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vas 2: FINAL EXAM

Terms in this set (125)

pressure gradient is a:

change or reduction in pressure

posterior tibial artery runs posteriorly to the _______ malleolus

posterior tibial artery courses ________ in the posterior compartment of the _________

1. medially
2. leg

the posterior tibial artery bifurcates into the _______ & _________ plantar arteries of the foot

medial and lateral

the peroneal artery is located ___________ in the leg and travels down the medial aspect of the ___________

1. deep
2. fibula

What is the peroneal artery known as?

the fibular artery supplies blood to the __________ portion of the calf

lateral/outside

The fibular artery terminates into branches that communicate with _________ and ________

a primary source of pressure creates a pressure gradient due to ___________ contraction

systolic pressure walls of the arteries __________ in response to the pressure that is placed on the artery walls from decreased/increased volume and creates PE in the form of an expanded artery

1. expand
2. increased

systolic pressure slightly decreases/increases in the distal arteries

As volume decreases in the artery, the artery decreases in size and pressure is reduced and blood flows in its own momentum since the heart is resting...... this is what pressure?

diastolic pressuredecreases/increases the more distal it travels

The force and/or weight of gravity on a column of blood is known as ____________

hydrostatic pressure

energy of motion represents velocity, what type of energy is this?

The pressure pushing against the arterial walls is what type of energy?

potential energy

what re the other 2 components of potential energy?

hydrostatic pressure, gravitation energy

kinetic energy and potential energy are __________ related

the relationship between pressure, flow and resistance in a straight tube

Poiseulle's law

Resistance is affected by three factors (poiseulle law)

length, viscosity, radius

Viscosity is a property of a fluid that ________ the force tending fluid to flow

viscosity is the ___________ existing between bordering layers of fluid

____% of total vascular resistance results from flow through the arteries and capillaries

_____% from venous flow leads to the total vascular resistance

arterioles and capillaries are responsible for ____% of total resistance

low peripheral resistance is seen in _____ distal arteriolar bed

low peripheral resistance is seen in _______ flow throughout the cardiac cycle

low peripheral resistance is typical of _______ that supply organs

high peripheral resistance slight vaso__________ in distal arterioles

High peripheral resistance results in _________ and ________ flow

antegrade and retrograde

High peripheral resistance is forward flow in _________, has a reflected wave in early ________ with antegrade flow later in diastole

1. systole
2. diastole

High peripheral resistance is typically found in vessels that perfuse muscles and state those muscles(3)

subclavian artery, aorta, resting peripheral arteries

what 3 arteries are low resistance

internal carotid artery, renal artery, common hepatic artery

what 3 arteries are high resistance

external carotid artery, femoral artery, popliteal artery

Turbulent velocity pattern typically has a ________ appearance

turbulent flow is associated with ________

spectral broadening

spectral broadening is also known as __________

Spectral Window

what is the Reynold number for turbulent flow

greater than 2000

Bernoullis principle describes the relationship between what 3 factors as a stenosis

area, velocity, pressure

Bernoulli's Principle states that PROXIMAL TO A STENOSIS the velocity and pressure are __________

in arterial flow with exercise arterioles normally close/open decreasing resistance and increasing flow

Direct testing method for ultratound is ___________

direct visualization inside the artery

what are 3 indirect testing method for arteries

segmental pressure, pulse volume recording (PVR), photoplethysmography (PPG)

which of the following is the form of indirect testing described:

evaluates systolic blood pressures at different segments of limb

a. pulse volume recording (PVR)
b. photoplethysmography
c. segmental pressures

segmental pressures

which of the following is the form of indirect testing described:

evaluates blood volume under each BP cuff

a. pulse volume recording (PVR)
b. photoplethysmography
c. segmental pressures

pulse volume recording

which of the following is the form of indirect testing described:

infrared sensor that evaluates quantities of RBC in cutaneous tissue

a. pulse volume recording (PVR)
b. photoplethysmography
c. segmental pressures

photoplethysmography (PPG)

what are the 4 indications for arterial testing

paralysis (weakness), parasthesia (pins and needles), poikilothermia (ice cold limb), dependant rubor

when limb is lower than the level of the heart it turns red and when elevated it turns white, this is defined as _____________

dependent rubor

paralysis weakness is weakness of a ________

normal Ankle Brachial Index (ABI) is greater than ______

sound heard over a high grade stenosis. an auscultation equals turbulent flow.

pain in the muscle that occurs over exercise and subsides with rest is known as _________

what are the 3 locations of chronic occlusive disease

1. buttocks
2. thigh
3. calf

what type of chronic occlusive disease is located in the buttock (nalga)

aorta iliac disease

what type of chronic occlusive disease is located in the thigh

distal external iliac/ common femoral disease

what type of chronic occlusive disease is located in the calf

femoral/popliteal disease

shoe claudication is predictable with a specific amount of ____________

what are the 2 signs/symptoms of chronic occlusive disease

1. ischemic rest pain
2. tissue loss (necrosis)

ischemic rest pain you see a reduced blood flow to a ______ extremity

ischemic rest pain is a ________ symptom

with ischemic rest pain;
pain at rest usually occurs when the limb is not dependent and the patients blood pressure is decreased during __________

ischemic rest pain occurs in ______, _______, and ______ NOT the calf

foot, heel, toes

tissue loss (necrosis) is the most severe symptom of ____________

arterial insufficiency

tissue loss (necrosis) is usually due to an ________ blood supply

absent (deficit)

what are the symptoms of acute arterial occlusion (5P's)

