GEOL 105 Midterm 2 : Sylvain 2022

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Why is the earths interior hotter than the surface?
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Why is the earths interior hotter than the surface?
Because gravitational potential was converted to heat during planetary accretion and differentiation.
Chondrites are the most frequent type of meteorite to hit the earth. Their composition is representative of?
The Solar Nebula
The average composition of chondrites indicates that...
Earth is much drier than the Solar Nebular
Where did Earths secondary atmosphere come from?

A. Degassing of the earths mantle
B. Intense volcanism
C. Impact with comets and asteroids
D. All of the Above
D. All of the Above
During volcanic eruptions what gases are the most expelled?

A. Helium (He)
B. Methane (CH4)
C. Water (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2)
D. Oxygen (O2)
C. Water (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2)
What was characteristic of Earth when it was just 150 million years old?

A. The Surface of Earth had immense mountains
B. The moon was farther away from earths surface than it is now
C. The earth was covered by a giant ocean.
D. The earth had no atmosphere
C. The earth was covered by a giant ocean.
Oxygen, which provides energy to organisms through respiration, is key to life. What was unique about the earth's secondary atmosphere?

A. Oxygen was a major constituent
B. Earths secondary atmosphere had no oxygen
C. Earths secondary atmosphere was like earths atmosphere today
D. Earths secondary atmosphere was about the same as of todays
B. Earths secondary atmosphere had no oxygen
What planetary phenomenon projects Earths from dangerous cosmic rays and solar winds?

A. The atmosphere
B. Earths mantle
C. Moons rotation around the earth
D. The geodynamo that sustains the magnetosphere
D. The geodynamo that sustains the magnetosphere
What protects us specifically from harmful solar wind and cosmic rays?

A. The ozone layer
B. The atmosphere
C. The magnetosphere
D. All of the above
C. The magnetosphere
What key property of chemical elements enable the geodynamo?

