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Pharmacology Final

Terms in this set (202)

The science dealing with the nature, effects, uses, and origin of drugs is called
pharmacology.
A drug agent that promotes bowel evacuation is
laxative.
When you ask the pharmacist for the drug Benadryl, you are asking for the drug using the drug's _____ name.
brand
Any characteristic that makes a drug undesirable or improper is
contraindication.
Nonprescription drugs are also known as
over-the-counter drugs.
Common dosage forms of drugs include
1. suspension.
2. capsule.
3. oral.
4. tablet.
5. inhalant.
6. parenteral.
7. solution.
1, 2, 4, 5, and 7 only.
Vitamins, herbal remedies and supplements are classified as
dietary supplements
All of the following describe pharmacokinetics EXCEPT
excretion.
metabolism.
absorption.
filtration.
filtration.
All of the following are related EXCEPT
2-diphenylmethoxy-N,N-dimethylethylamine.
Echinacea.
Benadryl.
diphenhydramine.
Echinacea.
A reaction to a drug that results in respiratory or circulatory collapse is?
anaphylaxis.
Some drugs are intended to have slow, uniform absorption over several hours and are said to be _____-release drugs.
sustained
extended
controlled
All of the above are correct.
All of the above are correct.
Transdermal patches are intended to release a drug over an extended period of time. Particular care must be used with this type of drug administration owing to its design and thin metal backing. The modality of concern in medical imaging would be
MRI scanning.
Metformin (Glucophage) is commonly used to treat
type 2 diabetes.
Drugs that relieve pain without causing a loss of consciousness are called?
analgesics.
All of the following are true of the drug nitroglycerine EXCEPT
.may be injected intravenously
An annual publication commonly used to answer questions about drugs and their actions is the
Physicians' Desk Reference (PDR).
A patient who is scheduled to have surgery of the esophagus for a diverticulum will likely be given a(an) _______ to decrease mucosal secretions and esophageal muscular activity.
anticholinergic
Drugs that are commonly used for the treatment of high cholesterol are referred to as
statins.
antihyperlipidemic agents.
Lipitor or Zocor.
all of the above.
all of the above.
A major complication for patients undergoing (antiplatelet) blood clotting drug therapy is
bleeding.
What is a common drug used to manage hypothyroidism?
levothyroxine
A drug name that is unique to the drug, and is given by the drug's manufacturer, is called the drug's?
brand
Select the TRUE statement from the choices below.
Drugs are classified legally as either prescription or nonprescription.
Heparin is best administered to patients
parenteral by way of intravenous or subcutaneous injection
Patients with congestive heart failure and lymphedema are typically prescribed
a diuretic.
furosemide.
Lasix.
all of the above.
All of the above
A contraindication to NSAIDs is
compromised renal function.
A patient who has a history of bloody stools caused by a suspected malignant neoplasm (cancer) in the colon should not be given
thrombolytics.
Examples of antihistamines include
1.Benadryl.
2.Fosomax.
3.metformin
4.Dilantin.
5.Claritin.
6.Allegra.
1, 5, and 6 only.
What is the name given to a drug when it becomes available commercially?
Generic name
Which of the following is a breathable chemical vapor that may cause systemic and local effects?
Inhalent
What is the name given that means the act of propelling the contents through the G.I. tract?
Peristalsis
What is the most common dose form and it is one of the easiest to administer?
Tablet
Which dose form can have a powder or liquid in the dose form?
Capsule
A gelatin shell dissolves where?
Stomach
Your patient is wearing a transdermal patch when she comes to the MRI suite. What must be done to assure your patient is safe?
Check for and ask the patient if she is wearing a transdermal patch. If so , remove the patch and dispose of it in the proper receptical, Chart where it was located and why you removed it, and where you disposed of it.
According to the Controlled Substances act, which schedule is valium?
Schedule 4 Drugs
Addiction is common with which of the following
Impaired control over drug use
What is the rule for Metformin and MRI's?
Inform the patient it should not be taken 48 hours before and 48 hours after their test
There are four basic factors that influence the movement of a drug, which answer is correct.
Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion
How many drug schedules are there?
5
The science concerned with the origin, nature, effects, and uses of drugs is called what?
Pharmacology
All patients should expect correct procedures with regard to drug administration. These correct procedures or "rights" include the
1. the right route of administration.
