Lecture 17: Ectoparasites of Ruminants

Mosquitos, black flies, biting midges, sandflies, horse flies, deer flies, horn flies, face flies

House flies

Blow flies, bottle flies, screwworm flies, flesh flies, Oestrus ovis, Hypoderma lineatum, H. bovis

Melophagus ovinus

Chewing and sucking

Amblyomma spp., Dermacentor spp., Haemaphysalis longicornis, Ixodes scapularis, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, R (B). annulatus, Otobius megnini, Ornithodoros coriaceus

Chorioptes spp., Demodex spp., Psorobia spp. Psoroptes ovis, Sarcoptes scabiei

Ctenocephalides felis, Echidnophaga galllinacea

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Terms in this set (39)

Ectoparasites of Ruminants
Biting flies: ______________________
Nuisance flies: ________________
Myiasis flies: _________________
Keds: ______________
Lice: ________________
Ticks: ________________________
Mites: ________________
Fleas: __________________

Permanent

Sheep keds, mange mites, lice

Ectoparasites of Ruminants
____________ Parasites:
•Infest host continually
•Transmission is through 1°direct contact and 2° by fomites (bedding, grooming supplies, shearing equipment, medical instruments, clothing of personnel
•Can be eradicated from a premises through rigorous attention to isolation and closed-herd tactics; can me maintained free from these parasites without drugs
•Examples: ___________________

Intermittent

flies, mosquitos, ticks

Ectoparasites of Ruminants
_________ Parasites:
•Infest hosts intermittently, only visit hosts to feed
•Highly mobile and spend majority of time off hosts
•Difficult to control as a large portion of their life cycle is off-host
•Examples: ___________________

They're kind of a mix of both
-they spend half their time in or on the host and half their time off

What about spinose ear ticks, bots, Dermacentor albipictus? Are they permanent or intermittent parasites?

1.What are the relative toxicities of various choices to the animals being treated and the person applying treatment? Be careful going off-label.
•Sheep and goats have different absorptive and transport capabilities compared to that of cattle; products approved for one may be less effective for or dangerous to other species
2.Does the kind of ectoparasite require direct treatment of the animal, treatment of the premises, or both?
3.Is a fast acting, "knock-down" product needed or is it more important to have residual activity?
4.Which formulation can be best targeted where it is needed, and does the client have the equipment to apply?
5.Does the parasite have known resistance?
6.How can the product be integrated with other pest management practices?
7.What are the relative costs of the materials and labor to apply the product?
* Not as many insecticidal and acaricidal products registered for use on sheep and goats because they are a smaller market

How to Select a Product for Ectoparasite Control on Ruminants

Mosquitos
Aedes, Anopheles, Culex spp. et al.

Common and widespread:
•Females (only ones that feed on blood) 1°feed morning and evening
•Stagnant water for breeding

Treatment and Control:
•Minimize breeding habitat
•Topical insecticide for individuals
•Topical repellents generally impractical for production setting

Black flies-Simulium spp.

_____________: Adults may travel 10 miles in search of host
•Large swarms
•Attack around eyes, ears, nose, mouth
•Cause loss of production

Vector:
•Onchocerca lienalis to cattle
•Vesicular stomatitis virus to cattle, horses, pigs, sheep, goats, et al. is likely

Control: Difficult because vast area of reproduction for the flies
Small Herds:
•Spot treatment of key anatomic sites for animals in small herd; frequently
•Pen animals during daylight hours
Large herds:
•Environmental management

Biting midges: Culicoides spp.

_____________________
•Breed in semi-aquatic and aquatic habitat
•Female are blood feeders
Vector:
•Epizootic hemorrhagic disease and Bluetongue viruses to domestic and wild animals
•Vesicular stomatitis virus

Sandflies: Lutzomyia spp.

________________ in New World
•Tropical and subtropical climates
•Breed in humid terrestrial habitats
•Females are blood feeder and can stress in livestock
Vector: Leishmania spp.

