All epigenetic signatures are heritable a. True b. Falseb. FalseWhich of the developmental biology tools is/are used to study DNA:Protein interactions? a. In Situ b. CRISPR-Cas9 c. ChIP Seq, Cut n Run, ATAC Seq d. RNAic. ChIP Seq, Cut n Run, ATAC SeqWhat is cellular morphogenesis? a. Cells communicate and form organized structures such as tissues and organs b. Turning on and off of genes via epigenetics c. Pluripotent cells becoming totipotent d. Not essential during embryogenesisa. Cells communicate and form organized structures such as tissues and organsEpithelial and mesenchymal cells are two main types of cells that makes up an embryo. a. True b. Falsea. TrueJuxtacrine signaling requires physical end to end interaction between cell membrane receptors. a. True b. Falsea. TrueWhat are paracrine factors? a. Require physical membrane to membrane interactions b. Ligands released by cells that induce functional effects in recipient cells c. Ligand binding does not change the confirmation of the surface receptors d. Do not activate signal transduction cascadesb. Ligands released by cells that induce functional effects in recipient cellsWhat are cadherins? a. Internal domain hold cells together b. Cadherins are anchored on the outside of the cells by catenin complexes c. Cis membrane proteins that conduct juxtacrine signaling d. E-Cadherins, P-cadherins, N-cadherins, R-cadherins, and protocadherind. E-Cadherins, P-cadherins, N-cadherins, R-cadherins, and protocadherinR-cadherins are critical for placental formation? a. True b. Falseb. FalseWhat are some of the most abundant macromolecules in the ECM? a. Glycoproteins, Proteoglycans, and Collagen b. Fibronectin, Lamina, and Heparina. Glycoproteins, Proteoglycans, and CollagenHepran Sulfate is a? a. ECM protein with glycosaminoglycan side chains b. Glycoprotein c. Collagen d. Major component of the basal laminaa. ECM protein with glycosaminoglycan side chainsECM is the surrounding environment of the cells that regulate cell adhesion, cell migration, differentiation, and organization? a. True b. Falsea. TrueWhat are integrins? a. Transmembrane proteins that provide structural support b. Contain RDG binding domain and Ca2+ sites in the alpha and beta subunits c. Form bridges between ECM molecules and cytosolic proteins d. All of the aboved. All of the aboveTypes of paracrine families? a. TGF-beta b. Sonic Hedgehog c. Wnt d. All of the aboved. All of the aboveWhat is true regarding PGCs? a. Originate in the gametes and differentiate into mature sperm or egg b. Migrate from the posterior region of the embryo to the genital ridge c. Are highly influenced by the surrounding environment during migration d. Unique to mammalsb. Migrate from the posterior region of the embryo to the genital ridgeIn females, completion of meiosis I/II is delayed for months-years. In males meiosis I/II is completed in days to weeks. a. True b. Falsea. TruePhase II spermatogenesis is mitotic a. True b. Falseb. FalseIn insects, which sex chromosomes determines the sex? a. X and Y b. X c. Y d. Zb. XWhich processes are driven by increase Stra8 and RA (Kidneys)? a. Oogenesis b. Spermatogenesis c. Oogenesis & Spermatogenesis d. Oogenesis & Spermatogenesisa. OogenesisSelect the correct statement regarding SOX9 function a. Promote Wnt paracrine expression b. Promote ovary development through B-catenin c. Promote testis development by activating FGF9 & Anti-Mullerian hormone d. Activate Testis determining factor, Sryc. Promote testis development by activating FGF9 & Anti-Mullerian hormoneT / F: Mammalian female gametes are haploid at the time of sperm entrance (halted atMetaphase II)FalseWhy is it important to have 2 centrioles in the sperm? a. One to enter the egg and establish mitotic spindle, other to provide guidance b. Regulate meiotic division during spermatogenesis c. One to enter the egg and one to generate ATP d. Mature sperm, post-processing, does not contain centriolesa. One to enter the egg and establish mitotic spindle, other to provide guidanceChoose the correct statement regarding mammalian sperm. a. Chemotaxic and Thermotaxic once inside the oviduct b. Capacitation (final maturation) is associated with Na+ influx c. Cumulus cells release Bindin that helps with sperm chemotaxis d. CarSper protein channels in the sperm tail enable symmetrical rhythma. Chemotaxic and Thermotaxic once inside the oviductResact is a SAP/paracrine that leads to sperm repulsion a. True b. Falseb. FalseSulfated polysaccharides in the echinoderms are highly species-specific a. True b. Falsea. TrueWhat is the Zona Pellucida? a. Interior most layer of the ovum b. Is made up of ovarian follicular cells c. Gel like cytoplasm that contains cytoskeletal proteins d. A protective thick extracellular matrix that surrounds the ovumd. A protective thick extracellular matrix that surrounds the ovumDrosophila has a segmental body plan that stays constant between larva and adult form a. True b. Falsea. TrueWhich maternal mRNA starts the process of anterior-posterior & Dorsal-Ventral Patterning? a. Gurken b. Torpedo c. Engrailed d. Fushi Tarazua. GurkenChoose the correct gradient association in Drosophila body axis patterning. a. Bicoid positively regulate Nanos b. Bicoid positively regulate Hunchback c. Hunchback positively regulate Nanos d. Nanos negatively regulate Caudab. Bicoid positively regulate HunchbackWhich structures are regulated by the terminal genes? a. Acron & Telson b. Prochephalon & Mesothorax c. Polar cells that becomes the gametes d. Parasegmentationa. Acron & TelsonThe pair-rule genes are expressed during nuclear division cycle 13, right before the formation of the cellular blastoderm. a. True b. Falsea. TrueWhat is true regarding the syncytium? a. Cytokinesis precedes karyokinesis b. A result of superficial cleavage, where cleavage is confined to the rim of the egg c. Continues from division 1 to 14 d. Characterized by zygotic gene expressionb. A result of superficial cleavage, where cleavage is confined to the rim of the egg

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