2. the correct time for giving the drug.
3. the correct person giving the drug.
4. their own physician ordering the drug.
5. their own physician administering the drug.
6. the correct drug and drug amount administered.
1, 2, and 6 only.
Heart attack patients often take a small tablet of nitroglycerine and put it in their mouth, under their tongue, for quick action. This route of administration is
sublingual.
All of the following are related EXCEPT
intramuscular.
intragluteal.
subcutaneous.
intravenous.
intragluteal.
An injection that is given to a patient relies on a(n) _____ route of administration.
parenteral
When performing a subcutaneous injection, the needle tip is positioned
at a 45-degree angle for average-sized patients.
When venipuncture is performed for contrast medium administration,
the veins of the arms are preferred injection sites.
Sites commonly used for venipuncture include the _____ vein(s).
1. basilic
2. iliac
3. cephalic
4. carotid
5. brachiocephalic
1 and 3 only
The abbreviation IM means
intramuscular.
During an intravenous drug administration, a small area around the needle site is growing and swelling. The patient states that the area is starting to burn slightly. In this situation,
extravasation has occurred.
the needle needs to be removed immediately.
a warm, moist compress needs to be applied.
all of the above are correct.
All of the above are correct
The abbreviation stat means
immediately.
All of the following are true of the milliliter unit of measurement EXCEPT it
represents 1/10 of a liter (L).
Technologists working in advanced areas such as CT scanning are often required to administer pharmaceuticals to patients to complete an examination. When such is the case, it is important to remember that
qualified technologists are permitted to enter medication data into patient charts.
Sterile needles used for patient injections
range in gauge from 0.25 to 5 inches.
Drugs intended for single use by parenteral administration are typically contained in a(n)
ampule.
When performing a venipuncture for intravenous drug administration,
it is important to remember that older patients' veins tend to roll and are more fragile.
You enter the room to start a procedure and see that there is a drug already pulled up into a syringe. There is a medication bottle next to the syringe, do you
Discard the vial and syringe and redraw the medication for the procedure
What is the maximum amount of time you should leave a tourniquet on?
Three minutes
How do you know you are giving the right amount of a drug?
Double checked the amount to be given with the order
Calculated the drug dose
If a drug is to be given three times a day, every 8 hours and the first dose is to be given at 7am, when wpuld you give the next two doses?
3pm, 11pm
What are some disadvantages of medications given orally?
Bad taste/Odor
Hard to swallow/easy to hide or pouch
Risk of aspiration is increased
When giving a medication bucally, you would place it
In between the gums and cheek
If you are asked to apply an ointment, cream or lotion, what route would this be?
Topical
When giving and intradermalminjection, what is the angle of the syringe and needle?
15 degrees/almost parallel with the skin
The intradermal route of medication administration is used for?
Allergy testing
TB testing
The subcutaneous route uses
A needle size 20g and a 10cc syringe
What are you checking for after you insert the needle for an IM injection then pull the plunger back slightly
Blood in the syringe
What areas of the body are used for subcutaneous injections?
Anterior thigh, upper back below the shoulder blades, outer upper arm
You may massage most injection sites except
Insulin injection sites
Heparin injection sites
Intramuscular injections can be
Up to 3ml
When choosing an injection site for an IM injection, you do not have to worry about areas that are scarred, bruised, swollen or tattooed (true or false)
False
The deltoid muscle can absorb
Up to 3cc
If you inject this site, it can lead to permanent leg paralysis.
Sciatic nerve
When drawing up medication, you must always hold the syringe at what level?
Eye
Accidental injection of IV fluid or medication into the tissues surrounding the vein is called
Infiltration
What does ASRT stand for?
American Society of Radiologic Technologist
What does JRCERT stand for
Joint Review Committee on Education in Radiologic Technologist
The use of contrast material as a means for visualizing human anatomy has a long history. Regardless of the type of contrast media, the purpose for using contrast media is to
enhance the low subject contrast of anatomic structures.
Any contrast agents, including barium, air, and injectable agents can be generally classified as:
positive and negative.
Generally speaking, radiographic images are the result of x-ray photons being absorbed to varying degrees based on tissue density and thickness. There are five radiographic densities seen on radiographs: air or gas, water, fat, mineral, and metal. The lowest subject contrast between these five densities is between
water and fat.
Negative contrast agents
have low atomic numbers.
