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basilar membranein the ear, the floor of the cochlear duct on which the organ of Corti sitsbetz cellsoutput cells of the primary motor cortex that cause musculature to move through synapses on cranial and spinal motor neuronsbinocular depth cuesindications of the distance of visual stimuli on the basis of slight differences in the images projected onto either retinabipolar cellcell type in the retina that connects the photoreceptors to the RGCsbroca's arearegion of the frontal lobe associated with the motor commands necessary for speech productioncapsaicinmolecule that activates nocireceptors by interacting with a temperature-sensitive ion channel and is the basis for "hot" sensations in spicy foodcerebral pendunclessegments of the descending motor pathway that make up the white matter of the ventral midbraincervical enlargementregion of the ventral (anterior) horn of the spinal cord that has a larger population of motor neurons for the greater number of and finer control of muscles of the upper limbchemoreceptorsensory receptor cell that is sensitive to chemical stimuli, such as in taste, smell, or painchief sensory nucleuscomponent of the trigeminal nuclei that is found in the ponschoroidhighly vascular tissue in the wall of the eye that supplies the outer retina with bloodciliary bodysmooth muscle structure on the interior surface of the iris that controls the shape of the lens through the zonule fiberscircadian rhythminternal perception of the daily cycle of light and dark based on retinal activity related to sunlightcochleaauditory portion of the inner ear containing structures to transduce sound stimulicochlear ductspace within the auditory portion of the inner ear that contains the organ of Corti and is adjacent to the scala tympani and scala vestibuli on either sidecone photoreceptorone of the two types of retinal receptor cell that is specialized for color vision through the use of three photopigments distributed through three separate populations of cells.contralateralword meaning "on the opposite side" as in axons that cross the midline in a fiber tractcorneafibrous covering of the anterior region of the eye that is transparent so that light can pass through itcorneal reflexprotective response to stimulation of the cornea causing contraction of the orbicularis oculi muscle resulting in blinking of the eyecorticobulbar tractconnection between the cortex and brain stem responsible for generating movementcorticospinal tractconnection between the cortex and the spinal cord responsible for generating movementcupulaspecialized structure within the base of a semicircular canal that bends the stereocilia of hair cells when the head rotates by way of the relative movement of the enclosed fluiddecussateto cross the midline, as in fibers that project from one side of the body to the otherdorsal column systemascending tract of the spinal cord associated with fine touch and proprioceptive sensationsdorsal streamconnections between cortical areas from the occipital to parietal lobes that are responsible for the perception of visual motion and guiding movement of the body in relation to that motionencapsulated endingconfiguration of a sensory receptor neuron with dendrites surrounded by specialized structures to aid in transduction of a particular type of sensation, such as the lamellated corpuscles in the deep dermis and subcutaneous tissueequilibriumsense of balance that includes sensations of position and movement of the headexecutive functionscognitive processes of the prefrontal cortex that lead to directing goal-directed behavior, which is a precursor to executing motor commandsexternal earstructures on the lateral surface of the head, including the auricle and the ear canal back to the tympanic membraneexteroceptorsensory receptor that is positioned to interpret stimuli from the external environment, such as photoreceptors int he eye or somatosensory receptors in the skinextraocular muscleone of six muscles originating out of the bones of the orbit and inserting into the surface of the eye which are responsible for moving the eyeextrapyramidal systempathways between the brain and spinal cord that are separate from the corticospinal tract and are responsible for modulating the movements generated through that primary pathwayfasciculus cuneatuslateral division of the dorsal column system composed of fibers from sensory neurons in the upper bodyfasciculus gracilismedial division of the dorsal column system composed of fibers from sensory neurons in the lower bodyfibrous tunicouter layer of the eye primarily composed of connective tissue known as the sclera and corneafoveaexact center of the retina at which visual stimuli are focused for maximal acuity, where the retina is thinnest, at which there is nothing but photoreceptorsfree nerve endingconfiguration of a sensory receptor neuron with dendrites in the CT of the organ, such as in the dermis of the skin, that are most often sensitive to chemical, thermal, and mechanical stimulifrontal eye fieldsarea of the prefrontal cortex responsible for moving the eyes to attend to visual stimuligeneral senseany sensory system that is distributed throughout the body and incorporated into organs of multiple other systems, such as the walls of the digestive organs or the skingustationsense of tastegustatory receptor cellssensory cells in the taste bud that transduce the chemical stimuli of gustationhair cellsmechanoreceptor cells found in the inner ear that transduce stimuli for the senses of hearing and balanceincus(also, anvil) ossicle of the middle ear that connects the malleus to the stapesinferior colliculuslast structure in the auditory brainstem pathway that projects to the thalamus and superior colliculusinferior obliqueextraocular muscle responsible for lateral rotation of the eyeinferior rectusextraocular muscle responsible for looking downinner earstructure within the temporal bone that contains the sensory apparati of hearing and balanceinner segmentin the eye, the section of a photoreceptor that contains the nucleus and other major organelles for normal cellular functionsinner synaptic layerlayer in the retina where bipolar cells connect to RGCsinteraural