Upgrade to remove ads
Only $35.99/year

Head and Neck Anatomy: Bones, CNs, Superficial Face

Terms in this set (325)

What are the paired bones of the skull?
1. parietal
2. temporal
3. zygoma
4. lacrimal
5. inferior concha
6. nasal
7. ear ossicles
8. palatine
9. maxilla
What are the unpaired bones of the skull?
1. occipital
2. sphenoid
3. frontal
4. vomer
5. ethmoid
6. mandible
The auditory tube is situated within what bone?
temporal
The auditory tube links what two parts of the skull?
the nasopharynx to the middle ear (allows for the equilibration of air)
The carotid canal is situated within what bone?
temporal
The internal acoustic meatus is specifically located in what portion of the temporal bone?
petrous part
what nerve passes through the petrotympanic fissure which is medial to the glenoid fossa
chorda tympani
The chorda tympani is a branch of which cranial nerve?
facial nerve (VII)
In what bone does the incisive canal lie?
maxilla
The glenoid fossa is a depression of which bone?
temporal
The ophthalamic division of the trigeminal nerve (V1) passes through what opening?
superior orbital fissure (sphenoid bone)
The maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve (V2) passes through what opening?
foramen rotundum (sphenoid)
The mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve (V3) passes through what opening of the sphenoid bone?
foramen ovale
What bones are a part of the calavaria?
1. frontal
2. parietal
3. occipital
4. temporal
What bones comprise the neurocranium?
1. frontal
2. parietal
3. temporal
4. occipital
5. sphenoid
What bones form the viscerocranium?
1. maxilla
2. zygoma
3. mandible
4. nasal bones
The squamosal suture separates what two bones of the calavaria?
temporal and parietal
The pterion is the intersection of what 4 bones?
1. temporal
2. parietal
3. sphenoid (greater wing)
4. frontal
The coronal suture separates what bones of the skull?
parietal and frontal
The lambdoidal suture separates what bones of the skull?
parietal and occipital
The asterion is the intersection of which bones' sutures?
1. temporal
2. occipital
3. parietal
What is the only bone of the skull to develop completely intramembranously?
frontal
what other bones of the skull develop intramembranously?
1. parietal
2. maxilla
3. nasal
4. lacrimal
5. vomer
6. zygoma
7. palatine
which bones form through endochondral ossification?
1. occipital (base)
2. sphenoid (lesser wing)
3. temporal (petrous)
4. ethmoid
5. inferior concha
6. ossicles
7. condyle (mandible)
Meckel's cartilage is important in the formation of a space for which nerve to travel within?
mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve (V3)
Meckel's cartilage regresses to form what three items?
1. condylar head
2. incus
3. malleus
This curve is viewed from the sagittal and tracks along the tips of the posterior teeth and extends through the condyles (ideally)
Curve of Spee
This curve is viewed from the coronal and contacts the buccal and lingual cusp tips of each side of the arch
Curve of Wilson
The curve of occlusion in which each cusp and incisal edge touches to a segment of the surface of a sphere 8 inches in diameter with the center in the glabella
Monson's Curve
The oblique band of the lateral TMJ ligament attaches at what locations?
articular tubercle to the condylar neck
The horizontal band of the lateral TMJ ligament attaches where?
articular tubercle to the later pole of the condylar head
Name the connections and function of the stylomandibular ligament.
styloid process of the temporal bone --> posterior surface of the ramus

limit downward and anterior movement
Name the connections and the function of the sphenomandibular ligament
sphenoid spine --> mandibular lingual

limit downward and lateral movement
Name the function of the lateral TMJ ligament.
limit downward and backward movement
Name the connections and function of the collateral ligament.
articular disc --> medial and lateral poles of the condylar head

holds the articular disc to the condylar head
Name the function of the PDL
holds the tooth in the alveolar process
Where does the fascia covering the temporalis muscle attach?
superior temporal line
Where does the muscle of the temporalis attach?
inferior temporal line
Name the only muscle that can retract the mandible.
temporalis
Name the functions of the temporalis.
elevate the mandible
open the mandible
retract the mandible
lateral movement of the mandible
Where, specifically, to the tendonous fibers of the temporalis insert?
posterior to the 3rd molars of the mandible
What is the function of the masseter?
elevates the jaw
clenches teeth (chewing)
What are the origin and insertion of the two portions of the masseter?
Superficial
O: anterior 2/3 of the zygomatic arch
Deep
O: medial surface of the zygomatic arch