Positive contrast agents
have high atomic numbers.
appear white on radiographs because of the degree of attenuation.
have a tendency to absorb x-ray photon energy to a great extent.
All of the above are correct.
All of the above are correct.
A double-contrast study of the colon is an example of
a high-contrast examination.
the use of both a negative and a positive contrast agent on the same image.
a barium sulfate and air examination.
all of the above.
All of the above
A common contrast agent used for MRI examinations is
gadolinium-DTPA.
For select examinations, air (negative contrast) and radiopaque contrast are used as a pair to outline mucosal linings, joint interspaces, and passageways. These examinations are considered
double-contrast studies.
All of the following are true of barium sulfate as a contrast agent EXCEPT
when mixed with water, it dissolves completely.
Barium sulfate would be contraindicated for a patient with
a suspected duodenal bulb perforation.
Stomach examinations using barium sulfate have some degree of risk for patients who are
sedated.
mentally disabled.
potentially hypovolemic.
All of the above
All of the above
Most adverse reactions to ionic, iodinated contrast agents are caused by
their osmolality.
An undesirable characteristic of ionic contrast agents is their
dissociation into a cation and an anion when dissolved in plasma.
Nonionic iodine contrast agents differ from ionic agents in that nonionics
do not break down into a cation and an anion.
The ideal iodinated contrast agent would have what characteristic(s)?
1. High osmolality
2. Low osmolality
3. Nonionic chemical structure
4. Water solubility (hydrophilic)
2, 3, and 4
The osmotic effects of ionic contrast agents are a result of the movement of
water from the body's cells into the bloodstream, causing increased blood volume and higher blood pressure.
After the injection of an ionic iodinated contrast agent into a patient for a renal study, the patient complains of a warm feeling and is starting to itch. You notice the patient is developing urticaria. As you monitor the patient, you should
closely monitor the patient and look for worsening signs such as vomiting and bronchospasm.

inform the radiologist or physician of the patient's anaphylaxis.
Laboratory tests to assess a patient's BUN and creatinine are used to determine the patient's
renal function.
Contrast media that are high in osmolality can be harmful to patients with compromised renal function. Patients who commonly have compromised kidney function include
patients with diabetes.
elderly patients.
renal dialysis patients.
Nonionic low-osmolality contrast agents have gained tremendous popularity with physicians as a safer choice for iodine contrast examinations. It is important to remember that nonionics
still pose a risk to renal function.
When using any type of contrast agent for a radiographic examination,
a thorough medical history must be taken by the imaging professional.
A radiopharmaceutical is
a radioactive material used for nuclear imaging with a gamma camera.
A key distinction between radiographic studies and nuclear studies using radiopharmaceuticals is that
nuclear studies are generally more functional in nature.
radiographic examinations are more structural in nature.
both studies use ionizing radiation
All of the above
All of the above
When working with a radiopharmaceutical, the nuclear medicine professional must be aware of
the half-life of the isotope.
any isotope spills or leaks.
contamination of isotope that yields image artifacts.
all of the above.
All of the above
A responsible medical imaging professional will always maintain his or her focus on patients, particularly when any contrast agent is administered. A mandatory prerequisite to these studies is always
obtain a thorough medical history including allergies and diseases.
When a nonionic contrast agent is injected into an artery such as the carotid, visualization of the artery occurs because
iodine in the contrast agent mixes with blood and makes the artery radiopaque.
What are the five radiographic densities?
Air (gas) Fat, Water, Mineral, Metal
What does contrast media do?
Visualizes anatomy normally not seen on diagnostic medical image
Increased absorption of xray photons occurs with bone because calcium
Has a high atomic number
Contrast media and human tissues inherently have low subject contrast with each other (true or false)
False
Regarding contrast media the __________________is what creates the image - without this interaction there would be no image. (True absorption of the beam)
Photoelectric Effect
Contrast Media is used to increase the ____________ between adjacent structures.
Differences
Photoelectric interaction appears what color on image?
White
KvP and mAs need ___________ because of photoelectric absorption, therefore ____________ patient dose.
Increase, increased
An increase in Compton interactions results in which of the following?
Increased tech dose
Negative (air/crystals) are composed of low-atomic number elements. They appear ____________ on image.
