2 in lungs, ratio of O2 burned to CO2 produced
0.8 in normal healthy person
vapor pressure of H2o @ 37C
47mmHg
Vapor pressure oof H2O @20C
17.5mmHg
vapor pressure of H2) @ 100C
760mmHg
alveolar air equation is application of what law
dalton's law
how much dead space gas
100mL
how much alveolar air
250mL
forced expirtion is combo of
dead space air, and alveolar air
PO2 at beginning of expiration (dead space air)
149mmHg (just from dead space, no alveolar mix)
PO2 at end expiration (end title)
104mmHg
PCO2 at end expiration
40mmHg
RER/RQ is what
ratio of how much CO2 is produced relative to O2 burned (or used) in metabolism: normal is 0.8
arterial-alveolar diffusion indicator equation
arterial O2/ P alveolar O2 (NOT helpful with high FiO2)
Arterial to inspired O2 ratio
ArterialO2/FiO2
<200=ARDS
>200= normal
e cyclinder tank always has how much gas left
5L
full E cylinder of O2 has PSIG of?
1900
full E cylinder of O2 has how many L?
660L
how much in O2 tank at 0PSIG
5L
N2O tank can sustain how much pressure
51atm
n2o exists as a ____ at room temperature
liquid
N2O gague will read 51PSIG until?
liquid is gone!
pressure moves dial, increase pressure @ port, moves needle more; aneroid "without mercury"
bourdon gague
gauge manufactures set the gague pressure to "0" when?
when tank is "empty" but still has 5L!
absolute pressure
gauge pressure + atmospheric pressure
psi
pounds per square inch
psig
pounds per square inch gauge
psia
Pounds per square inch absolute (gauge plus ambient P)
Joule-Thompson Effect
•a gas cools when it expands
•a gas heats when it is compressed
so rapid that most of the thermal change remains in the gas and not transferred to the surroundings.
adiabetic expansion
endothermic reaction
A reaction that ABSORBS energy from the surroundings to the system in the form of heat
Exothermic example of gas
compression of a gas; gas heats up
endothermic example of gas
expansion of gas; gas cools
greater the IMF, the ____ the vapor pressure
lower
pressure gas molecules exert at equilibrium
vapor pressure
what kind of liquids have more molecules that are more likely to move to the gaseous state
volatile vapors
measure of how much water vapor is in a water-air mixture compared to the maximum amount possible
relative humidity
relative humidity is highly dependent on what
temperature; higher the temperature, more H2O molecules will escape into the gas; higher the temp, the high the VP of water
temperature at which water vapor in the air will begin to condense and precipitate out
dew point
_____ dew point means there is more moisture in the air
higher
if VP is higher than boiling point, then what happens
you boil
ability of a large volume uptake of a gas (N2O) delivered at a HIGH CONCENTRATION to ACCELERATE the rate of rise of the alveolar partial pressure of a concurrently administered second gas
Second gas effect
when average KE of molecules is sufficiently high as to overcome the IMF of the liquid
boiling point
greater IMF has what effect on BP
increased BP
temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid= ambient pressure
boiling point;
increased ambient P= increased BP
solute dissolved in a solvent
solution
homogeneous mix of 2 or more compounds
solution
substance that dissolves in a solvent to produce a homogeneous mixture
solute
universal solvent
water
substance into which the solute is dissolved
solvent
occurs when the solute is completely dissolved in the solvent
true solution
mixture where the solute cannot be dissolved in the solvent
suspension
particles exist in solution somewhere between a TRUE solution and a TRUE suspension
colloidal solution
particles in this are larger than those found in solutions or colloids; contents will eventually settle out
suspension
size of particles is between those found in solutions and suspensions and can be mixed in a way that they remain evenly distributed without settling out
colloids (blood) milk
amount of solid dissolved in a solution is directly proportional to
temperature
the greater the temperature of the solvent, the ____ gas will be dissolved in the solvent
less (pt with low temp easy to anesthtize); hard to anesthetize with high temp
increase KE of solvent has what impact on gas
less gas dissolved, decreased solubility
amount of gas dissolved in a liquid is directly proportional to the pressure applied to the gas that overlies the liquid; what law?
henry's
henery's law equation
Cgas = Pgas/Kh
concentration of dissolved gas= partial presssure of the gas above the liquid/ solubility constant
Kh represents what?
solubility constant- gas molecules LEAVING the liquid
HIGH Kh means?
low solubility (high # of molecules leaving liquid)
LOW Kh means?