I: lateral surface of the ramus, coronoid process, angle of mandible
What fissure do the pterygoids run through?
pterygomaxillary fissure
What are the two bellies of the lateral pterygoid and what are there origins/insertions?
Superior and inferior
O: infratemporal surface of greater wing
O: lateral surface of later pterygoid plate
I: anterior portion of the condylar neck and TMJ capsule
What is the function of the lateral pterygoid?
protrusion of the mandible
rotary movements
movement of the articular disc
What are the origin and insertion of the medial pterygoid?
O: medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate
I: posterior and lower part of the medial surface of the angle of the mandible
What is the function of the medial pterygoid?
protracts the mandible
elevates the mandible
assists rotary movements
The muscles of facial expression are innervated by which cranial nerve?
branches of the facial nerve (VII)
The muscles of mastication lie deep to the muscles of facial expression and are innervated by which cranial nerve?
branches of the trigeminal (V)
What type of neurons collect sensory data from the sensory organs and convey it to the CNS
1st order (typically pseudounipolar)
What types of neurons are located within the CNS and receive impulses from the PNS?
2nd order
where are 3rd order neurons located
thalamus
Name the cranial nerves derived from somites.
Occulomotor (III)
Trochlear (IV)
Abducent (VI)
Hypoglossal (XII)
Name the somatic muscles of the skull innervated by the occulomotor nereve (CN III)
levator palpebrae superiorus
inferior oblique
superior rectus
medial rectus
lateral rectus
Name the somatic muscles innervated by the trochlear nerve (CN IV)
superior oblique
Name the somatic muscles innervated by the abducent nerve (CN VI)
lateral rectus
Name the occipital somites innervated by the hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)
extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of the tongue
Name the cranial nerves derived from branchial arches.
Trigeminal (V)
Facial (VII)
Glossopharyngeal (IX)
Vagus (X)
Name the muscles derived from the 1st branchial arch, which are innervated by the mandibular division of the trigmenal (V3).
temporalis
messeter
lateral pterygoid
medial pterygoid
mylohyoid
digastric
tensor tympani
tensor veli palatini
Name the muscles derived from the 2nd branchial arch, and innervated by the facial nerve (CN VII)
muscles of facial expression
stylohyoid
digastric (posterior belly)
stapedius
Name the muscles derived from the 3rd branchial arch. (glossopharyngeal (IX))
stylopharyngeus
Name the muscles derived from the 4th and 6th branchial arches. (Vagus (X))
pharyngeal muscles
levator veli palatini
muscule uvulae
palatoglossus
laryngeal muscles
Parasympathetic ganglia are typically located close to their __________.
target organs
The preganglionic axons of parasympathetic neurons are typically ____ when compared to the length of the postganglionic axons.
longer
Sympathetic ganglia are typically located near the ________.
CNS
Sympathetic nerves can leave the spinal cord and synapse in what two types of ganglia?
paravertebral (form the sympathetic trunk)
prevertebral
What are the 3 main types of prevertebral ganglia
celiac
superior mesenteric
inferior mesenteric
Name the following cranial nerve's parasympathetic ganglia.
Occulomotor (III)
Facial (VII)
Glossopharyngeal (IX)
III - ciliary ganglion
VII - pterygopalatine and submandibular
IX - otic
Sensations of GSA
CN with GSA
general sensations from somite derivatives (skin, skeletal muscle, mucosa)
touch, pain, and temperature

occulomotor (III)
trochlear (IV)
trigeminal (V)
abducens (VI)
facial (VII)
glossopharyngeal (IX)
vagus (X)
accessory (XI)
hypoglossal (XII)
Sensations of GVA
CN with GVA
general sensations from viscera (smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands)

glossopharyngeal (IX)
vagus (X)
Sensations of SSA
CN with SSA
sight, hearing, balance (smell as well)

olfactory (I)
optic (II)
vestibulocochlear (VIII)
Sensations of SVA
CN with SVA
taste and smell

olfactory (I)
facial (VII)
glossopharyngeal (IX)
vagus (X)
Innervations of GSE (somatomotor)
CN with GSE
motor innervations to striated skeletal muscle derived from somites

occulomotor (III)
trochlear (IV)
abducens (VI)
hypoglossal (XII)
Innervations of GVE (parasympathetic)
CN with GVE
motor innervation to viscera (smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, etc...)