Black
Negative contrast agents are considered:
radiolucent
Nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy (NFD) is a syndrome mostly associated with which type of contrast agent?
gadolinium based contrast agents
After a patient undergoes a barium exam, what specific instructions should be given to the patient to decrease obstruction
drink plenty of fluids
Leaking of a contrast agent outside of the vessel, upon injection, is termed:
Extravasation
If barium leaks out of the colon and into the abdominal cavity it will be absorbed by the abdominal membranes because it is water soluable. (true or false)
False
The term used to descirbe clumping or coming out of suspension is called:
flocculation
The complication caused by an increase in water absorption by the colon resulting in excess fluid entering the circulatory system is term:
hypervolemia
When performing a myelogram study, which is the ONLY type of contrast agent that should be used?
nonionic
When using a ionic contrast agent versus a nonionic contrast agent, the incidence of allergic reactions_______________.
increase
Lyme disease is a condition caused by bacteria carried by deer ticks. The tick bite may cause fever, fatigue, and other associated symptoms. This is an example of transmission of an infection by
a vector.
Streptococci and bacilli are classified as what type of microorganisms?
Bacteria
The process of establishment and growth of a microorganism on or in a host is referred to as
infection.
Any microorganism that causes disease is
pathogenic.
All of the following are related EXCEPT
fungi.
protozoa.
viruses.
bacillus.
Bacillus
All of the following are viral infections EXCEPT
cold sores.
tinea pedis.
common cold.
warts
Tinea pedis
After an organism is infected and by the time symptoms of the infectious process manifest, several steps have taken place. These steps consist of
1. multiplication and spread.
2. encounter and entry.
3. host.
4. damage.
5. reservoir.
6. fomite.
7. outcome.
1, 2, 4, and 7 only
A disease spread by kissing is being transmitted by which of the following methods?
Direct contact
Which of the following is the most effective method for achieving medical asepsis?
Frequent hand washing
When a disease is spread by an insect depositing the pathogen on or in a human, it is transmitted by what method?
Vector
By what method are pathogens spread when a person coughs or sneezes?
Droplet
Which of the following is not a method of sterilization?
Hand washing
Chemical substances capable of killing pathologic microbes are termed
bactericidal.
The spread of infection via contaminated food referenced is spread by
fomite.
At the conclusion of an interventional radiographic examination, the examination room is cleaned, and major components are wiped down with chemical disinfectants. By performing this important task, the radiographer is practicing
medical asepsis.
A nosocomial infection is an
infection acquired in a hospital.
The chain of infection consists of
host, infectious microbe, mode of transmission, and reservoir.
All of the following are possible sources of nosocomial infection EXCEPT
transfer of microbes through hand contact with a waitress in the coffee shop adjacent to the hospital.
A few days after a stereotactic breast biopsy performed by a radiologist in a breast imaging center, the patient returns to her physician with an obvious infection at the incision site. This is an example of a(n)
iatrogenic infection.
Two bloodborne pathogens of particular importance to hospital personnel are
hepatitis B virus (HBV) and HIV.
In a hospital setting, constant awareness is given to the simple fact that patients come to the hospital because they are sick and vulnerable to disease. With the current system of medical care, by the time patients come to the hospital setting for care, they are sicker than ever in the past. The most common nosocomial infection seen in hospital patients is
urinary tract infections from Foley catheter insertions.
Biosafety in the medical imaging department includes
washing hands before and after an interventional procedure.
wearing gloves while handling an emesis basin with vomitus.
using a resuscitation mask or bag during CPR.
When you and a colleague perform a portable chest radiograph on a patient with contact precautions, it would be appropriate to
1. place the cassette in a protective bag before exposure and dispose of the bag properly after exposure.
2. wash your hands only after the examination has been completed.
3. remove jewelry and place it in a safe place.
4. put on a clean mask, clean gloves, and clean gown (your assistants need not do so as they are not going to touch the patient) and put on a lead apron outside of the clean gown.
5. greet the patient professionally and explain what you are going to do.
6. have your assistant position the receptor behind the patient.
7. after exposure, remove the gown, mask, and gloves and discard them when you return to radiology.
1, 3, and 5 only.
The single greatest measure that can be done to prevent the spread of infection is
proper hand washing technique.
A pathogen that requires contact precautions is
MRSA.
A person who acts as a reservoir of pathogenic organisms is referred to as a carrier. An example of a carrier is a
friend who appears to be healthy and shows no signs of sickness.
