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Chapter 14 psy

Terms in this set (115)

An individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting.
personality
___ theory proposed that childhood sexuality and unconscious motivations influence personality
psychoanalytic
who proposed psychoanalytic theory
sigmund freud
___ theories focused on our inner capacities for growth and self fulfillment
humanistic theories
(1) Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts
psychoanalysis
(2) freud's therapeutic technique, freud believed the patients free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences - and the analyst's interpretations of them - released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patent to gain self-insight
psychoanalysis
in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person realized and says whatever come to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing
free association
the partly conscious, "Executive" part of personality the according to Freud, mediates among demands of the id, superego, and reality
ego
the ___ operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain
ego
the partly conscious part of personality that, according to freud, represent internalized ideals and provides standard for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations
superego
because the ___ demands often oppose the id's, the ___ struggles to reconcile the two
superego; ego
in this stage it is from 0-18 months
oral
this stage's focus's pleasure centers on the mouth - sucking, biting chewing
oral
this stage is from 18-36 months
anal
this stage's focus's pleasure on bowel and bladder elimination; coping with demand for control
anal
this stage is form 3-6 years
phallic
this stages focus's pleasure zones the genitals; coping with incestous sexual feelings
phallic
this stage is from age 6 to puberty
latency
this stages focus is a phase of formant sexual feelings
latency
this stage is from puberty on
genital
this stages focus is on maturation of sexual interests
...
freud believed that during the ___ stage, boys develop unconscious sexual desires for their mother and jealous and hatred for their father
phallic
according to freud, a boy's sexual desire toward his mother and feelings of jealous and hatred for the rival father
oedipus complex
according to Freud's ideas about the three-part personality structure, the ___ operates on the reality principle and tries to balance the demands in a way that produces long term pleasure than pain
ego
the ___ operates on the pleasure principle and seeks immediate gratification
id
the ___ represents the voice of our internalized ideals )our conscience
superego
in the psychoanalytic view, conflicts unresolved during one of the psychosexual stages may lead to ___ at that stage
fixation
freud believed that our defense mechanisms operate ___ and defend us against ___
unconsciously; anxiety
What big ideas have survived from Freud's psychoanalytic theory?
freud is credited with first drawing attention to the important of childhood experiences, to the existence of the unconscious mind and to our self protective defense mechanisms
in what way has freud's theory been criticized
not scientifically testable and offering after-the-fact explanations, focusing too much on sexual conflicts in childhood, and being based on the idea of repression
which elements of traditional psychoanalysis have modern day psychodynamic theorists and therapists retained?
freud's interviewing techniques and tend to focus on childhood experiences and attachments, unresolved conflicts and unconscious influenes
__________ tests ask test-takers to respond to an ambiguous stimulus, for example, by describing it or telling a story about it.
projective
according to freud's view of personality structure the "executive system, the ___ seeks to gratify impulses of the __ in more acceptable ways
ego; id
Freud proposed that the development of the "voice of conscience" is related to the ____________, which internalizes ideals and provides standards for judgments.
superego
According to the psychoanalytic view of development, we all pass through a series of psychosexual stages, including the oral, anal, and phallic stages. Conflicts unresolved at any of these stages may lead to
fixation at that stage
freud believed that defense mechanisms are unconscious attempts to distort or disguise reality, all in effort to reduce our ___
anxiety
Freud believed that we may block painful or unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, or memories from consciousness through an unconscious process called
repression
In general, neo-Freudians such as Adler and Horney accepted many of Freud's views but placed more emphasis than he did on
social interactions
modern-say psychodynamic theorist and therapists agree with fried about
the existence of unconscious mental processes
which of the following is not part of the contemporary view of the unconscious
repressed memories of anxiety-provoking events
the __ which wants immediate gratification, operates in the unconscious and attempts to satisfy basically sexual and agressive impules
id
the __ is the largely conscious, reality oriented executive that attempts to reconcile the impulses of the id with the demands of the superego and the constraints of the external world
ego
the __, our internalized set of ideals, is the voice of our conscious, judging our actions and producing feelings of guilt or pride
superego
the ___ theories sought to turn psychology's attention away from drives and conflicts and toward our growth potential
humanistic
the humanistic theories movement's focus on the way people strive for __ ___ and ___ __ was in contrast to Friedman theory and strict behaviorism
self-determination; self-realization
to share and mirror another person's feelings
empathetic
___ ___ believed that people nurture growth in others by being empathic
carl rogers
__ proposed that self-actualization is the motivation to fulfill one's potential, and one of the ultimate psychological needs (another is self-transcendence)
Maslow
Which two primary dimensions did Hans Eysenck and Sybil Eysenck propose for describing personality variation?
extraversion to introversion and emotional stability to instability
What is the acronym you can use to remember big 5 personality factors
OCEAN
What are the 5 big personality traits?
openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism
T or F: the big 5 personalities apply to almost all cultures
true
Our scores on personality tests predict our ___ behavior across many situations much better than they predict our specific behavior in any given situation.
average
humanistic psychologist's' view of personality focused on the potential for...
healthy personal growth and people striving for self-determination and self-realization
carl rogers believe that the ingredients of a growth-promoting environment are
acceptance, genuineness, and empathy
___ concept was a central feature of personality for both Maslow and rogers
central
T or F: western cultures prize introversion
False; extraversion
intro versions does not equal
shyness
extravert don't always outperform introverts as
leaders
T or F: introverts handle conflict well, seeking solitude rather than revenge
true
questionnaires on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors
personality inventories (such as the MMPI)
for personality inventory tests, test items are ___ ___, and the tests are objectively scored
empirically derived
objectivity does not guarantee
validity
T or F: a persons average traits do not persist over time and are not predictable over many situations
False; they do; they are
can train predict behavior in any one situation
no
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs proposes that we must satisfy basic and physiological and safety needs before we seek ultimate psychological needs, such as self-actualization. Maslow based his ideas on:
his study of healthy, creative people
How might Rogers explain how environment influences the development of a criminal?
assert that the criminal was raised in an environment lacking acceptance, genuineness, empathy, which inhibited psychological growth and led to a negative self-concept
The total acceptance Rogers advocated as part of a growth-promoting environment is called __________ ___________ ____________.
unconditional postive regard
_______ theories of personality focus on describing characteristic behavior patterns, such as agreeableness or extraversion.
trait
the most widely used personality inventory is the
MMPI
which if the following is NOT one of the big 5 personality factors
anxiety
Our scores on personality tests best predict
our average behavior across many situations
What big 5 is this: tendency to be attracted to new ideas and new ways of doing things; appreciation for art; imagination; creativity
openess
what big 5 is this: tendency toward negative emotionality and emotional instability, along with inability to cope with stress
neuroticism
what big 5 is this: tendency to show self-discipline, act carefully, value achievement and prefer planned rather than spontaneous behavior
conscientiousness
what big 5 is this: tendency to seek social interaction and adventure and to maintain a high level of physical activity
extraversion
what big 5 is this: tendency to be compassionate and cooperative rather than suspicious and antagonistic toward others
agreeableness
this theory helps explain patterns of behavior
trait theory
Which is NOT an enduring idea that originated with Freud?
the role of repression in memory formation
Carl Jung emphasized the importance of _____ in personality functioning.
the collective unconscious
Eli has always been an extravert. There is some evidence that people like Eli seek stimulation because their normal brain arousal is relatively low. For example, extraverts:
exhibit less activity in a frontal lobe area involved in behavior inhibition.
Albert bandura proposed the ___-____ perspecive on personality
social-cognitive
the social-cognitive theory emphasizes the interactions of ___ with their ___
people; environment
to describe the interacting influence of behavior, thoughts and environment, Albert bandura used the term__ ___
reciprocal determinism
to predict someone's future behavior examine the person's __ behavior patterns in __ situations
past; similar
people who feel confident in their abilities tend to be __
happier
Inflated self-esteem can lead to __-__ ___, aggression and narcisssism
self-serving bias
the tendency to accept responsibility for success and blame circumstances or bad luck for failure is called
self-serving bias
___self esteem is linked to angry and aggressive behavior
defensive
____ self esteem is healthier self image and allows us to focus beyond ourselves and enjoy a higher quality of life
secure
social cognitive researchers apply principles of ___,___, and ___ behavior to personality
learning, cognition, and social
describes the interaction and mutual influence of behavior, internal cognition and environment
reciprocal determinism
T or F: social cognitive theories have been faulted for overemphasizing the importance of unconscious motives, emotions, and biologically influenced traits
false; underemphasize
the ___ is vigorously researched as the center of personality, organizing our thoughts, feelings and actions
self
considering possible selves helps motivate us toward ___ development, but focusing too intensely on ourselves can lead to the __ effect
positive; spotlight
___ ___ can lead to complacency and prevent us from seeing real risks
excessive optimism
___ to ones's own incompetence may lead us to make the same mistakes repeatedly
blindness
__-__ bias is out tendency to perceive ourselves favorable, as when viewing ourselves as better than average or when accepting credit for our successes but not blame for our failures
self-serving
__ self-esteem is fragile, focuses on sustaining itself, and vies failure on criticism as a threat
defencive
__ self-esteem enables us to feel accepted for who we are
secure
the social-cognitive perspective proposes our personality is shaped by a process called reciprocal determinism, as personal factor , environment and behaviors interact.

