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Chemistry Week 7

Terms in this set (62)

Methane
CH4
Ethane
CH3CH3
Propane
CH3CH2CH3
Butane
CH3CH2CH2CH3
Pentane
CH3(CH2)3CH3
Hexane
CH3(CH2)4CH3
Heptane
CH3(CH2)5CH3
Octane
CH3(CH2)6CH3
Nonane
CH3(CH2)7CH3
Decane
CH3(CH2)8CH3
Alkane
Single bond C-C
Alkene
double bond C=C
Alkyene
triple bond
Alkyl Group
-An alkane with a hydrogen atom removed, e.g. CH3, C2H5; alkyl groups are often shown as 'R'.
-Alkyl group is unstable and will bond to another group of atoms
-Alkyl group is an alkane functional group
hydrocarbon chain
-chain of carbon atoms bonded to each other and to hydrogen atoms
-no hydrogen bonding (therefore decr. IMF)
-The longer the chain the greater the IMF because more places for momentary dipoles (BP/MP incr.)
Chiral center
carbon with four different substituents
Enantiomers
Chiral carbons that are mirror images, but cannot superimposed them
Aromatics
benzene ring functional group
Benzene
Phenyl Group
Phenol
Organohalogens
are organic compounds that contain one or more halogens (F, Cl, Br, I)
Alcohol
R-OH
Ether
R-O-R
Primary amine
R-NH2, lots of hydrogen bonding - therefore higher IMF than secondary or tertiary amine
Secondary amine
R-NH-R , some hydrogen bonding but less than primary amines, higher IMF than tertiary amine
Tertiary amine
No hydrogen bonding!
Ketone
Aldehyde
carboxylic acid
Ester
Amides
The R groups here can be hydrogens
Thiol
R-SH
Boyle's Law
P1V1 = P2V2
Charles' Law
V1/T1=V2/T2
Avagadro's Law
V1/n1=V2/n2
Gay-Lussac's Law
P1/T1=P2/T2
Gas Law
PV=nRT
R constant
62.36 mmHGL/molK
Dalton's Law
The total pressure of a gas is equal to the sum of the pressures of the individual gases in a mixture
Alveolar Gas (Air) Equation
PAO2 = PIO2 - PaCO2/RQ +F
Main Alveolar Gas (Air) Equation
PAO2 = FIO2*(Pb- Ph2o) - PaCO2/RQ
RQ
0.8, as long as you assume normal metabolism
Alveolar-Arterial Oxygen Gradient
(A-a)DO2
not helpful for a pt on high FiO2
Arterial-Alveolar Ratio
PaO2/PAO2
Arterial-Inspired Oxygen Ratio
used for someone on high FiO2
PaO2/FiO2
normal >200
<200 observed in acute RDS
Joule-Thompson Effect
The decrease in temperature as a result of the loss of heat, when a gas expands freely into a space
Adiabatic compression
a gas heats during compression
Adiabatic expansion
a gas cools during expansion
Henry's Law/oxygen content equation
Amount of a gas dissolved in a liquid is directly proportional to the pressure applied to the gas as it overlies the liquid
Cgas = Pgas/Kh
helps calculate the amount of O2 and CO2 dissolved in the blood
Arterial O2 content = (1.34 ml O2/gm Hgb 15 gm Hgb/100ml blood % saturation) + (.003*PaO2)
the greater the blood solubility of an anesthetic gas the lower the Pgas in body fluid, the slower the onset of effect
Cgas
dissolved gas concentration
Pgas
partial pressure of the gas above the liquid
Kh
solubility constant for a particular gas in a particular substance
inverse of solubility (high Kh if molecules likely to have low solubility)
KH is a constant and it represents molecules leaving a liquid. Likelihood that one of the dissolved gas molecules is not going to be dissolved, it is going to jump back into the gas state. Dissolved in the liquid not dissolved in the gas state (just like the CO2 coming out of your beverage, it is going out into the air, it is no longer dissolved in the beverage)
Graham's Law of Diffusion and Effusion
Diffusion is proportional to 1/Sqrt(MW)
Diffusion coefficient (D) = solubility of Gas/sqrt(MW)
Graham's Law of Diffusion and Effusion
rate1/rate2 = (soln gas1/soln gas 2)*sqrt(molar mass2/molar mass1)

heavier particles diffuse slower
Fick's Law of Diffusion
Diffusion Rate = ADdeltaP/T
D= diffusion coefficient (came from graham)
T=thickness
A= Surface area
P = driving pressure
Bunsen solubility coefficient
alpha
Kh = 1/alpha
Kh and solubility coefficient are inversely proportional
Kh is the propensity to come out of soln
solubility is the propensity to go into soln
Ostwald solubility coefficient
blood gas partition coefficient
Pgas follows an equilibration b/w Pgas in the inspired gas, the alveoli, and arterial blood
Blood/gas partition coefficient
Nitrous oxide (.47)> desflurane(.42 - high fat:blood ratio) > sevoflurane(.65) > isoflurane (1.4)
Critical flow rate
Velocity at which a liquid or a gas converts from laminar to turbulent flow. The critical flow rate exist for any given fluid at a given tube diameter (reynolds flow rate)
Poiseuille
Tube - laminar flow, based on viscosity
Graham
Orifice - turbulent flow, base on molecular weight. Do you want more flow or turbulent flow - need to pick one
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