All of the following are effective methods of sterilization EXCEPT
hand washing.
non sterile gloves should be used for all of the following instances EXCEPT
an arteriogram with angioplastic catheter.
All of the following situations would require aseptic techniques EXCEPT
barium enema examination
The goal of aseptic technique is to
protect the patient from infection and prevent the spread of pathogens and harmful microorganisms
When creating a sterile field, it is important for the imaging professional to
keep sterile gloves in sight and above the waist level.
When establishing a sterile field using a sterile drape,
all drape items must be clean and dry.
When opening and pouring sterile solutions,
Remove the cap and place it on an unsterile surface with the topside down, hold the bottle with the label facing up to prevent fluids from staining the label.
The inflatable balloon portion of the Foley catheter is typically filled with
sterile water.
Which of the following statements is FALSE?
Create sterile fields early in the morning while staff members are fresh and equipment is clean.
When opening a sterile tray, your fingers
must never touch the inside of the tray.
When opening and pouring sterile solutions,
show the solution name and strength to another person before pouring.
You are about to assist with a sterile procedure. In scrubbing for the procedure, it is important to
scrub the fingers completely, as well as the front and back of your hands, for 3 minutes.
use scrub with an antimicrobial agent
When gowning and gloving for a sterile procedure, it is important to remember that
after gowning, the front of the gown down to the waist, and the sleeves are considered sterile.
When gowning another person,
a nonsterile circulating person pulls up the gown and fastens the back and waistband.
When putting on a pair of sterile gloves using the self-gloving, open technique,
the first glove is picked up by the inside cuff with one hand, being careful not the touch the outside of the glove.
When performing dressing changes, it is important to remember that
working with a team member is beneficial.
dressing changes must be performed after a physician orders the procedure.
if the wound is purulent, gowns are recommended.
all of the above are important.
all of the above are important.
Which of the following represents good sterile technique?
When using a sterile setup, avoid bending and reaching over it.
Which of the following should be examined before a sterile package is used?
Expiration date
If the sterility of an object is unknown, which of the following should be done?
Consider the object unsterile and do not use it.
Two people in sterile attire should pass each other in which of the following ways?
Back to back
If you suspect the radiologist has contaminated his or her glove, which of the following should you do?
Make the radiologist aware of the possible contamination immediately.
When performing radiologic examinations on patients with chest tubes,
remember that the chest drainage system has three compartments: collection chamber, water seal chamber, and suction control chamber.
check for the color of the drainage and report any dark red color.
the exterior chamber of the assembly must remain lower than the patient's chest level.
all of the above are correct.
All of the above are correct
The purpose of the inflatable balloon portion at the tip of the Foley catheter is to
hold the catheter within the bladder.
When handling a patient with a Foley catheter in place,
avoid kinks in the tubing and keep the drainage bag lower than the bladder.
When a Foley catheter system is inserted into a patient for an expected period of 4 to 6 weeks,
a polyvinyl chloride catheter is used.
You are working as a radiographer in a busy imaging department, late into the evening. You receive a request for a portable chest radiograph on a cardiac patient in the ICU. Your coworker comments that he just did a portable chest procedure on the same patient approximately 15 minutes earlier and questions why they are ordering another one so soon. The rationale for this next chest image would most likely be
the patient has a central venous line, and the physician wants to check the repositioning.
The role of the imaging technologist during cardiac pacemaker studies is to
operate fluoroscopy for the physician as he or she guides the pacemaker into position.
When using a portable fluoroscopy C-arm in surgery,
the image receptor and C-arm are draped with a snap cover for sterility.
When using a portable C-arm for a surgical hip pinning,
sterility will be maintained using a "shower curtain" approach.
During surgical procedures using a portable C-arm, it is important to remember that
communication with the surgeon is critical to examination success.
no two cases are ever the same, and routine surgical fluoroscopy is unlikely.
technologists must be prepared for a stressful environment and using their highest critical thinking skills.
all of the above are important.
all of the above are important.
When performing portable radiography on neonatal infants,
aseptic techniques are especially important because of the infant's weak immune system.
Nasogastric (NG) tubes are inserted with the patient in the _____ position.
high Fowler
NG tubes are inserted through the patient's _____ with the end of the tube placed in the _____.
nasopharynx; stomach
To facilitate removal of a nasogastric tube, the patient is
encouraged to take a deep breath as the tube is withdrawn
The most common type of nasogastric tube used for stomach decompression is the
single-lumen Levin tube.