A. Thermal conductivity
B. Electrical charge and conductivity
C. Density
D. Radioactivity
B. Electrical charge and conductivity
Which layer contains the geodynamoouter coreHow do we know the age of the earth? A. By dating chondrites B. By dating earths oldest rocks C. Oldest moon rocks (Apollo missions) D. All of the aboveD. All of the aboveChemical bonds occur by sharing, transferring and pooling electrons. Which one is called an ionic bond. A. Sharing electrons B. Transferring electrons C. Pooling electrons D. Keeping electronsB. Transferring electronsWhat molecule involve covalent bond? A. Water B. Carbon dioxide C. Methane D. All of the aboveD. All of the aboveOrder the layers of Earth from top to bottomcrust, mantle, outer core, inner coreWhich layer contains the geodynamo?outer coreWhat surface phenomenon expels water and gas to form the ocean and atmosphere? A. Erosion B. Precipitation C. Volcanism D. All of the aboveC. VolcanismMagma is a hot mix of different atoms. When it cools, some divine minerals (Mg2SiO4) crystallize first. They form which rock? A. Carbonate rock B. Diamond C. Dunite D. GraniteC. DuniteIgneous rocks form from the cooling of magma. What are examples of igneous rocks? A. Dunite B. Granite C. Basalt D. All of the aboveD. All of the aboveIn the following, which refers to a mineral, not a rock? A. Peridotite B. Dunite C. Olivine D. AnorthositeB. OlivineOne of the first minerals to form on rocky planets is anorthite, forming th plagioclase silicate rock anorthosite. What statement about about anorthosite is correct? A. It is heavier than typical mantle rocks B. It forms the dominant rock of earths oceanic crust C. It forms the dominant rock of earths continental crust D. It is lighter than typical mantle rocks.D. It is lighter than typical mantle rocks.The second mineral to form massively on Earth was pyroxene, forming a rock that is now ubiquitous in the upper mantle. Which rock is it? A. Granite B. Basalt C. Peridotite D. AnorthositeA. PeridotiteHow does the rock basalt form? A. By cooling of earths primordial magma B. By cooling of magma depleted in magnesium and silicon C. By partial melting of peridotite which eventually cooled into igneous rock D. By mixing olivine and pyroxeneC. By partial melting of peridotite which eventually cooled into igneous rockWhat is the most abundant rock at the surface of rocky planets in the solar system? A. Dunite B. Peridotite C. Basalt D. GraniteC. BasaltWhat rocks are found at the moons surface, in particular in the lunar highlands and mares? A. Peridotite (15%) and basalt (85%) B. Basalt (65%) and anorthosite (35%) C. Anorthosite (65%) and Basalt (35%) D. Dunite (90%) and Anorthosite (10%)C. Anorthosite (65%) and Basalt (35%)where on the moon have a basaltic crust?dark spotsBasalt and gabbro have the same composition but different texture. Which one is gabbro?garbo has crystals and slightly larger sediment. Basalt is more uniform.Even with the same composition, the aspect of lava flows differ by their temperature and flow velocity. Which one is a'a flow?rough and jagged appearanceOrder the elements of the oceanic crust from top to bottomSediments, Pillow lava, Cheated dykes, GabbrosWhat is the typical density of the oceanic crust? A. 3 times that of water B. 3,000kg per cubic meter C. 3 tons per cubic meter D. All of the aboveA: all of the aboveWhat fraction of the earths crust contains basalt? A. About two thirds B. About one third C. About 1% C D. About 10%A. About two thirdsHow does granite form? A. By cooling of earths primordial magma B. By cooling of magma depleted in magnesium and silicon C. By mixing olivine and pyroxene D. Partial melting of the oceanic crust, which eventually cooled into an igneous rock of different compositionsD. Partial melting of the oceanic crust, which eventually cooled into an igneous rock of different compositionswhat is the average thickness of the continental crust? A. 10km B. 35km C. 6km D. 100kmB. 35kmWhat is the average thickness of the oceanic crust A. 6000m B. 6km C. 6,000,000 mm D. All of the aboveD. All of the aboveWhat is isostasy? A. A force that maintains continents above the seafloor B. Similar to buoyancy, the force that maintains lighter rocks above denser ones C. A type of gravitational equilibrium D. All of the aboveD. all of the aboveHow does one identify the oceanic crust on a topographic map of Earth?Blue ocean bodiesWhat are the three major types of rocks? A. Extrusive and intrusive B. Sedimentary volcanic and igneous C. Igneous sedimentary and metamorphic D. Minerals and metalsC. Igneous sedimentary and metamorphicWhat are the processes to create a sedimentary rock? A. Erosion, transport, and dissolution B. Weathering and deposition C. Chemical alteration and dissolution D. Compaction, cementation and lithificationD. Compaction, cementation and lithificationWhat features can help indicate a sedimentary tock? A. The presence of fossils B. Bedding which occur by sediment deposition in layers C. Poorly sorted grain size (clasts of varying size) D. All of the aboveD. All of the aboveWhat type of rock forms by a change of state A. Sedimentary rocks B. Metamorphic rocks C. Igneous rocks D. All of the aboveC. Igneous rocks (liquid magma to solid rock)What is the principle of uniformity (uniformitarianism) in geology? A. The same processes happen all the time B. The same processes and laws that we observe