occulomotor (III)
facial (VII)
glossopharyngeal (IX)
vagus (X)
Innervation of SVE (branchiomotor)
CN with SVE
fibers to striated muscle derived from branchial arches

trigeminal (V3 only)
facial (VII)
glossopharyngeal (IX)
vagus (X)
accessory (XI)
The olfactory nerve (CN I) contains which components?
SSA
SVA
Function - sense of smell
The olfactory nerve (CN I) is the only nerve that bypasses the brainstem and synapses where?
cerebral cortex
What is the cranial nerve sensory ganglia of the olfactory nerve?
olfactory bulb (SSA and SVA)
The olfactory nerve (CN I) passes through what passageway of the skull?
cribriform plate (ethmoid bone)
The optic nerve (CN II) possesses which component?
SSA
Function - vision
What is the name of the sensory ganglia of the optic nerve (CN II)?
ganglionic layer of retina (SSA)
What nuclei is associated with the optic nerve?
lateral geniculate body
The optic nerve (CN II) passes through what part of the skull?
optic canal (sphenoid bone)
What components are associated with the occulomotor nerve (CN III)
GSE
GVE
GSA
Function - ocular movement
The GSE component of the occulomotor nerve (CN III) innervates which muscles?
levator palpebra superiorus
superior rectus
inferior rectus
medial rectus
inferior oblique
(the final four are extraocular muscles)
The postganglionic parasympathetic fibers (GVE) of the occulomotor nerve (CN III) have cell bodies in what ganglion?
ciliary (motor ganglia)
What nuclei is associated with the GVE component of the occulomotor nerve (CN III)?
Edinger-Westphal nucleus
The GVE component of the occulomotor nerve (postganglionic parasympathetic fibers) innervate which muscles?
ciliary
pupillary sphincter
(intraocular muscles)
What passageway does the occulomotor nerve pass through?
superior orbital fissure (sphenoid bone)
The trochlear nerve (CN IV) has which components?
GSA
SVE
Function - eye movement
The trochlear nerve (CN IV) is the only cranial nerve that arises from where?
posterior of the brainstem (all others are anterior or lateral)
What part of the skull does the trochlear nerver (CN IV) pass through?
superior orbital fissure (sphenoid bone)
What extraocular muscle is innervated by the GSE component of the trochlear nerve (CN IV)
superior oblique
What components are associated with all divisions of the trigeminal nerve (CN V)?
GSA
SVE
Function - general sensation, mastication
What sensory ganglion is associated with the GSA component of the trigeminal nerve?
trigeminal ganglion
What are the 3 divisions of the trigeminal nerve (V)?
V1 - ophthalamic
V2 - maxillary
V3 - mandibular
Which division of the trigeminal nerve (V) has both GSA and SVE components to it?
mandibular (V3)
What are the passageways for the 3 divisions of the trigeminal nerve (V) through the skull?
V1 - superior ordbital fissure
V2 - foramen rotundum
V3 - foramen ovale
The ophthalamic division (V1) receives its GSA data from which parts of the head?
orbit
nasal cavity
paranasal sinuses
face
The maxillary division (V2) receives its GSA data from what parts of the head?
nasal cavity
pararnasal sinuses
superior nasopharynx
upper oral cavity
internal skull
face
GSA data from what parts of the head are sensed by the mandibular division (V3)?
lower oral cavity
ear
internal skull
face
The mandibular division (V3) innervates which muscles through its SVE component? Which of these are muscle of mastication?
temporalis*
massester*
medial pterygoid*
lateral pterygoid*
mylohyoid
digastric
tensor tympani
tensor veli palatini
(these are all 1st branchial derivatives)
The abducent nerve (CN VI) is comprised of what components?
GSA
GSE
Function - eye movement
What is the extraocular muscle innervated by the GSE component of the abducens nerve (CN VI)?
lateral rectus
The abducens nerve (CN VI) passes through what passageway of the skull?
superior orbital fissure
Which cranial nerves pass through the superior orbital fissure?
occulomotor (CN III)
trochlear (CN IV)
ophthalamic of trigeminal (V1)
abducens (CN VI)
Which cranial nerves pass through the superior orbital fissure and have a GSE component?
occulomotor (CN III)
trochlear (CN IV)
abducens (CN VI)
Name the components of the facial nerve (CN VII).
GSA
GVE
SVA
SVE
Function - facial expression, secretomotor, visceral sensation, cutaneous sensation
The SVA component of the facial nerve is responsible for taste fibers in what part of the oral cavity?
anterior 2/3 of the tongue
soft palate
The facial nerve (CN VII) receives GSA data from the ____.
external ear
The postganglionic parasympathetic fibers (GVE) of the facial nerve have cell bodies within which ganglions?
submandibular
pterygopalatine
The preganglionic parasympathetic fibers (GVE) of the facial nerve (CN VII) have cell bodies in which nuclei?
superior salivatory nucleus
Postganglionic parasympathetic (GVE) fibers of the facial nerve innervate which glands?
lacrimal
submandibular
sublingual
palatine
