CHAPTER 50: ANIMAL DEVELOPMENT (STUDY GUIDE)

Uterine contractions ____.
a. often occur during the second trimester
b. are controlled by negative feedback
c. are controlled by positive feedback
d. are stimulated by the hormone prolactin
e. only occur during the first two stages of labor
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Uterine contractions ____.
a. often occur during the second trimester
b. are controlled by negative feedback
c. are controlled by positive feedback
d. are stimulated by the hormone prolactin
e. only occur during the first two stages of labor
are controlled by positive feedback
Compared to other mammals, the human brain is unique with respect to its _____.
a. integrative capacity only
b. degree of complexity only
c. pathway of embryonic development only
d. integrative capacity and degree of complexity
e. integrative capacity, degree of complexity, and pathway of embryonic development
degree of complexity only
Morphology refers to the ____ of an organism.
a. reproductive ability
b. appearance.
c. habitat
d. lifespan
e. movement
appearance
At the cellular level, the development of an animal from a fertilized egg involved cell division by _____.
a. meiosis
b. mitosis
c. differentiation
d. morphogenesis
e. cloning
mitosis
Human development ______.
a. is complete at birth
b. begins at puberty
c. is complete at puberty
d. occurs only during adult life
e. begins at conception
begins at conception
At the cellular level, the development of an adult animal from a fertilized egg involves _____.
a. mitosis only
b. meiosis only
c. cell differentiation only
d. mitosis, cell differentiation, and morphogenesis
e. meiosis, cell differentiation, and morphogenesis
mitosis, cell differentiation, and morphogenesis
The final body form of an animal is generated as differentiated cells settle into their appropriate sites; this process is called ____.
a. fertilization
b. morphogenesis
c. parturition
d. involution
e. gastrulation
morphogenesis
Before zygotic genes became active, the stages of animal development was directed by _____.
a. environment
b. cytoplasmic determinants of the egg
c. cytoplasmic determinants of the sperm
d. cytoplasmic determinates of the egg and the sperm
e. zygote nucleus
cytoplasmic determinants of the egg
The information directing the development of the fertilized egg is provided by ____.
a. the egg nucleus only
b. the sperm nucleus only
c. mRNAs in the egg cytoplasm only
d. proteins in the egg and sperm cytoplasm
e. the egg and sperm nuclei, mRNAs in the egg cytoplasm, and proteins in the egg cytoplasm
the egg and sperm nuclei, mRNAs in the egg cytoplasm, and proteins in the egg cytoplasm
Most of the mRNA and protein molecules in the zygote are from the ____ because ____.
a. mother; the fertilizing sperm contributes essentially no cytoplasm to the zygote
b. mother; the fertilizing sperm contributes essentially no DNA to the zygote
c. mother; the proteins in the egg degrade mRNA and protein molecules contained in the sperm
d. father; the egg contributes essentially no cytoplasm to the zygote
e. father; the egg contributes essentially no DNA to the zygote
mother; the fertilizing sperm contributes essentially no cytoplasm to the zygote
How does the amount of yolk relate to the nourishment of the organism? a. An egg with a small amount of yolk contains all of the nutrients for the embryo's development. b. An egg with a large amount of yolk contains all of the nutrients for the embryo's development. c. An egg lacking yolk contains all of the nutrients for the embryo's development. d. There is no relationship between the amount of yolk and the nourishment of the organism. e. All animal eggs have the same amount of yolk and provide the same amount of nourishment.an egg with a large amount of yolk contains all of the nutrients for the embryo's developmentEggs from which organism contain the lowest percentage of yolk? a. birds b. humans c. insects d. reptiles e. mothshumansUnequal distribution of yolk and other components in a mature egg is termed ____. a. cleavage b. gastrulation c. involution d. neurulation e. polaritypolarityIn an egg, the ____ pole typically gives rise to surface structures and the anterior end of the embryo while the ____pole gives rise to internal structures such as the gut and the posterior end of the embryo. a. cleavage; gastrulation b. gastrulation; animal c. animal; vegetal d. cleavage; embryonic e. vegetal; animalanimal; vegetalYolk, when unequally distributed in the cytoplasm, is most commonly concentrated in the ___ half of the egg. a. cleavage b. gastrulation c. animal d. vegetal e. embryonicvegetalThe correct sequence of embryonic development is ____. a. gastrulation, organogenesis, and fertilization b. cleavage, gastrulation, and organogenesis c. gastrulation, fertilization, and organogenesis d. gastrulation, cleavage, and organogenesis e. fertilization, organogenesis, and