1. pain
2. pallor
3. pulselessness
4. parasthesis
5. paralysis

A build up of fat, cholesterol, or other substances on the walls of an artery is known as ________

atherosclerosis

____________ is a disorder of an acute arterial disease

cold sensitivity

atherosclerosis can cause a __________ or a fully occlusion

what is the most common location of atherosclerosis in LE arteries

other than distal SFA what is another common location for atherosclerosis in LE arteries

arterial bifurcations

weakening and dilation of the arterial walls is known as __________

a hole in ALL three layers of the arterial wall is known as _________

velocity ratio (VR) =

what is V2 in VR=V2/V1?

max psv of stenosis

what is V1 in VR= V2/V1?

psv proximal normal segment

normal PSV of the EIA is ________ cm/sec

normal PSV of the CFA is ________ cm/sec

normal PSV of the prox SFA is ________ cm/sec

normal PSV of the distal SFA is ________ cm/sec

normal PSV of the Popliteal Artery is ________ cm/sec (;

monophonic is also known as _________

a continuous forward flow and a slow blunted systolic component. (slow and late/ low and late)

parvus tardus is common _________ to a significant stenosis

a greater than 50% stenosis will result in what 3 things

1. double the velocity in prox arterial segment
2. change in spectral waveform
3. post stenotic turbulence and possible color bruit

greater than 70% stenosis will _______ the velocity

a moving/mobile plaque characterization means:

debris within lumen is poorly adhered to wall

a condition in which an abnormally position or enlarged calf muscle pressed on the popliteal artery is known as ___________

popliteal artery entrapment

thrombus can lead to an _________

it more of a risk for popliteal artery entrapment to be a ________ (functional entrapment)

with arterial occlusion a staccato waveform equals ________ occlusion

a staccato waveform is displayed as what 3 things

1. rapid upstroke
2. rapid deceleration
3. lower systolic velocity

blood flow may ______ in arteries supplying collateral flow, especially near bifurcations when the proximal artery is occluded

retrograde flow from DFA due to an arterial occlusion will supply the ______ in _______ occlusion

in a pseudoaneurysm to and fro doppler pattern will appear in the ___________

where is the highest velocity located in the pseudoaneurysm

the color flow pattern in the hematoma section of the pseudoaneurysm is a ________ sign

a focal enlargement of an artery at least twice the diameter of the proximal segment is a ___________

the dilated segment of an aneurysm can lead to a ___________

thrombus formation

Uniform arterial dilation throughout an artery is __________

what is a dilation of a circular tube when diameters are somewhat larger through a segment but not yet aneurysmal.

monophonic CFA and a PSV less than 45 indicative of ______________ occlusion

ipsilateral iliac artery

pop aneurysm usually occurs ____-laterally

a patient with popliteal aneurysm approximately ______% of males will have _____

3% of patients with femoral artery aneurysm also have a __________ aneurysm

popliteal artery

the inside of the leg just above the ankle is known as _____________

medial malleolus

venous ulcers are normally a result of LE valves not working properly and an increase in _________

damage to the vessels near the skin which causes the skin to tear more easily is consistent with ___________

the most common location for venous ulcers is __________

inside of the leg just above ankle

what are the 5 symptoms of venous ulcers

1. itching
2. swelling
3. discoloration
4. hardening of tissues around ulcers
5. smelly sore

venous ulcer symptoms are present with ________ but large wounds with ________ margins

1. shallow
2. irregular

venous ulcers are usually painless but if pain occurs what is it caused by

edema or infection

venous ulcers normally heals with ___-___ months with treatment

venous ulcer treatment includes _____ and ______ of the wound

cleaning, dressing

using compression such a bandages and stocking for venous ulcer treatment will result in:

improved blood flow

arterial ulcers are also known as ___________ ulcers

arterial ulcers are caused by poor ________ to the LE

perfusion (delivery of nutrient- blood)

Arterial ulcers are characterized by a ___________ look usually round in shape, with well-defined even margins

with arterial ulcers, the limb is usually hot/cold with no pulse

arterial ulcers are generally very painful followed by hair loss, and the extremity may turn red when _______ and pale when ________

1. dangled
2. elevated

arterial ulcers are usually found between or on the ______ of the toes in the outer ankle (lateral malleolus)

the outer ankle is known as ______

lateral malleolus

the pressure from walking or footwear exposes the foot to ________

arterial ulcers

will you go to slide 31 for angiography and MRA pics?

will you go to slide 37 for foot facing the left laying down? (venous ulcer)

will you go top the last slide (41) for the large foot with the large hole on the side next to toe? (indicates arterial ulcer)

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