What ganglia is associated with the SVA and GSA component of the abducent nerve (CN VI)?
geniculate ganglia
The muscles innervated by the SVE component of the facial nerve (CN VII) are derived from which branchial arch?
2nd
What are the muscles innervated by SVE component of the facial nerve?
muscles of facial expression
stylohyoid
stapedius
The facial nerve passes through the skull through which passageway?
internal acoustic meatus
The vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII) is comprised of which components?
SSA
Function - hearing, balance/equilibrium
The vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII) passes through what opening in the skull?
internal acoustic meatus
Which ganglion is associated with equilibrium in the vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)?
vestibular ganglia
What ganglia is involved in hearing (SSA component) of the vestibulocochlear nerve?
spiral ganglia
What are the 3 cranial nerves with SSA components?
olfactory (CN I)
optic (CN II)
vestibulocochlear (CN VIII)
The glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) is comprised of which components?
GSA - cutaneous sensation
GVA - visceral sensation
SVA - taste
GVE - secretomotor
SVE - swallowing
The glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) passes through what opening within the skull?
jugular foramen
The SVA component of the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) is responsible for taste sensation where?
posterior 1/3 of the tongue
The GVA component of the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) receives input from what structures?
carotid body and sinus
The postganglionic parasympathetic (GVE) fibers of the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) have cell bodies in which ganglion?
otic
Which glands do the postganglionic parasympathetic (GVE) fibers of the glossopharyngeal nerve innervate?
parotid
labial
What ganglia is associated with the GSA component of the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)?
superior ganglion
What ganglia is involved in the taste sensation (SVA/GVA) of the glossopharyngeal nerve?
inferior ganglion (petrosal)
The SVE component of the glossopharyngeal nerve innervates which muscle?
stylopharyngeus
The stylopharyngeus muscle innervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve is derived from which branchial arch?
3rd
What nuclei is associated with the GVE component of glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)?
inferior salivatory nucleus
The vagus nerve (CN X) is made up of which components?
GSA - cutaneous sensation
GVA - visceral sensation
SVA - tast
GVE - smooth muscle/glands/heart etc.. innervation
SVE - swallowing speaking
The vagus nerve (CN X) passes through what opening in the skull?
jugular foramen
The SVA component of the vagus nerve is responsible for taste in what structure of the oral cavity?
epiglottis
The GSA component of the vagus nerve transmits data from what regions?
internal skull
ear
What are the locations that give GVA input to the vagus nerve?
aortic body
lryngopharynx
larynx
respiratory tract
thoracoabdominal viscera
The postganglionic parasympathetic (GVE) fibers of the vagus nerve have cell bodies where?
small, unnamed ganglia near the target
The postganglionic parasympathetic (GVE) fibers of the vagus nerve innervate what organs?
glands
mucosa
smooth muscle of pharynx/larynx
thoracic/abdominal viscera
The GSA (jugular) and SVA (nodosal) components of the vagus nerve have cell bodies in which ganglia, respectively?
Superior and inferior
The SVE component of the vagus nerve innervates muscles derived from which branchial arches?
4th and 6th
What nuclei is associated with the GVE component of the vagus nerve (CN X)?
dorsal motor nucleus (vagal motor nucleus)
From what other cranial nerve does the vagus nerve distribute fibers?
accessory (CN XI)
The accessory nerve (CN XI) is comprised of what components?
GSA
SVE
GSE*
Function - swallow, speech, movement of head/shoulder
The accessory nerve (CN XI) passes through what opening in the skull?
jugular foramen
The GSE component of the accessory nerve innervates what muscles?
sternocleidomastoid (SCM)
trapezius
The SVE component of the accessory nerve innervates what muscles derived from the 4th and 6th branchial arches?
laryngeal (except cricothyroid)
What other opening can the accessory nerve (CN XI) pass through when returning with the spinal cord?
foramen magnum
What 3 cranial nerves pass through the jugular foramen?
glossopharyngeal (CN IX)
vagus (CN X)
accessory (CN XI)
Which of the cranial nerves passing through the jugular foramen possess parasympathetic fibers (GVE)?
glossopharyngeal (IX)
vagus (X)
Which of the cranial nerves passing through the jugular foramen possess ALL of the following components:
GSA
GVA
SVA
GVE
SVE
glossopharyngeal (IX)
vagus (X)
The hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) possesses what components?