•Minimize breeding habitat
•Topical insecticide for individuals
•Topical repellents generally impractical for production setting

Treatment and Control for Biting Midges and Sandflies:
___________________________________

horse and deer fliesCommon _______________ of livestock in Oklahoma •Painful bite •Persistent feedershorse and deer fliesSignificant pests: •Reduced weight gain •Reduced milk yield •Reduced feed utilization efficiencies •Hide damage from feeding puncturesHorse and Deer Flies Deer flies Darker darker black, blue, and red tabanidsFemales are blood feeders •Both sexes feed on plant nectars Feeding site predilection: •____________ usually feed high on the body (more aggressive) •(Lighter/Darker?) animals, or even (lighter/darker?) areas on black and white animals are often favored for attack •Shades of ____________ are particularly attractive •Many _______________ attack certain areas, regardless of color1=Tabanus, Hybomitra, Chrysops spp. 2=Tabanus spp. 3=Tabanus spp. 4=Tabanus spp. 5=Chrysops spp. 6=Tabanus, Haematopota, Chrysops spp. 7=Tabanus, Atylotus spp. 8=Tabanus, Haematopota, Chrysops spp. 9=Tabanus spp. 10=Chrysops dimidiatus, C. silaceus et al. 11=Hybomitra, Tabanus spp. -notice the ones where we've discusses a pathogen/parasite. Ex. Anaplasma marginale, Elaeophora schneideri. The rest don't really worry too much about.Horse and Deer Flies as VectorsHaematobia irritans-Horn Flies-also known as the billion dollar fly (KNOW THIS INFORMATION)•Both ♂ and ♀ horn flies feed 20-30x per day •50 to 100 flies per animal is considered the "treatment threshold" •"Economic injury level" is 200 flies per animal•An effective horn fly control program can result in 12 to 20 pounds of additional weight gain for calves along with reduced weight loss for nursing cows •Incorporate one of more of: -Insecticide impregnated ear tags, walk-through fly traps, backrubbers, oilers, direct sprays, dust bags, pour-ons, insect growth regulators -Resistance can be an issue -these mechanisms can control stable and face flies as wellHaematobia irritans-Horn Flies Treatment and Control: ________________Ear Tags and DustsHaematobia irritans-Horn Flies Treatment and ControlBack- and Facerubbers Pour-ons / Spot-ons / Injectable Just remember MLs not labeled for flies but can be effective againstHaematobia irritans-Horn Flies Treatment and ControlBolus, Feed AdditivesHaematobia irritans-Horn Flies Treatment and ControlMechanical Control of Horn Flies on Dairy CattleHaematobia irritans-Horn Flies Treatment and ControlStomoxys calcitrans-Stable Flies•Painful bite •Larvae breed in decaying organic mater (crop material, lawn clippings, silage, animal bedding, etc.) •Two to three blood meals per day; usually on lower legs or underside •Only visit hosts to feed •Economic threshold: 5 flies per front leg •Pastured or confined cattle •Cattle, horse, dogs, et al. Treatment and control: •Sanitization and hygiene are key to population control •Premise sprays, baits, repellents, larvicides, feed additivesMusca autumnalis-Face Flies•Female flies feed on secretions from the eyes, mouth, muzzle, and wounds •Extreme annoyance •Male flies feed on nectar and dung Vector: •Moraxella bovis (pinkeye) •Bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) Control: •Dust bags, oiler, insecticide ear tags •Whole animal sprays; reapply every 10-14 days •Feed additives and feed throughs •Combination of methodsMusca domestica-House Fly•Filth fly •Extreme annoyance; can aggregate on specific areas of an animal (e.g., eyes and mouth) •Can be problematic in confined and young animals Treatment and Control •Same as Stomoxys calcitrans (stable fly) •Sanitization and hygiene are key to population control •Premise sprays, baits, repellents, larvicides, feed additivesMyiasisBlow flies, Bottle Flies, Flesh Flies ____________: Invasion of living vertebrate animal tissue by fly larvae •Also called "fly strike" or "blow fly strike" •Lay eggs in decaying organic mater; necrotic tissue and carrion •Wool soiled with feces, urine, or sweat •Necrotizing tissue from shearing, castration, dehorning, docking, umbilical cords, tick bites, barbed-wire wounds, weeping eyes, foot rot Clinical Signs: •Depression, anorexia, and separation from flock or herd mates •Affected animals may be irritated and attempting to bite or kick at the struck area. •Distinct smell coming from the struck area •Close examination reveals maggots