cleavagecleavage, gastrulation, and organogenesisDuring mitotic cleavage ____. a. no cell division occurs and the embryonic mass does not change b. no cell division occurs and the embryonic mass increases c. cell division occurs and the embryonic mass does not change d. cell division occurs and the embryonic mass increases e. the cell is in a dormant stagecell division occurs and the embryonic mass does not changeAs embryonic cells divide during cleavage, the daughter cells ____. a. grow to the same size as the parent cell b. become progressively smaller c. become progressively larger d. are different in size from each other and the parent cell e. may increase or decrease in size depending on their positionbecome progressively smallerCleavage-stage cells are called, ___ which form a solid ball or layer called a ____. a. morulas; blastomere b. blastocoels; blastomere c. blastomeres; morula d. blastomeres; blastula e. blastulas; blastocoelblastomeres; morulaAs cleavage divisions continue, the ball or layer hollows out to form the ____. a. morula b. zygote c. blastomere d. blastula e. gastrulablastulaPlace the three primary cell layers of an embryo in order, from superficial to deep. a. ectoderm ® endoderm ® mesoderm b. ectoderm ® mesoderm ® endoderm c. endoderm ® ectoderm ® mesoderm d. endoderm ® mesoderm ® ectoderm e. mesoderm ® ectoderm ® endodermectoderm, mesoderm, endodermArrange the developmental stages in the proper order. a. blastula, gastrula, morula b. blastula, morula, gastrula c. gastrula, blastula, morula d. morula, blastula, gastrula e. morula, gastrula, blastulamorula, blastula, gastrulaDuring the process of ____, blastomeres undergo extensive cellular rearrangements to produce an embryo with three distinct primary cell layers. a. induction b. cleavage c. organogenesis d. metamorphosis e. gastrulationgastrulationMuscles originate from the _____. a. ectoderm only b. endoderm only c. mesoderm only d. ectoderm and endoderm e. ectoderm and mesodermmesoderm onlywhich group of adult tissues is derived from the mesoderm? a. lining of the digestive tract, liver, pancreas b. muscles, bone, cartilage c. skin, brain, retina d. skin, liver, pancreas e. lining of the respiratory tract, thyroid gland, and urinary bladdermuscles, bone, cartilageThe lining of the mouth and anus originate from the ____, while the lining of the respiratory tract originates from the____. a. ectoderm; endoderm b. ectoderm; mesoderm c. endoderm; ectoderm d. endoderm; mesoderm e. mesoderm; endodermectoderm; endodermCells capable of producing all the various types of cells of the adult are called _____ cells. a. semipotent b. pluripotent c. totipotent d. mulitpotent e. differentiatedtotipotenetDuring _____, the three germ layers rearrange to produce tissues and organs. a. organogenesis b. fertilization c. parturition d. gastrulation e. cleavageorganogenesisIn _____, one group of cells causes or influences another nearby group of cells to follow a particular developmental pathway. a. apoptosis b. induciton c. differentiation d. determintation e. cleavageinductionPlace the cellular processes responsible for animal development in the correct order a. induction ® differentiation ® determination b. induction ® determination ® differentiation c. determination ® induction ® differentiation d. determination ® differentiation ® induction e. differentiation ® determination ® inductioninduction, determination, differentiationApoptosis is _____. a. cell determination b. cell induction c. a mechanism of cellular adhesion d. programmed cell death e. cell differentiationprogrammed cell deathIn sea urchins, the primary mesenchyme cells eventually become the _____. a. ectoderm b. endoderm c. mesoderm d. endoderm and mesoderm e. ectoderm and endodermmesodermDuring gastrulation in sea urchins, invagination produces a cavity called the ____. a. archenteron b. primary mesenchyme c. secondary mesenchyme d. blastocoel e. blastocystarchenteronThe blastopore is the ____. a. opening of the archenteron at the animal pole b. opening of the archenteron at the vegetal pole c. outer layer of the blastula d. cavity in the blastula formed by invagination e. region of the blastula establishing dorsal-ventral polarityopening of the archenteron at the vegetal poleIn sea urchin embryogenesis, the mouth is formed ____. a. where the archenteron contacts the ectoderm b. by the blastopore c. by the blastocoel d. by migrating secondary mesenchyme cells e. where the blastopore contacts the ectodermwhere the archenteron contacts the ectodermIn ____, the gray crescent establishes the ____ axis of the body. a. birds; dorsal-ventral b. frogs; dorsal-ventral c. humans; dorsal-ventral d. birds; anterior-posterior e. sea urchin; anterior-posteriorfrogs; dorsal-ventralDuring gastrulation in frog embryos, cells migrate into the blastopore by a process called ____. a. invagination b. involution c. cleavage