GSA*
GSE
Function - movement of tongue
The GSE component of the hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) innervates what somatic derivatives?
intrinsic/extrinsic lingual muscles (except palatoglossus)
The hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) arises from the anterior portion of what?
olivary nuclei (part of medulla oblongata)
Which cranial nerves have sensory ganglia?
olfactory (I)
optic (II)
trigeminal (V)
facial (VII)
vestibulocochlear (VIII)
glossopharyngeal (IX)
vagus (X)
There are no brainstem nuclei associated with the optic nerve (CN II) because it emerges from the __________.
diencephalon
What is the name of the highest sympathetic ganglion in the body?
superior cervical ganglion
The CNS originates from what type of tissue, and where is it in relation to the notochord?
ectoderm, posterior
The PNS originates from what type of cells?
neural crest cells
The sulcus limitans is a groove separating what two items?
alar (dorsal) and basilar (ventral) plates
The alar plate is comprised of what components?
afferent (SSA, GSA, SVA, GVA)
The basilar plate is comprised of what components?
efferent (GSE, GVE, SVE)
Which components have nuclei in both the brainstem and the spinal cord?
GSA
GVA
GVE
GSE
(*note: all are general)
What branch of the ophthalamic division (V1) of the trigeminal nerve does not pass through the superior orbital fissure and into the orbit?
meningeal
Name the three major branches of V1 that pass into the orbit and their respective positions in the orbit.
lacrimal (lateral)
frontal (middle)
nasociliary (medial)
The lacrimal branch of V1 runs along the lacrimal artery along the superior surface of what muscle?
lateral rectus
Which major branch of V1 runs through the lacrimal gland?
lacrimal
Where does the lacrimal nerve of V1 receive its GSA input from?
upper eyelid
lacrimal gland
Specifically, which nerves join the lacrimal nerve of V1 in order to provide parasympathetic innervation of the lacrimal gland?
postganglionic parasympathetic fibers of the facial nerve (VII)
zygomatic and zygomaticotemporal nerves of V2
What is the name of the branch that allows CN VII and V2 to combine with the lacrimal branch of V1
communicating branch
The frontal branch of V1 runs along the superior surface of the eye along which muscle?
levator palpebrae superiorus
What are the 2 terminal branches the frontal nerve (V1) divides into?
supraorbital nerve
supratrochlear nerve
Which terminal branch of the frontal nerve (V1) passes through the supraorbital foramen?
supraorbital nerve
Which nerve extends to the back of the scalp and innervates all the way to the occipital area?
supraorbital nerve
What are the 5 terminal branches of the nasociliary branch of V1?
short ciliary nerve
long ciliary nerve
anterior ethmoidal nerve
posterior ethmoidal nerve
infratrochlear nerve
Which branch of the nasociliary nerve (V1) innervates the skin of the nose and travels under the nasalis muscle?
external nasal branch of the anterior ethmoid nerve
Which fibers, specifically, of the nasociliary branch of V1 receive sensory information from the sclera and cornea?
long ciliary nerve
Which branch of the ophthalamic division of CN V innervates ethmoid air cells, sphenoid sinus, anterior nasal cavity, superficial nose, upper eyelid, lacrimal sac, and eye?
nasociliary branch
What are the direct branches of the maxillary division (V2) of the trigmeninal nerve (CN V)?
posterior superior alveolar
zygomatic
infraorbital
pterygopalatine (sphenopalatine)
What are the 3 branches V2 divides into in the pterygopalatine fossa?
zygomatic
posterior superior alveolar
infraorbital
Which 2 branches arise from the zygomatic branch of the maxillary division (V2) of CN V?
zygomaticofacial
zygomaticotemporal
Through what opening does the zygomaticofacial nerve pass and what does it innervate?
zygomaticofacial foramen, (sensory) skin of the cheek
Where does the zygomaticotemporal nerve receive sensory (GSA) information from?
skin of the temple
The posterior superior alveolar branch ends in what structure?
maxillary tuberosity
What does the posterior superior alveolar branch receive GSA information from?
maxillary molars (gingiva/buccal mucosa)
maxillary sinus
What 2 terminal branches arise from the infraorbital branch of V2?
middle superior alveolar
anterior superior alveolar
What, specifically, does the middle superior alveolar nerve receive GSA input from?
maxillary premolars (gingiva, buccal muscoa, maxillary sinus)
The anterior superior alveolar nerve receives sensory information from which area of the maxilla?
incisors to canines
What are the branches that pass through the pterygopalatine ganglion?
orbital
nasopalatine
posterior superior nasal
descending palatine
pharyngeal
The descending palatine nerve divides into what two branches and innervate which tissues, respectively?
lesser palatine nerve - soft palate, palatine tonsils, uvula