burrowing or tunneling under and into tissues.Treatment •Removal of wool or hair around affected areas and debridement •Remove visible maggots •Spot treatment with an appropriately labelled insecticide until healedMyiasis Flies: TreatmentCochliomyia hominovorax-Primary screwworm•Constant threat of re-introduction •Treat any wound quickly and diligently Success of eradication: 1.Males are not blood feeders; not annoying when released 2.Females only mate onceOestrus ovis-Nasal bot_________: Sheep and sometimes goats •Persistent •Decrease grazing and feeding times •Larvae irritate nasal mucosa; heavy infestations cause sneezing, nasal discharge, and partial blockage of the nasal passages•Ivermectin at 200 mcg/kg, PO or SC, is highly effective against all stages of the larvae.Oestrus ovis-Nasal bot Treatment:Hypoderma bovis and H. lineatusPathogenesis: •Host reaction to toxin release from dead larvae if they are killed while in the esophagus or spinal canal •Stiffness in gait, ataxia, muscle weakness and rear-limb paralysis from H. bovis (northern cattle grub) •Esophageal stricture, drooling, and bloat due to H. lineatum (common cattle grub) •Anaphylaxis-like reaction to rupture of bots Cattle grub populations have ↓ significantly in the past 20 years •Use of ivermectin since the 1980s •Common treatment and control to-date is macrocyclic lactone in fall and spring •Avoid treating when larvae are clustered by esophagus or spinal column -Treat between July 1st and October 1st in OklahomaMelophagus ovinus-Sheep ked; erroneously called "sheep tick"_______________ •Sheep and occasionally goats Site of Infestation: •Most common on neck, shoulder, and underbelly; entire body •Ked population peak in winter; decrease through summer Vector: •Trypanosoma melophagium •Blue-tongue virusMelophagus ovinus-Sheep ked; erroneously called "sheep tick"Pathogenesis: •Blood feeding •Inflammation, anemia, and subsequently loss of wool and production •Skin damage due to biting, kicking, and rubbing of invaded sites •Secondary microbial infections or myiasis Treatment and Control: •Treat after shearing •Pupa not affected by insecticides •Retreat in 3 to 4 weeks or use insecticide with great residual activity1=Bovicola (Damalinia) bovis 2=Bovicola (Damalinia) caprae 3=Bovicola (Damalinia) crassipes 4=Bovicola (Damalinia) limbatus 5=Bovicola (Damalinia) ovis REMEMBER LICE ARE EXTREMELY HOST SPECIFICChewing Lice of Cattle, Sheep, and Goats1=Solenopotes capillatus 2=Haematopinus eurysternus 3=Haematopinus quadripertusus 4=Linognathus vituli 5=Linognathus africanus 6=Linognathus ovillus 7=Linognathus pedalis 8=Linognathus stenopsisSucking Lice of Cattle, Sheep, and Goats1=Bovicola bovis cattle biting louse 2=Linognathus vituli longnosed cattle louse 3=Solenopotes capillatus little blue cattle louse 4=Haematopinus eurysternus Short-nosed cattle louse 5=Haematopinus quadripertusus Tail-switch louseLice of Cattle1=Bovicola bovis cattle biting louse 2=Linognathus vituli longnosed cattle louse 3=Solenopotes capillatus little blue cattle louse 4=Haematopinus eurysternus Short-nosed cattle louseHaematopinus quadripertusus H. eurysternusIn Florida, ___________ causes the most problems in cattle. In most of the US, ____________is the major louse pest of cattle.Affected animals often rub vigorously on fencing and pens, damaging the coat causing excoriations Treatment: Dips or sprays Macrocyclic lactones can be used but more effective against sucking lice than chewing lice Permethrins/pyrethroids, OP, carbamates Nits are not affected by chemical treatments; repeat in ~ 2 weeks to kill emerged nymphsTreating Lice on CattleAffected animals often rub vigorously on fencing and pens, damaging the coat causing excoriations Treatment 1.Dip vats or powder dusting for large operations 2.Hand-applied or spot-treatment for single animals 3.If spays are used: Spray pressure of 200-300 psi for sheep Spray pressure of 40-80 psi for goats If wool and hair are thick Excessive matting and tangling of wool can happen if wool is over 1 inch (2.5 cm) thick 4.Retreat in 12 to 14 days to kill any nymphs that have emergedTreating Lice on Sheepfleas•A few case reports of these ______________ on ruminants; rarely clinical, restlessness •If a problem, heavily contaminated environment; implement control for herd and ranch dogs, cats

Lecture 17: Ectoparasites of Ruminants

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