today also operated during earths history C. Changes to earths environment were always gradual during earths history D. The same processes take place everywhere on earths surfaceB. The same processes and laws that we observe today also operated during earths historyWhat is angular unconformity? A. Sharp angel around a rocks surface B. Rock strata that are layered and tilted C. Angular contact between two rock strata of different ages D. Succession of metamorphic and sedimentary rocksC. Angular contact between two rock strata of different agesWhat is the difference between felsic and mafic magma rocks? A. Felsic rocks contain more silica than mafic rocks B. Mafic magmas lead to effusive volcanism and felsic magmas to eruptive volcanism because of their high viscosity C. Mafic rocks have higher iron and magnesium content and look darker D. All of the aboveD. All of the aboveWhat is called the layer of debris and unconsolidated materials between the bedrock and the atmosphere? A. Sediment B. Crust C. Regolith D. DepositC. RegolithWhere is regolith found? A. Everywhere in the solar system B. On all terrestrial planets and their moons C. On all jovian planets D. Only on earthB. On all terrestrial planets and their moonsWhat is the difference between pressure and stress for a material? A. Stress represents material fatigue and pressure indicates the degree of deformation B. Metamorphic rocks are sensitive to pressure not stree C. Pressure represents the equal forces in all directions; stress represents possibly different forces in different directions D. All of the aboveC. Pressure represents the equal forces in all directions; stress represents possibly different forces in different directionsWhat is true about metamorphic rocks? A. Only sedimentary rocks can turn into metamorphic rocks by action of pressure and heat B. All of igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks can experience metamorphism C. Metamorphism occurs on dues to increased temperature and pressure D. Foliation occurs due to increased pressureB. All of igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks can experience metamorphismWhat processes are related to metamorphism A. Diagenesis B. Folliation C. Recrystallization D. All of the aboveD. All of the aboveGneiss is a type of metamorphic rock. What type of metamorphism does in represent? A. Diagenesis (low temperature and pressure) B. Low-grade metamorphism (about 150 to 320 and low pressure C. Intermediate -grade metamorphism (about 320 to 450 and at moderate pressures) D. High-grade metamorphism (above 450 C or at high pressure)D. High-grade metamorphism (above 450 C or at high pressure)What is the role of plate tectonics in the rock cycle? A. Create source and sinks B. Creating new igneous rocks C. Recycling crustal materials to the mantle D. All of the aboveD. All of the aboveWhat is the difference between foliation (metamorphic) and sedimentary?scaling, foliation is much finer grains, smaller scale. In larger sedimentary structures, distinction between sediments is sharp and easily identifiableFiron (Fe) has an atomic number of 26 and an atomic mass of about 55. How many neutrons does it have? A. 16 B. 15 C. 29 D. 33C. 29Oxygen (O) has an atomic number of 8 and an atomic mass of 16. How many neutrons does it have? A. 8 B. 6 C. 4 D. 2A. 8Oxygen has an atomic number of 8. How many electrons does it have on its valence shell? A. 8 B. 2 C. 6 D. 4C. 6Why are noble gasses chemically inert? A. Because they don't have electrons B. Because their valence shell is full C. Because they do not have protons D. All of the aboveB. because their valence shell is fullhydrogen, lithium and sodium are on the left-most colum of the periodic table of elements. WHat type of ion do they form? A. Cation B. Anion C. Tetrahedron ion D. Molecular ionA. cationfluorine and chlorine are in the penultimate column in the periodic table of elements. What type of ions do they form? A. Anion B. Cation C. Tetrahedron ion D. Molecular ionA. anionwhere is a molecule of water with bonds between oxygen and hydrogen. What type of bond is that? A. Covalent bond B. Ionic bond C. Metallic bond D. Crystalline bondA. covalent bondHere is sodium chloride (NaCl) in solution. What type of electronic bond is involved? A. Sharing of electron B. Transferring of electron C. Duplicating of electron D. Dispersion of electronB. transferring of electronHere are the molecules of oxygen and the compound of methane. What type of bond is involved? A. transfer of electron B. Duplication of electrons C. Diffusion of electrons D. Sharing of electronsD. sharing of electronsWhat state of matter does plasma represent? A. Highly compressible material that flows easily B. Weakly compressible materials that flows easily C. Materials with locked in particles that does no deform easily D. Highly compressive material that flows easily made of electrically charged particlesD. Highly compressive material that flows easily made of electrically charged particleswhat is the most common state of material in the universe A. Gas B. Liquid C. Solid D. PlasmaC. solidWhat is NOT a process of mineral formation A. Precipitation B. Crystallization C. Biological precipitation D. DissolutionD. dissolutionWhat forces minerals to precipitate in aqueous solutions A. Change of temperature B. Change of chemical composition C. Evaporation D. All of the aboveD. All of the above