greater palatine nerver - hard palate, inferior nasal concha
What branch of the pterygopalatine branch of V2 enters the incisive canal?
nasopalatine branch
Posteriorly, what opening does the nasopalatine nerve pass through as it travels anteriorly along the vomer?
sphenopalatine foramen
Where does the pharyngeal nerve receive its sensory info from?
mucosa of the superior nasopharynx
What branches arises from the posterior superior nasal branch of the pterygopalatine branch of V2?
lateral posterior superior nasal nerves

medial posterior superior nasal nerves
The laterral posterior superior nasal nerves receive sensory information from what tissues?
posterior ethmoid air cells and mucosa in the nasal concha
What nerve passes through the foarmen lacerum and vidian canal to synapse on the pterygopalatine canal?
greater petrosal branch of the facial nerve (VII)
What is the area known as where the maxillary branch (V2) undergoes its major branching?
pterygomaxillary fissure
What is the sensory nerve given off by the trunk of the mandibular division (V3) of the trigeminal nerve?
recurrent meningeal branch (dural branch or nervous spinosum)
What is the motor branch given off by the trunk V3?
medial pterygoid nerve
Certain fibers of the medial pterygoid nerve travel through the otic ganglion without synapsing and travel to which two nerves?
tensor veli palatini
tensor tympani
What are the 4 branches of the anterior division of V3 that contain primarily efferent fibers (with one sensory)?
masseter nerve
deep temporal nerve
lateral pterygoid
long buccal nerve
What is the sensory nerve of the anterior division of V3 and where does it receive data from?
long buccal nerve - cheek (skin and mucosa), buccal gingiva of molars
What are the 3 nerves that comprise the posterior branch of V3, and are predominantly afferent fibers?
auriculotemporal
lingual
inferior alveolar
Which nerve branch of V3 receives sensory information from the skin of the ear and temple?
auriculotemporal nerve of V3
Which branch of V3 joins the chroda tympani and receives sensory information from the mucosa of the oral cavity?
lingual nerve of V3
What nerve of the V3 division is responsible for sensory information of the mandible and chin?
inferior alveolar nerve
What are the 2 terminal sensory divisions of the inferior alveolar nerve?
incisive branch
mental nerve
What muscle does the inferior alveolar nerve innervate (motor)?
mylohyoid
What other cranial nerves and their respective ganglia are associated with the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve?
facial nerve (CN VII) - submandibular ganglion
glossopharyngeal (CN IX) - otic ganglion
Postganglionic parasympathetic fibers from the otic ganglion travel to the parotid gland via what nerve of V3?
auriculotemporal nerve
Taste fibers to the facial nerve (CN VII) travel via which nerve of V3 to the chorda tympani?
lingual nerve
The occulomotor, trochlear, abducent, and V1 are all in close proximity to which sinus?
cavernous sinus
A cavernous sinus thrombosis can result in what symptom?
double vision
What nerve and artery pass through the pterygoid canal?
vidian nerve and pterygoid artery
Which branch of the external carotid supplies the deep structures of the face?
maxillary artery
Which artery travels through the foramen spinosum and supplies the dura mater with blood?
middle meningeal artery
The facial nerve (CN VII) passes through the what opening in the temporal bone?
internal acoustic meatus
The facial nerve (CN VII) exits the base of the skull through which opening?
stylomastoid foramen
What is the facial canal?
the canal running from the internal acoustic meatus to the stylomastoid foramen
What is the sensory ganglion of the facial nerve (CN VII)?
geniculate ganglion
What 3 branches arise from the facial nerve before it reaches the as it travels through the temporal bone
greater petrosal
nerve to the stapedius
chorda tympani
What components does the greater petrosal nerve contain?
SVA
GVE
The stapedial nerve is made up of fibers of which component?
SVE (branchiomotor)
What part of the tongue does the chorda tympani innervate with its SVA fibers?
anterior 2/3
What are the 6 branches of the facial nerve proper?
auricular
zygomatic
temporal
buccal
mandibular
cervical
Which branch of the facial nerve proper passes superiorly between the auricle and the mastoid process, innervating the muscles surrounding the ears?
auricular
Which branch of the parotid plexus innervates the inferior portion of the obicularis, levator labii superioris, and levator anguli oris?
zygomatic branch
Which muscle does the temporal branch of the facial nerve (CN VII) innervate?
temporalis
Which muscles does the buccal branch of the facial nerve (CN VII) innervate?
buccinators
superior/inferior portion of obicularis
Which branch of the facial nerve communicates with the mental branch of the inferior alveolar nerve?
mandibular branch
What muscle does the cervical branch of the facial nerve innervate?
platysma
The facial nerve proper runs through what canal?
facial canal