To confirm the placement of an NG tube in its proper position, a physician may use
a syringe to push air into the stomach and listen with a stethoscope over the stomach for bubbles
fluoroscopy or radiography for visualization.
When transporting a patient with a NG tube to medical imaging,
confirm the suction pressure before disconnecting the tube.
make sure the NG tube is secured to the patient's nose.
confirm the allowable time for suction interruption.
do all of the above.
Do all of the above
As you arrive into a patient's room for transport to radiology, you notice that the patient has an NG tube in place with a syringe upright and pinned to the gown. You should know that this patient
has a double-lumen NG tube in place
When working with a nonambulatory male patient who needs to void,
ask the patient how much assistance he feels he needs and allow him to use a urinal.
after the patient has voided, record the volume of urine in the patient's chart if documentation is required.
dispose of the urine in the toilet and rinse the urinal with cold water.
remove your disposable gloves, wash your hands, and place the soiled urinal in a receptacle for resterilization.
All of the above
All of the above
As you begin to perform a hip examination on an elderly female patient who has undergone hip surgery, the patient states that she "needs to go to the bathroom." Which of the following should be done?
1. Use a standard bedpan.
2. Provide for the patient's privacy and locate a fracture bedpan.
3. Be sure to wear gloves and wash your hands.
4. If the bedpan is metallic, run it under warm water for patient comfort and throw it away after each use.
5. You and an assistant should assist the patient with movement onto the bedpan
6. Return the patient to the nursing floor for cleanup and patient hygiene.
2, 3, and 5 only
After bedpan use, hygiene of the female patient's perineum is important. Proper cleansing of this region requires using gloves and several folded tissues to wipe the region
from the mons pubis to the anus.
Which of the following is a TRUE statement regarding cleansing enemas?
A hypertonic or Fleet enema is used for patients unable to handle large fluid enema volumes.
All of the following are true of cleansing enemas EXCEPT
they are intended for the administration of enteric medications.
When performing a cleansing enema on an adult patient,
lukewarm water just above body temperature is used.
the patient is placed in the Sims position for enema tip insertion.
after the bowel is filled with liquid, generally more than 500 mL, the patient should rest quietly to allow the liquids to work.
all of the above are appropriate
All of the above are appropriate
Giving cleansing enemas "until clear" involves
giving two or three enemas until the bowel contents are free of fecal material.
In many instances, cleansing enemas are self-administered by the patient before the examination. Instructions for a self-administered enema include
1. eating fruits and vegetables within 24 hours of the examination.
2. limiting water intake to prevent hydration.
3. using purgation mixtures.
4. eating a low-residue diet.
5. a clear liquid diet, including carbonated beverages, clear gelatin, clear broth, or coffee and tea with sugar.
6. administering a cleansing clear water enema.
3, 4, 5, and 6 only
When performing a single contrast barium enema examination,
suspend the enema bag above the table at a height no greater than 30 inches above the table.
The administration of glucagon shortly before a double-contrast barium enema is intended to
relieve bowel spasm.
For a single-contrast barium enema,
spot images of the cecum, hepatic flexure, splenic flexure, and sigmoid are taken.
The use of a water-soluble contrast agent such as Gastrografin for a colon examination is warranted for patients with
a possible bowel perforation.
Postprocedural care for patients who have had a colon examination should include
instructions for maintaining hydration.
an increase in fluid intake and dietary fiber for a few days after the examination.
an awareness of the change in stool color to an ashen gray color and the importance of eliminating the barium during defecation.
all of the above.
All of the above
To allow tissue healing from a partial colon resection,
an external stoma is created to allow for defecation.
In preparation for a barium examination of a colostomy patient, it is important to
tell the patient to not take his or her bismuth anti-odor tablets before the examination.
understand the sensitivity of these patients to their condition and lifestyle change.
irrigate the stoma the night before and morning of the examination.
do all of the above.
Do all of the above
When a barium examination of an ostomy patient is performed,
it is important to prevent leakage of the barium around the stoma site.
The radiographic evaluation of the small and large bowel that has been connected to the skin surface as a substitute for the urinary bladder with an ostomy is typically called a(n)
loopogram.
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