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Valuation - Advanced

Terms in this set (14)

How do you value banks and financial institutions differently from other companies?
You mostly use the same methodologies, EXCEPT:

- You look at P/E and P/BV multiples rather than EV/Rev, EV/EBITDA, and other "normal" multiples, since banks have unique capital structure
Walk me through an IPO valuation for a company that's about to go public.
1. Unlike normal valuations, for an IPO valuation we ONLY CARE ABOUT PUBLIC COMPS.
2. After picking the public comps we decide on the most relevant multiple to use and them estimate our company's EV based on that.
3. Once we have the EV, we work backward to get to EV and also subtract the IPO proceeds because this is "new" cash.
4. Then we divide by the total number of shares (old and newly created) to get its per-share price. When people say "An IPO is PRICED at..." this is what they're referring to.

If you were using P/E or any other "equity Value-based multiple" for the multiple in step #2 here, then you would get to EV instead and then subtract the IPO proceeds from there.
I'm looking at financial data for a public comp, and it's April (Q2) right now. Walk me through how you would "calendarize" this company's financial statements to show the TTM as opposed to just the last Fiscal Year.
The "formula" to calendarize financial statements is as follows:

TTM = Most Recent Fiscal Year + New Partial Period - Old Partial Period

So in the example above, we would take the company's Q1 numbers, add the most recent fiscal year's numbers, and then SUBTRACT the Q1 numbers from that most recent fiscal year.

For US companies you can find these quarterly numbers in the 10-Q; for international companies they're in the "interim" reports.
Walk me through an M&A premiums analysis.
The purpose of this analysis is to look at similar transactions and see the PREMIUMS that buyers have paid to sellers' share prices when acquiring them. For example, if a company is trading at $10.00/share and the buyer acquires it for $15.00/share, that's a 50% premium.

1. First, select the precedent transactions based on industry, date (past 2-3 years for example), and size (example: over $1B market cap).
2. For each transaction, get the seller's share price 1 day, 20 days, and 60 days before the transaction was announced (you can also look at even longer intervals, or 30 days, 45 days, etc.).
3. Then, calculate the 1-day premium, 20-day premium, etc. by dividing the per-share purchase price by the appropriate share prices on each day.
4. Get the medians for each set, and then apply them to your company's current share price, share price 20 days ago, etc. to estimate how much of a premium a buyer might pay for it.

Note that you ONLY use this analysis when valuing public companies because private companies don't have share prices. Sometimes the set of companies here is exactly the same as your set of precedent transactions but typically it is BROADER.
Walk me through a future share price analysis.
The purpose of this analysis is to PROJECT what a company's share price might be 1 or 2 years from now and then DISCOUNT IT BACK TO ITS PRESENT VALUE.

1. Get the median historical (usually TTM) P/E of your public company comp.
2. Apply this P/E multiple to your company's 1-year forward or 2-year forward projected EPS to get its implied future share price.
3. Then, discount this back to its present value by using a discount rate in-line with the company's Ke figures.

You normally look at a range of P/E multiples as well as a range of discount rates for this type of analysis, and make a sensitivity table with these as inputs.
Both M&A premiums analysis and precedent transactions involve looking at previous M&A transactions. What's the difference in how we select them?
- All the sellers in the M&A premiums analysis must be public.
- Usually we use a BROADER set of transactions for M&A premiums; we might use fewer than 10 precedent transactions but we might have dozens of M&A premiums. The industry and financial screens are usually less stringent.
- Aside from those, the screening criteria is similar: financial, industry, geography, and date.
Walk me through a Sum-of-the-Parts analysis.
In a Sum-of-the-Parts analysis, you value each division of a company using separate comps and transactions, get to separate multiples, and then add up each division's value to get the total for the company.

Example:
We have a manufacturing division with $100 million EBITDA, an entertainment division with $50 million EBITDA and a consumer goods division with $75 million EBITDA. We've selected comps and transactions for each division, and the median multiples come out to 5x EBITDA for manufacturing, 8x EBITDA for entertainment, and 4x EBITDA for consumer goods.