The branchiomotor fibers (SVE) of the facial nerve innervate muscles derived from which branchial arch?
2nd
What are the 3 branches of the facial nerve that arise before the parotid plexus?
posterior auricular nerve
nerve to the digastric
nerve to the stylohyoid
What branch of the facial nerve (CN VII) is SVE and does not pass through the stylomastoid foramen?
stapedial nerve
What nerves combine to form the vidian nerve?
greater petrosal
deep petrosal
Where do the postganglionic parasympathetic fibers of the deep petrosal nerve come from?
superior cervical ganglion
Which ganglion do the preganglionic parasympathetic and taste fibers of the greater petrosal nerve come from?
geniculate ganglion
What types of fibers does the vidian nerve have coursing through it?
sympathetic
parasympathetic
taste (SVA)
What component of the vidian nerve will synapse on the pterygopalatine ganglion?
parasympathetic
The lesser petrosal nerve conveys what types of fibers?
preganglionic parasympathetic
The lesser petrosal nerve fibers arise from which cranial nerve to the otic ganglion?
glossopharyngeal (CN IX) - tympanic plexus
The chorda tympani branches from what nerve (a branch of CN VII) to innervates what aspect of the tongue?
deep petrosal nerve
anterior 2/3
What type of fibers of the chorda tympani run from the submandibular ganglion and innervate the sublingual and submandibular salivary glands.
postganglionic parasympathetic (run along V3)
The occipito-frontalis is a muscle of facial expression that can wrinkle the forehead and raise the eyebrow. What is the origin and insertion of this muscle?
O: epicranial aponeurosis near coronal suture
I: skin and subcutaneous tissue of eyebrows and forehead
There are three auricularis muscles that are responsible for what action?
ear movement
The orbicularis oculi encircles the eye and is innervated by what nerve?
facial nerve (CN VII) - temporal and zygomatic branch
The function of the orbicularis muscles is?
closing the eyelids (voluntary and involuntary)
The corrugator supercilli acts with the obicularis oculi to pull eyebrows medially and inferiorly. What are its origin and insertion?
O: bone of superciliary arch
I: skin above supraorbital margin
The procerus is a continuation of the occipito-frontalis pulling the eyebrows medially and inferiorly. What are the origin and insertion?
O: fascial aponeurosis of lower nasal bone
I: skin between eyebrows
The nasalis is innervated by what branches of the facial nerve (CN VII)?
buccal
zygomatic
The transverse part of the nasalis is responsible for what function?
compressing the nasal aperture
The alar part of the nasalis is responsible for what function?
widening of the nasal aperture
The levator labii superioris alaeque nasi has origin and insertion at what anatomical locations?
O: frontal process of maxilla
I: greater alar cartilage and orbital muscles
The levator labii superioris alaeque nasi is responsible for what function?
elevating the upper lip
dilating nostil
increasing the curvature of the nasolabial furrow
The zygomaticus major originates at the zygomatic bone and inserts where and serves what function?
muscles at the angle of the mouth
pulls corner of mouth superiorly and laterally
What is the function of the zygomaticus minor?
pulls upper lip superiorly
The levator anguli oris originates and inserts where?
O: maxilla
I: muscles at the angle of the mouth
The levator anguli oris is innervated by the buccal and zygomatic branches of CN VII and is responsible for what function?
raising the angle of the mouth
The depressor labii inferioris originates and inserts where?
What is it innervated by?
O: mandible
I: lower lip at midline
mandibular
What is the function of the depressor labii inferioris?
pulls lower lip inferiorly and laterally; pouting
What is the function of the depressor anguli oris?
pulls angle of mouth inferiorly and laterally
What is the origin, insertion, and innervation of the buccinator?
O: alveolar processes of maxilla and mandible
I: lips, obicularis oris, submucosa of lips and cheek
buccal
What are the functions of the buccinator?
suckling in an infant
keep food between occlusal surfaces
draws mouth to one side (unilateral)
What is the function of the obicularis oris?
acts as an oral sphincter
compresses and protrudes lip
resists distension
The risorius muscle has origin and insertion where?
O: fascia and superficial muscles over masseter
I: skin of corner of mouth
What is the function of the risoriu and which branch of CN VII innervates it?
retracts the corner of the mouth during smiling
buccal
The mentalis muscle is innervated by the mandibular branch of the facial nerve and is responsible for what function?
pouting
protrudes the lower lip
The platysma is a broad muscle with origin and insertion where?
O: skin over lower neck and upper lateral thorax
I: mandible
The platysma is innervated by which branch of CN VII?
cervical
What are the functions of the platysma?
depresses and wrinkles skin of lower face and mouth
tenses skin of neck
aids in forced depression of the mandible
The blood supply to the superficial face is provided by what main artery?