intensity differencecue used to aid sound localization in the horizontal plane that compares the relative loudness of sounds at the two ears, because the ear closer to the sound source will hear a slightly more intense soundinteraural time differencecue used to help with sound localization in the horizontal plane that compares the relative time of arrival of sounds at the two ears, because the ear closer to the sound source will receive the stimulus microseconds before the other earinternal capsulesegment of the descending motor pathway that passes between the caudate nucleus and the putameninteroceptorsensory receptor that is positioned to interpret stimuli form internal organs, such as stretch receptors in the wall of blood vesselsipsilateralword meaning on the same side, as in axons that do not cross the midline in a fiber tractiriscolored portion of the anterior eye that surrounds the pupilkinesthesiasense of body movement based on sensations in skeletal muscles, tendons, joints, and the skinlacrimal ductduct in the medial corner of the orbit that drains tears into the nasal cavitylacrimal glandgland lateral to the orbit that produces tears to wash across the surface of the eyelateral corticospinal tractdivision of the corticospinal pathway that travels through the lateral column of the spinal cord and controls appendicular musculature through the lateral motor neurons in the ventral (anterior) hornlateral geniculate nucleusthalamic target of the RGCs that projects to the visual cortexlateral rectusextraocular muscle responsible for the abduction of the eyelenscomponent of the eye that focuses light on the retinalevator palpebrae superiorismuscle that causes elevation of the upper eyelid, controlled by fibers in the oculomotor nervelumbar enlargementregion of the ventral (anterior) horn of the spinal cord that has a larger population of motor neurons for the greater number of muscles of the lower limbmaculaenlargement at the base of a semicircular canal at which transduction of equilibrium stimuli takes place within the ampullamalleus(also, hammer) ossicle that is directly attached to the tympanic membranemechanoreceptorreceptor cell that transduces mechanical stimuli into an electrochemical signalmedial geniculate nucleusthalamic target of the auditory brain stem that projects to the auditory cortexmedial lemniscusfiber tract of the dorsal column system that extends from the nuclei gracilis and cuneatus to the thalamus, and decussatesmedial rectusexraocular muscle responsible for adduction of the eyemesencephalic nucleuscomponent of the trigeminal nuclei found in the midbrainmiddle earspace within the temporal bone between the ear canal and bony labyrinth where the ossicles amplify sound waves from the tympanic membrane to the oval windowmultimodal integration arearegion of the cerebral cortex in which information from more than one sensory modality is processed to arrive at higher level cortical functions such as memory, learning, or cognitionneural tuniclayer of the eye that contains nervous tissue, namely the retinanociceptorreceptor cell that senses pain stimulinucleus cuneatusmedullary nucleus at which first-order neurons of the dorsal column system synapse specifically from the upper body and armsnucleus gracilismedullary nucleus at which first-order neurons of the dorsal column system synapse specifically from the lower body and legsodorant moleculesvolatile chemicals that bind to receptor proteins in olfactory neurons to stimulate the sense of smellolfactionsense of smellolfactory bulbcentral target of the first cranial nerve; located on the ventral surface of the frontal lobe in the cerebrumolfactory epitheliumregion of the nasal epithelium where olfactory neurons are locatedolfactory sensory neuronreceptor cell of the olfactory system, sensitive to the chemical stimuli of smell, the axons of which compose the first cranial nerveopsinprotein that contains the photosensitive cofactor retinal for phototransductionoptic chiasmdecussation point in the visual system at which medial retina fibers cross to the other side of the brainoptic discspot on the retina at which RGC axons leave the eye and blood vessels of the inner retina passoptic nervesecond cranial nerve, which is responsible visual sensationoptic tractname for the fiber structure containing axons from the retina posterior to the optic chiasm representing their CNS locationorgan of Cortistructure in the cochlea in which hair cells transduce movements from sound waves into electrochemical signalsosmoreceptorreceptor cell that senses differences in the concentrations of bodily fluids on the basis of osmotic pressureossiclesthree small bones in the middle earotolithlayer of calcium carbonate crystals located on top of the otolithic membraneotolithic membranegelatinous substance in the utricle and saccule of the inner ear that contains calcium carbonate crystals and into which the stereocilia of hair cells are embeddedouter segmentin the eye, the section of a photoreceptor that contains opsin molecules that transduce light stimuliouter synaptic layerlayer in the retina at which photoreceptors connect to bipolar cellsoval windowmembrane at the base of the cochlea where the stapes attaches, marking the beginning of the scala vestibulipalpebral conjunctivamembrane attached to the inner surface of the eyelids that covers the anterior surface of the corneapapillafor gustation, a bump-like projection on the surface of the tongue that contains taste budsphotoisomerizationchemical change in the retinal molecule that alters the bonding so that it switches from the 11-cis-retinal isomer to the all-trans-retinal isomerphotonindividual "packet" of lightphotoreceptorreceptor cell specialized to respond to light stimulipremotor cortexcortical area anterior to the primary motor cortex that is responsible for planning movementsprimary sensory cortexregion of the cerebral cortex that initially receives sensory input from an ascending pathway from the thalamus and begins the processing that will result in conscious perception of that modalityproprioceptionsense of position and movement of the bodyproprioceptorreceptor cell that senses changes in the position and kinesthetic aspects of the