an example of an environmental factor is
the presence of books in a home
Critics say that __________-__________ personality theory is very sensitive to an individual's interactions with particular situations, but that it gives too little attention to the person's enduring traits.
social-cognitive
the tendency to overestimate others' attention to and evaluation of our appearance, performance, and blunders is called the
spotlot effect
Researchers have found that low self-esteem tends to be linked with life problems. How should this link be interpreted?
the answer isn't clear because the link is correlation and doe snot indicate cause and effect
A fortune cookie advises, "Love yourself and happiness will follow." Is this good advice?
yes; if self love is of the secure type
Of the approaches to personality described in the textbook, the _____ approach is MOST closely aligned with mainstream psychological research on learning and information processing.
social cognitive
According to terror-management theory, people enhance their self-esteem in order to defend themselves from fear of their own:
death
Which of the following is a psychoanalytic method for exploring the unconscious in which patients are told to relax and say whatever comes to mind?
free association
Genie has always had trouble with her weight. She was not breast-fed when she was an infant and seems to be overcompensating now. Which psychosexual stage is Genie fixated in?
oral
The ______________ attempts to classify people according to Carl Jung's personality types.
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
You are an expert witness for the defense on the results of the MMPI. Opposing counsel asks you if this is an unbiased instrument. You respond by saying:
objectivity does not guarantee validity
Dr. O'Higgins believes that the study of personality should focus on identifying, describing, and measuring individual differences. Dr. O'Higgins probably would identify with the _____ perspective on personality.
trait
Mark's optimism is both a contributor to and a product of his successful career accomplishments. This BEST illustrates:
reciprocal determinism
When their self-esteem has been threatened, people with large egos may:
react violently
Carl just learned that he failed an exam. Because his self-esteem is temporarily lowered, he is more likely to:
all of the things
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