Our calculation would be $100 5x + $50 8x + $75 * 4x = $1.2 billion for the company's total value.
How do you value NOLs and take them into account in a valuation?
You value NOLs based on how much they'll save the company in taxes in future years, and then take the present value of the sum of tax savings in future years. Two ways to assess the tax savings in future years:

1. Assume that a company can use its NOLs to completely offset its taxable income until the NOLs run out.
2. In an acquisition scenario, use Section 382 and multiply the adjusted long-term rate by the equity purchase price of the seller to determine the maximum allowed NOL usage in each year - and then use that to figure out the offset to taxable income.

You might look at NOLs in a valuation but you rarely add them in - if you did, they would be similar to cash and you would subtract NOLs to go from EV to Enterprise Value and vice versa.
I have a set of public comps and need to get the projections from equity research. How do I select which report to use?
This varies by bank and group, but two common methods:

1. You pick the report with the most detailed information.
2. You pick the report with numbers in the middle of the range.

Note that you DO NOT pick reports based on which bank they're coming from. So if you're at Goldman Sachs, you would not pick all Goldman Sachs equity research - in fact that would be bad because then your valuation would not be objective.
I have a set of precedent transactions but I'm missing information like EBITDA for a lot of companies - how can I find it if it's not available via public sources?
1. Search online and see if you can find press releases or articles in the financial press with these numbers.
2. Failing that, look in equity research for the BUYER around the time of the transaction and see if any of the analysts estimate the seller's numbers.
3. Also look on online sources like Capital IQ, FactSet, PitchBook, and CrunchBase, and see if any of them disclose numbers or give estimates.
How far back and forward do we usually go for public comps and precedent transaction multiples?
Usually you look at the TTM period for both sets, and then you look forward either 1 or 2 years. You're more likely to look backward more than 1 year and go forward more than 2 years for public comps; for precedent transactions it's odd to go forward more than 1 year because your information is more limited.
I have one company with a 40% EBITDA margin trading at 8x EBITDA, and another company with a 10% EBITDA margin trading at 16x EBITDA. What's the problem with comparing these two valuations directly?
There's no "rule" that says this is wrong or not allowed, but it can be misleading to compare companies with dramatically different margins. Due to basic arithmetic, the 40% margin company will usually have a lower multiple - whether or not its actual value is lower.

In this situation, we might consider screening based on margins and remove the outliers - you would never try to "normalize" the EBITDA multiples based on margins.
Walk me through how we might value an oil & gas company and how it's different from a "standard" company.
You use the same methodologies, except:

- You look at the industry-specific multiples like P/MCFE and P/NAV in addition to the more standard ones.
- You need to project the prices of commodities like oil and natural gas, and also the company's reserves to determine its revenue and cash flows in future years.
- Rather than a DCF, you use a NAV (Net Asset Value) model - it's similar, but everything flows from the company's RESERVES rather than simple revenue growth/EBITDA margin projections.

In addition to all of the above, there are also some accounting complications with energy companies and you need to think about what a "proven" reserve is vs. what is more speculative.
Walk me through how we would value a REIT and how it differs from a "normal" company.
Similar to energy, real estate is asset-intensive and a company's value depends on how much cash flow specific properties generate.

- You look at Price/FFO (Funds from Operations) and Price/AFFO (Adjusted Funds From Operations), which add back Depreciation and subtract gains on property sales; NAV (Net Asset Value) is also important.
- You VALUE PROPERTIES by dividing NOI (Net Operating Income = Property's Gross Income - Operating Expenses) by the CAPITALIZATION RATE (based on market data).
- REPLACEMENT VALUATION is more common because you can actually estimate the cost of buying new land and building new properties.
- A DCF is still a DCF, but it flows from specific properties and it might be useless depending on what kind of company you're valuing.
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