HIGH solubility
increase pressure on a gas _______ gas in liquid
increase partial pressure
if a gas is highly soluble (low Kh) you need ____ pressure to push gas into the liquid
less
concentration of dissolved gas is ____ proportional to partial pressure of gas above the liquid
directly
henry's law applied to O2 and CO2 in the blood
O2: for every 1mmHg of O2 pressure applied, there is 0.003mL O2 dissolved in 100mL of blood

CO2: for every 1mmHg CO2 pressure applied, there is .067mL of CO2 dissolved in 100mL of blood
how much more CO2 will go into solution than O2
22 times as much; CO2 is 22x as soluble
oxygen content equation
(1.34hgb) %saturation +(.003*PaO2)
amount of oxygen delivered to tissues
O2 content* CO
dissolved fraction of O2 in the blood from henry's equation
.003*PaO2
state of a solution in which no further solute can be added without some of the solute precipitating out (or vaporizing out)
saturated solution
laws related to diffusion
graham's law, fick's law
solubility coefficients related to diffusion
bunsen solubility coefficient, ostwald solubility coefficient
describes movement of GAS from one compartment to another through a porous membrane (diffusion) or small opening (effusion)
Graham's law diffusion/effusion
increase size of molecules, decrease rate of diffusion of a gas
grahams law (1/sq rt MW)
who considered gases moving in solution and added a solubility term to the equation?
graham
diffusion coefficient equation
D=solubility of gas/ sq rt molecular wt
describes the volume of gas that diffuses acros a membrane per minute
fick's law
fick's law equation
Diffusion-gas = (∆ P-gas) x (area-membrane) x diffusion coefficient/ membrane thickness

ADchange in P/T
diffusion coefficient: solubility of gas/sq rt MW
Fick's law incorporates what law by utilizing the diffusion coefficient
Graham's
Kh is the inverse of this
bunsen solubility coefficient
defines the volume of a gas in a unit volume of a liquid at 0C and 760mmHg (STP)
bunsen solubility coefficient
bunsen solubility coefficient for water
0.049 (0.049mL O2 dissolvees in 1mL H2O

4.9 volumes of O2 dissolve in 100mL H2O at OC and 760mmHg
defined as the ratio of the volume of a gas absorbed to the volume of solvent at the temperature and pressure of the experiment
ostwald solubility coefficient
blood gas partition coefficient is what law
ostwald
partial pressure also called what
tensions
gases dissolve and absorb and distribute throughout the body as a result of
pressure gradients and solubilities
gases that have low solubility in blood and adipose tissue will achieve higher partial pressure and....
equilibrate more rapidly (faster onset)
"push" that moves anesthetic gas in the blood to the brain
partial pressure of anesthetic gas
low solubility of a gas in the blood =
rapid partial pressure equilibration- fast onset
blood/gas ratio< 1 means?
gas partial pressure is high, and the gas will reach the effect site quickly
nitrous oxide has ___partition coefficent
low (means that blood partial P of the gas is HIGH)
Blood/gas partition coefficient
blood/gas ratio
anesthetic gas that is not very soluble in blood requires...
higher partial pressure driving it into solution, means PPgas will be high
what type of anesthetics dissolve in fat easy
nonpolar
if fat:blood ratio is high, then more anesthetic will go....
to fat, and less to brain
viscosity effect on flow
increase viscosity, increase IMF, increase drag, Dec flow
sheets of molecules flowing through a tube
laminar flow
mathematically describe laminar flow
poiseueille's law
in poiseueille's: flow is _______ to radius
directly proportional
in poiseueille's: flow is _______ to pressure gradient
directly proportional
in poiseueille's: flow is _______ to viscosity
inversely proportional
in poiseueille's: flow is _______ to length
INversely proportional (inc length, increased interaction with sides of tube)
in poiseueille's: resistance is ______ proportional to radius
INVERSELY
in poiseueille's: resistance is ______ proportional to viscosity
directly
in poiseueille's: resistance is ______ proportional to length
DIRECTLY
in poiseueille's: lower # needle gauge....
increases flow
in poiseueille's: shorter needle length...
increases flow (L)
anemic pt has _____ blood flow
increased
polycythemic pt has ______ blood flow
decreased
predicts when flow through a tube changes from laminar to turbulent
reynold's #
reynold's # Directly proportional to what
fluid velocity, tube diameter, fluid density

(all increase chaos)
reynold's number inversely proportional to
viscosity (decrease velocity, inrease chaos and movement)
flow becomes turbulent if...