bodypupilopen hole at the center of the iris that light passes through into the eyepyramidal decussationlocation at which coritcospinal tract fibers cross the midline and segregate into the anterior and lateral divisions of the pathwaypyramidssegment of the descending motor pathway that travels in the anterior position of the medullareceptor cellcell that transduces environmental stimuli into neural signalsred nucleusmidbrain nucleus that sends corrective commands to the spinal cord along the rubrospinal tract, based on disparity between an original command and the sensory feedback from movementreticulospinal tractextrapyramidal connections between the brain stem and spinal cord that modulate movement, contribute to posture, and regulate muscle toneretinanervous tissue of the eye at which phototransduction takes placeretinalcofactor in an opsin molecule that undergoes a biochemical change when struck by a photon (pronounced with a stress on the last syllable)retinal ganglion cell (RGC)neuron of the retina that projects along the second cranial nerverhodopsinphotopigment molecule found in the rod photoreceptorsrod photoreceptorone of the two types of retinal receptor cell that is specialized for low-light visionround windowmembrane that marks the end of the scala tympanirubrospinal tractdescending motor control pathway, originating in the red nucleus, that mediates control of the limbs on the basis of cerebellar processingsacculestructure of the inner ear responsible for transducing linear acceleration in the vertical planescala tympaniportion of the cochlea that extends from the apex to the round windowscala vestibuliportion of the cochlea that extends from the oval window to the apexsclerawhite of the eyesemicircular canalsstructures within the inner ear responsible for transducing rotational movement informationsensory homonculustopographic representation of the body within the somatosensory cortex demonstrating the correspondence between neurons processing stimuli and sensitivitysensory modalitya particular system for interpreting and perceiving environmental stimuli by the nervous systemsolitary nucleusmedullar nucleus that receives taste information from the facial and glossopharyngeal nervessomatosensationgeneral sense associated with modalities lumped together as touchspecial senseany sensory system associated with a specific organ structure, namely smell, taste, sight, hearing, and balancespinal trigeminal nucleuscomponent of the trigeminal nuclei that is found in the medullaspinothalamic tractascending tract of the spinal cord associated with pain and temperature sensationsspiral ganglionlocation of neuronal cell bodies that transmit auditory info along the eighth cranial nervestapes(also, stirrup) ossicle of the middle ear that is attached to the inner earstereociliaarray of apical membrane extensions in a hair cell that transduce movements when they are bentstretch reflexresponse to activation of the muscle spindle stretch receptor that causes contraction of the muscle to maintain a constant lengthsubmodalityspecific sense within a broader major sense such as sweet as a part of the sense of taste, or color as a part of visionsuperior colliculusstructure in the midbrain that combines visual, auditory, and somatosensory input to coordinate spatial and topographic representations of the three sensory systemssuperior obliqueextraocular muscle responsible for medial rotation of the eyesuperior rectusextraocular muscle responsible for looking upsupplemental motor areacortical area anterior to the primary motor cortex that is responsible for planning movementssuprachiasmatic nucleushypothalamic target of the retina that helps to establish the circadian rhythm of the body on the basis of the presence or absence of daylighttaste budsstructures within a papilla on the tongue that contain gustatory receptor cellstectorial membranecomponent of the organ of Corti that lays over the hair cells, into which the stereocilia are embeddedtectospinal tractextrapyramidal connections between the superior colliculus and spinal cordthermoreceptorsensory receptor specialized for temperature stimulitopographicalrelating to positional informationtransductionprocess of changing an environmental stimulus into the electrochemical signals of the nervous systemtrochleacartilaginous structure that acts like a pulley for the superior oblique muscletympanic membraneear drumumamitaste submodality for sensitivity to the concentration of amino acids; also called the savory senseutriclestructure of the inner ear responsible for transducing linear acceleration in the horizontal planevascular tunicmiddle layer of the eye primarily composed of CT with a rich blood supplyventral posterior nucleusnucleus in the thalamus that is the target of gustatory sensations and projects to the cerebral cortexventral streamconnections between cortical areas form the occipital lobe to the temporal lobe that are responsible for identification of visual stimulivestibular ganglionlocation of neuronal cell bodies that transmit equilibrium info along the eighth cranial nervevestibular nucleitargets of the vestibular component of the eighth cranial nervevestibulein the ear, the portion of the inner ear responsible for the sense of equilibriumvestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR)reflex based on connections between the vestibular system and the cranial nerves of eye movements that ensures images are stabilized on the retina as the head and body movevestibulospinal tractextrapyramidal connections between the vestibular nuclei in the brain stem and spinal cord that modulate movement and contribute to balance on the basis of the sense of equilibriumvisceral sensesense associated with the internal organsvisionspecial sense of sight based on transduction of light stimulivisual acuityproperty of vision related to the sharpness of focus, which varies in relation to retinal positionvitreous humorviscious fluid that fills the posterior chamber of the eyeworking memoryfunction of the prefrontal cortex to maintain a representation of info that is not in the immediate environmentzonule fibersfibrous connections between the ciliary body and the lens
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