external carotid artery
The external carotid artery arises from what artery?
common carotid artery
What are the two branches that arise from the common carotid artery?
external
internal
What does the internal carotid artery supply?
the brain
What is the most inferior located artery that directly branches from the external carotid artery?
superior thyroid artery
What are the two branches of the thyroid artery?
superior
inferior
What does the superior thyroid artery supply?
thyroid gland
larynx
pharynx
The next branch of the external carotid artery, superiorly, after the superior thyroid artery is?
lingual artery
What does the lingual artery supply?
oral cavity
tongue
The lingual artery travels underneath what muscle?
hyoglossus muscle
The hyoglossus muscle is an attachment between what two structures?
hyoid bone
tongue
The third branch of the external carotid artery, travelling superiorly is?
facial artery
What does the facial artery supply?
superficial facial region
submandibular gland
neck
What are the two branches of the facial artery that supply the upper and lower lips, respectively?
superior labial
inferior labial
What branch of the facial artery supplies the anterior digastric and mylohyoid, as well as the submandibular gland?
submental artery
What branch of the internal carotid artery does the facial artery intercommunicate with?
ophthalamic artery
What is the name of the facial artery as it continues superiorly into the orbit?
angular artery
What is the connection termed when the angular artery finally meets the ophthalamic artery?
anastomosis
What is the name of the 4th branch of the external carotid artery?
occipital artery
What does the occipital artery supply?
occipital region
What muscle does the occipital artery travel underneath as it branches posteriorly off the external carotid artery?
SCM
The occipital artery branches posteriorly and is about even with which artery that branches anteriorly?
facial artery
What is the name of the branch that arises posteriorly and supplies the ear and posterior scalp?
posterior auricular artery
Which branch of the external carotid arises anteriorly and at about the same level as the posterior auricular artery?
maxillary artery
The maxillary artery is a terminal branch that supplies what structures?
mand/max dentition
masticatory muscles
posteriomedial facial skeleton
meninges
nasal cavity
face (via infraorbital and mental arteries)
The maxillary artery arises immediate to what part of the facial skeleton?
condyle (anterior injury could cause laceration of the artery)
The final, and most superior, branch of the external carotid artery is?
superficial temporal artery
What does the superficial temporal artery supply?
temporal region
ear
parotid gland
What are the two terminal artery branches of the external carotid artery?
maxillary
superficial temporal
Where is the first valve of the veins of the head and neck found?
junction of the internal jugular and subclavian vein
What is the principal vein of the head and neck?
internal jugular
Where is the internal jugular vein located?
within the carotid sheath
What are the tributaries of the internal jugular vein?
common facial vein
-facial
-retromandibular
-lingual
- sup/mid thyroid
What sinuses drain into the internal jugular vein?
sigmoid
inferior petrosal
The internal jugular vein extends from what opening in the base of the skull?
jugular foramen
The superficial temporal vein drains inferiorly into what vein?
retromandibular vein
The retromandibular vein divides into what two veins?
anterior division
posterior division
Which division of the retromandibular vein is a tributary to the common vein?
anterior division
The retromandibular vein receives venous blood from the temporal vein and what plexus?
pterygoid plexus
The pterygoid plexus receives blood from what vein?
facial (immediately from deep facial)
The pterygoid plexus conjoins to form what vein?
maxillary vein
What are the two direct tributaries of the common facial vein?
facial vein
anterior division of retromandibular vein
What tributaries form the external jugular vein?
posterior division of retromandibular vein
posterior auricular vein
Where does the external jugular vein empty?
suprascapular vein
What vein leads drains into the cavernous sinus?
superior ophthalamic vein (from the facial vein)
The cavernous sinus drains into the sigmoid sinus through what structure?
dural sinuses
What do emissary veins do?
connect superficial veins of the head directly to dural sinuses
The mastoid emissary vein connects the occipital vein and posterior auricular vein to which sinus?
sigmoid
What sinus is the occipital emissary vein associated with?
transverse sinus
confluence of the sinuses
What vein connects the sigmoid sinus with the external vertebral venous plexus?
condylar emissary vvein
What vein connects the angular vein (of the facial vein) to the cavernous sinus?
superior ophthalamic vein
What vein connects the superior temporal vein and the superior sagittal sinus?
parietal emissary vein
Sets found in the same folder