d. induction e. adhesioninvolutionDuring frog gastrulation, cells of the _____ of the blastopore control blastopore production. a. blastocoel b. archenteron c. hypoblast d. dorsal lip e. blastodiscdorsal lipWhich group of organisms has a pattern of gastrulation that is similar to humans? a. amphibians b. birds c. drosophilia d. sea urchins e. zebra fishbirdsIn bird embryos, the pathway for cell migration into the blastocoel is formed by the ____, while in frog embryos, the pathway for cell migration into the blastopore is formed by the ____. a. archenteron; dorsal lip of the blastopore b. epiblast; dorsal lip of the blastopore c. primitive groove; ventral lip of the blastopore d. primitive groove; dorsal lip of the blastopore e. hypoblast; ventral lip of the blastoporeprimitive groove; dorsal lip of the blastoporeThe extraembryonic membrane that secretes fluid around the developing embryo is the ____. a. allantois b. amnion c. chorion d. yolk sac e. both the allantois and the yolk sacamnionThe chorion is produced from which primary tissue layer(s)? a. ectoderm and endoderm b. ectoderm and mesoderm c. endoderm and mesoderm d. ectoderm only e. endoderm onlyectoderm and mesodermIn vertebrates, organogenesis begins with _____. a. neurulation b. gastrulation c. fertilization d. determination e. differentiationneurulationIn vertebrates, the central nervous system develops directly from the ____. a. somites b. neural plate c. notochord d. cells of the neural crest e. neural tubeneural tubeIn vertebrates, cells of the neural crest develop into ____. a. bones of the inner ear only b. cartilage of the face only c. cranial nerves only d. muscles of the chest and cranial nerves e. bones of the inner ear, cartilage of the face, and cranial nervesbones of the inner ear, cartilage of the face, and cranial nervesWhich structure of the eye is matched appropriately with its developmental origin? a. ectoderm ® cornea b. crystallin ® cornea c. optic cup ® lens d. crystallin ® retina e. mesoderm ® retinaectoderm - corneaWhen the optic vesicle contacts overlying ectoderm, developmental events are induced, leading to ___ in the developing lens. a. crystallin and keratin synthesis b. crystallin synthesis c. keratin synthesis d. degradation of crystalline and keratin e. apoptosiscrystallin synthesisNormally, gestation lasts for approximately ___ weeks in humans. a. 28 b. 38 c. 44 d. 50 e. 6038A human embryo is first considered to be a fetus at ____ weeks. a. 3 b. 4 c. 8 d. 10 e. 128Normally human fertilization occurs in the ___. a. vagina b. cervix c. ovary d. uterus e. oviductoviductDuring early embryonic development, implantation into the uterine lining occurs at the ____ stage. a. zygote b. morula c. blastocyst d. gastrula e. hypoblastblastocystThe outer single layer of cells of the blastocyst is called the ____. a. gastrula b. trophoblast c. inner cell mass d. endometrium e. zona pellucidatrophoblastGenetic testing performed on cells of the placenta is called ____while a similar process that uses cells derived from the amniotic fluid is called ____. a. placenta sampling; chorionic villus sampling b. trophoblast testing; amniocentesis c. trophoblast testing; chorionic villus sampling d. chorionic villus sampling; amniocentesis e. placenta sampling; amniocentesischorionic villus sampling; amniocentesisThe pharyngeal arches contribute to the formation of the _____. a. brain and spinal cord b. heart c. legs and arms d. lungs e. larynx and pharynxlarynx and pharynxAs the period of fetal growth comes to an end, a steep rise in ____ levels directly causes _____. a. progesterone; uterine cells to express oxytocin receptor genes b. progesterone; uterine contractions c. estrogen; uterine cells to express oxytocin receptor genes d. estrogen; uterine contractions e. estrogen; oxytocin productionestogen; uterine cellls to express oxytocin receptor genesAfter childbirth, ____ in the mother. a. oxytocin stimulates the production and secretion of milk b. oxytocin stimulates the production of milk and prolactin stimulates the secretion of milk c. prolactin stimulates the production and secretion of milk d. prolactin stimulates the production of milk and oxytocin stimulates the secretion of milk e. estrogen and progesterone are directly responsible for the production and secretion of milkprolactin stimulates the production of milk and oxytocin stimulates the secretion of milkWhat determines the development of male or female sex organs? a. environmental factors b. genes on the X chromosome c. genes on the Y chromosome d. genes on both the X and Y chromosome e. neither the X nor Y chromosomesgenes on the Y chromosomeWhich event occurs in a human fetus with the XX combination of sex chromosomes? a. Anti-Müllerian hormone is produced. b. The SRY gene is activated. c. Testosterone is secreted. d. The Wolffian ducts develop. e. The gonads develop into ovariesthe gonads develop into