velocity is high, tube narrows/ has kinks (inc velocity), wall of tube is rough, fluid flows through an orifice
if diameter of tube exceeds length
orifice
for flow through an orifice use
graham's law (1/sq rt MW)
for flow through a tube use
poiseuille's law
turbulent flow through an orifice is inversely related to
density
laminar flow through a tube is inversely related to
viscosity
viscosity matters to laminar flow because it describes what
IMF b/t sheets of fluid molecules; inc IMF= inc viscosity= inc drag= dec flow
density matters to turbulent flow because it influences what
the probability that interactions b/t fluid molecules will occur; inc density= inc molecules/area= inc chance for collisions= inc resistance= dec flow
heliox helps in asthma why
-asthma causes turbulent airflow
-in turbulent air flow, density is important
-heliox is a low density gas and will therefore be effective
decrease in tube diameter= increase in fluid velocity (what principle?)
bernoulli
generation of subatomic pressure after the constriction allows a second gas to be sucked inward and mixed with first gas
venturi effect (extension of bernoulli principle)
venturi masks ____ in diameter to increase oxygen delivery
decrease
as flow rate increases, the pressure in this meter should increase but it doesn't because the diameter of the tube increases
thorpe tube (variable orifice flowmeter)
-inc Q (flow), dec R (resistance), so pressure stays the same
bottom of thorpe tube fluid flow
laminar, like a tube
top of thorper tube fluid flow
turbulent
thorpe tubes calculated by what
Calculated to the density and viscosity of a SPECIFIC gas
velocity at which liquid or gas converts from laminar to turbulent flow
critical flow rate
critical flow rate impacted by
velocity
-small diameter can inc velocity
-inc pressure can inc velocity
attraction b/t the opposite partial charges of polar molecules
dipole-dipole
strength of dipole-dipole depends on
polarity of molecule
strong dipole-dipole
Hydrogen bonding (N,O,F)
weakest but most ubiquitous forces, ALL molecules have these
london dispersion force
how to make a drug more lipophilic
add a hydrocarbon
hydrocarbon functional groups
alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, aromatics
hydrocarbons are
flammable
Hydrocarbons are not soluble in water because
the C-H bond is nonpolar
hydrogen removed from an alkane
alkyl group
C bound to 4 distinctly different groups
stereogenic center
has a stereogenic center and is not superimposable onto its mirror image
chiral molecule
same chemical formula, different chemical structure
isomers
same chemical formula and chemical structure but NOT mirror images
stereoisomers
same chemical formula, same structure, mirror images, not super-imposable, molecule "twists" around chiral carbon atom
enantiomers
levo enantiomer
"S" rotates light Left- counterclockwise
dextro enantiomer
"R" rotates light right, clockwise
R-bupivicaine has higher cardiotoxic and CNS effects than
S bupivicaine
S ketamine is less likely to cause mergence delirium than
R ketamine
do alkenes have dipole interaction with water
no; nonpolar and hydrophobic
do saturated or unsturate fats have strong IMFs and inc MP/BP
saturated
benzene ring contained within a larger structure
phenyl group
functional groups based on water
alcohol and ethers
carbon atoms can be aromatic or alipathic
ethers
phenols have
acidic properties
bind what to a benzene ring that is lipid soluble to make it water soluble
OH group (make it a phenol)
2 main properties of amines
lipophilicity and basicity
most lipophilic amine
tertiary
tertiary ammonium ion is ____
hydrophillic (+ charged ammonium salt!!)
many amine drugs admin in what form
salts
carbonyl grou is what
C double bound to O
aldehydes are rare in nature because they oxidize and beomce carboxylic acid (T/F)
T
carbonyl carbon that has an alcohol bonded to it
carboxylic acid
suffix "oic" acid
carboxylic acid
at physiologic pH, carboxylic acids are deprotanated and negatively charged and highly H2O soluble
T
carboxylic acids readily form acid-base salts
true
carboxylic acid +base <-> carboxylate anion + conjugate acid
water molecule eliminated in this type of reaction
condensation
water molecule added in this type of reaction
hydrolysis
formation of triglycerides is an example of this type of reaction
condensation rxn b/t fatty acids (carboxylic acid) and alcohol
condensation products of carboxylic acid and alcohols
esters
product of condensation rxn between carboxylic acid and amine
amides
peptide bonds
amides
estimates drug lipid solubility
oil-to-water partition coefficient
larger the value of the fat:blood partition coefficient the _____ the lipid solubility of the drug
greater
make compounds more polar through oxidiztion
phase I rxns
conjugation of the polar compounds wth other polar compounds, "tags" compound for excretion
phase II rxn
2mg/mL= what % solution
0.2% (just move decimal)
C-F conversion
(C*1.8)+32
F-C conversion
(F-32)*.56
what temp will water boil if ambient P is 17.5mmHg?
20 degrees
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