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Terms in this set (55)
culture
- the social realm in which shared meanings are produced
- ways of thinking, the ways of acting, and the material objects that together form a people's way of life.
non-material culture
the ideas created by the members of society
material culture
the physical things created by members of a society
symbols
anything that carries a particular meaning recognized by people who share a culture
language
system of symbols that allows people to communicate with one another / to transmit culture from one generation to the next
values
are culturally defined standards that people use to decide what is desirable, good and beautiful and that serve as broad guidelines for social living. They are abstract standards of what ought to be
beliefs
are specific thoughts or ideas that people hold to be true.
norms
Rules and expectations by which a society guides the behavior of its members.
mores
norms that are widely observed and have great moral significance.
folkways
norms for routine or casual interaction.
material culture
Every society produces a wide range of physical human creations called artifacts. Artifacts make up society's material culture. They also reflect the underlying cultural values of a society.
technology
refers to the knowledge that people use to shape their surroundings.
culture of asia pacific
Encompasses the collective and diverse customs and traditions of art, architecture, music, literature, lifestyle, philosophy, politics and religion that have been practiced and maintained by the numerous ethnic groups of the continent of Asia and countries along the Pacific since prehistory.
Nicholas Tarling
"Southeast Asia is marked by ethnic diversity."
Champa
Great agrarian kingdoms emerged from the fertile plains of Southeast Asia. (Southern Vietnam)
Bagan
Great agrarian kingdoms emerged from the fertile plains of Southeast Asia (Myanmar)
Angkor
Great agrarian kingdoms emerged from the fertile plains of Southeast Asia (Cambodia)
Ayutthaya
Great agrarian kingdoms emerged from the fertile plains of Southeast Asia (Thailand)
Srivijaya
maritime empire in the Malay Peninsula.
It lasted from the 4th to 13th centuries.
The empire flourished through trade and control of
the ports in Melaka and Sunda.
Aceh, Makassar, Patani
Major cities
Mandala System
- political system in ancient Southeast Asia.
- power is believed to be diffused.
- Power is concentrated in the deva-raja (god-king),
which is then distributed among his principal
subordinates.
Western colonialism
Trading ports were taken over by European powers and acted as footholds for further incursions into the Asian heartland.
Hinduism
- Naturally counted among the major 'World Religions
- a collection of variations and expansions— some ancient, some more recent.
- emphasis on attaining freedom from the perceived world and on eliminating ties to the material plane of existence, eventually including one's personal identity.
The Indus Valley Civilization
- Pakistan
- An agricultural and mercantile culture.
- It used a form of pictorial writing that contemporary
scholars have not been able to decode completely.
- In a period of decline around 1500 B.C.E.
- Invaded by Aryans. Propagated their own language
and practices.
Veda
"knowledge" in Sanskrit. The great collection of early Hindu religious scriptures.
Upanishads
direct accounts of advice from
spiritually advanced mystics. Set out the principle of reincarnation.
karma
- Symbol of AUM, Hindu syllable of supreme reality.
- Impartial principle of cause and effect.
- Actions in a past life may have an effect on one's present situation.
- Only those who escape the cycle of birth and death
may be said to go beyond the reach of karma
reincarnation
one is trapped by the cycle of life and death until one attains true realization.
nyaya
clear thinking and analysis.
Vaisheshika
examined physical reality and offered a six-tiered system for categorizing it.
samkhya
matter and soul, oldest, evolution of the
cosmos and of "the person".
yoga
patterns meant to help instill personal,
physical, and spiritual discipline.
purva mimamsa
guidance in interpreting the
Vedas.
vedanta
perhaps the best known of these schools,
gave rise to a number of disciplines.
Bhagavad Gita
- The most popularly revered of them all (bible).
- An epic poem relating the dialogue between the
human Prince Arjuna and the beloved Lord Krishna.
- Emphasizes union with God by means of love,
selflessness, and total devotion
Brahma
- Specific creator god.
- One of the supreme deities.
Brahman
- Ultimate reality without change.
- Supreme being or single god.
Brahmin
- Member of the prestigious priestly class.
- To this day, only members of this group are allowed to read from the veda.
dukkha
suffering;
Life is not ideal; it frequently fails to live up to our
expectations.
samudaya
suffering is caused; The Buddha taught that the root of all suffering is desire, tanhā.
nirodha
Cessation of suffering
Suffering can be extinguished by eliminating the causes of suffering.
Magga
Path to the cessation of suffering
The way to extinguish the causes of suffering is to follow the middle way.
nirvana
reaching enlightenment, means extinguishing the three fires of greed, delusion and hatred.
wisdom
Correct understanding of things as they are and the resolution to act in accord with this understanding. Wisdom cannot be achieved without discipline.
samma ditthi
right understanding
remembering that actions have consequences.
Samma Sankappa
right thought
being clear about following the Buddhist path.
samma vaca
right speech
Speaking truthfully.
Samma Kammanta
right action
Behaving in a skillful way and not harming others.
samma ajiva
right livelihood
Earning a living that doesn't cause harm to others.
samma vayama
right effort
putting effort into meditation and positive emotions.
samma sati
right mindfulness
Being aware of yourself and the emotions of others.
samma samadhi
right concentration
Developing focus so that you are able to meditate.
Theravada Buddhism
- Self effort without supernatural aid.
- key virtue: Bodhi (wisdom)
Mahayana Buddhism
Human aspirations are supported by divine powers and the grace they bestow.
Key virtue: karuna (compassion).
Zen Buddhism
a Japanese school of Mahayana Buddhism emphasizing the value of meditation and intuition.
Branch of Buddhism influenced by Taoism.
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