ovariesWhen the SRY gene of the Y chromosome becomes active (around 7 weeks), the ____. a. Müllerian and Wolffian ducts both develop into male reproductive structures b. Müllerian ducts develop into male reproductive structures and the Wolffian ducts disappear c. Müllerian ducts disappear and the Wolffian ducts develop into male reproductive structures d. Müllerian and Wolffian ducts both disappear e. Müllerian and Wolffian ducts both develop into female reproductive structuresMullerian ducts disappear and the Wolffian ducts develop into male reproductive structuresDetermination ______, while differentiation ____. a. is a cell's commitment to a developmental fate; is a cells development into specialized cell types b. is a cell's development into specialized cell types; is a cell's commitment to a developmental fate c. is permanent; is reversible d. is a result of a cell's own genetic program; is a result of influence by other cells e. results in the final fate of a cell; results in determinationis a cell's commitment to developmental fate; is a cell's development into specialized cell typesCell differentiation occurs due to _____. a. unequal cytoplasmic divisions b. the removal or different genes in different cell types c. polarization of the cell d. the presence of the X and/ or Y chromosome in the cell e. changes in gene expression in different cell typeschanges in gene expression in different cell typesEvidence that all differentiated cells contain the organisms complete genome is provided by _____. a. comparing from and sea urchin development b. observing that some cells remain totipotent c. observing that totipotent cells give rise to mulipotent d. observing that multipotent cells give rise to pluripotent e. the successful cloning of a sheep, Dollythe successful cloning of a sheep, DollyDuring differentiation, organs develop with different numbers of cells due to ______. a. cell adhesion molecules that are only present in some tissues b. cell migration c. cell determination d. the variable length of mitotic interphase e. microtubules rearrangementthe variable length of mitotic interphaseFate maps of C. elegans development reveal that all somatic cells of the adult directly descend from the ____ produced during early development. a. two germ-line cells b. cells of the hypodermis c. five somatic founder cells d. three endodermal cells e. five germ-line cellsfive somatic founder cellsApoptosis begins when ___ is inactivated. a. CED-3 b. CED-4 c. CED-9 d. the death signal receptor e. a nucleaseCED-0Removal of webbing between human fingers is an example of ___. a. induction b. apoptosis c. differentiation d. meiosis e. determinationapoptosisTissues present during organ development that are not found in the fully formed organ are removed by ____. a. apoptosis only b. differentiation only c. induction only d. apoptosis and differentiation e. apoptosis, differentiation, and inductionapoptosis onlyExperiments on selective adhesion between ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm derived from the amphibian embryos demonstrated that ___. a. ectoderm cells have positive affinity for mesoderm cells but negative affinity for endoderm cells b. ectoderm cells have negative affinity for mesoderm cells but positive affinity for endoderm cells c. mesoderm cells have negative affinity for endoderm and ectoderm cells d. ectoderm cells have positive affinity for both endoderm and mesoderm cells e. endoderm cells have positive affinity for both ectoderm and mesoderm cellsectoderm cells have positive affinity for mesoderm cells but negative affinity for endoderm cellsWhen a dorsal lop from a newt is attached to the ventral side of another embryo it results in __. a. two separate newts b. two attached newts c. survival of only the original newt d. death of the newt e. no observable resulttwo attached newtsWhole-cell movements involve the coordinated activity of _____. a. microtubules only b. microfilaments only c. blastomeres only d. microtubules and microfilaments e. microtubules, microfilaments, and blastomeresmicrotubules and microfilamentsResearch indicates that ____ defects occur ____ often with multiple births than single births. a. central nervous system; less b. heart; more c. musculoskeletal; more d. gastrointestinal; lesss e. chromosomal; lessheart; moreTRUE OR FALSE: The material in the gray crescent of a frog embryo is necessary for normal development.trueTRUE OR FALSE: The nervous system structures develop from the ectodermtrueTRUE OR FALSE: Cells that undergo apoptosis are essential to the organism into adulthoodfalseTRUE OR FALSE: maternal blood mixes directly with the embryos blood.falseTRUE OR FALSE: The hormone progesterone triggers the smooth muscles of the uterine wall to begin contractions for laborfalseTRUE OR FALSE: in a human fetus that has the XX combination of sex chromosomes the gonads develop into ovariestrue