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Ch. 24 Lifespan Development

Terms in this set (34)

Piaget's stages of cognitive development
1. sensorimotor (birth-2yrs)
2. preoperational (2-7yrs)
3. concrete operational (7-11yrs)
4. formal operational (12+yrs)
sensorimotor stage (birth-2yrs)
-infants use senses and motor skills to know the world
-develop schema, object permanence, and mental representation, goal-directed behavior
preoperational stage (2-7yrs)
-child uses trial + error to discover new things
-egocentric but gradually begins to decenter
-more logical thinking, time is only in present
-uses symbols and imaginative ability
concrete operational stage (7-11 yrs)
-recognizes cause + effect, outcome of behaviors
-has more realistic views and better memory
-uses logical operations to interpret experiences
-focuses on more than one task
-basic ideas of conversion, number classification
formal operational stage (12+)
-abstract + hypothetical thinking
-uses scientific problem solving
-understands past, present, future
-interested in ethics, politics, and moral issues
Erikson's Psychosocial Theory
-eight dilemmas that must be solved correctly each stage builds on tasks of the previous stage, successful mastery leads to sense of self
Infancy (birth-1yr)
Toddler (1-3yrs)
-trust vs mistrust: infants relationship w caregiver to meet their basic needs
-autonomy vs shame & doubt: children become self sufficient or doubt own abilities, need encouragement
Preschool (3-6yrs)
School Age (7-11 yrs)
-Initiative vs. guilt: preschoolers want to initiate tasks sometimes beyond limits set by parents and feel guilty about it
-Industry vs inferiority: children learn to be productive or feel inferior and unable to do tasks
Adolescence (12-19 yrs)
Young adult (20-44 yrs)
-identity vs role confusion: try to figure our identity or are confused about roles to play
-intimacy vs isolation: seek companionship and love or become isolated w others
middle adulthood (45-65 yrs)
late adulthood (65+)
-generativity vs stagnation: performing meaningful work and raising family or becoming stagnant and inactive
-ego integrity vs despair: make sense of lives or despair at goals never reached/unanswered
Growth + Development
-increase in size, can involve entire being or parts within, predictable but varies from each person, characterized by spurts and rests
-function, gradual process of change and differentiation
cephalocaudal and proximodistal
-growth and development that proceeds from head to feet
-growth and development from center to outside of body
chromosomes
-23 from each parent, threadlike structures in nucleus of cell that function in transmission of genetic info,
-process of division, transmission and mixing of chromosomes account for variations in family traits
teratogen
-substance, agent, process that interferes w normal prenatal development (drugs, alcohol)
-genetic testing can provide info if parents are carriers of inherited diseases
life expectancy
infant mortality rate
-prediction of years someone will live based on the average of others w similar characteristics
-number of death before they turn 1
Nuclear family
Extended family
-parents and biological offspring
-nuclear and additional family
Blended family
Social Contract Family + Cohabitation
-adults remarry and bring children from previous marriages
-unmarried couple living together
autocratic family pattern
patriarchal + matriarchal family pattern
democratic family pattern
-parents control children w strict rules, least open
-male/female is main decision maker, functions in work role + finances, childcare
-members function as equals, children treated w respect and recognized as individuals, joint decision making and support uniqueness
Stages of Family Development
-Engagement or commitment stage: plans to marry
-Establishment stage: from wedding - birth of 1st child
-Expectant Stage: conception - pregnancy
-Parenthood: begins at birth of 1st child
-Disengagement stage: grown kids leave home
-Senescence stage: last stage of life cycle
engagement/commitment stage
-couple acknowledges plans to marry, opposition or support is evident, wedding is arranged, couple negotiations are explored
Establishment stage
-from wedding to first child, adjusting from single to married, relationship w couple's family and friends can enhance or weaken ties, requires major adjustments and work from both parties
Expectant Stage
-adjustments to bond w baby, can be surrogate: agreement woman makes to be artificially inseminated to bear a child and give parenting rights to father or couple
Parenthood
-at birth or adoption of first child, need to compound lack of time and self-doubt, much anxiety over transition
-disengagement: period of family life when children depart from home, couples redefine personal roles and time, still guide children
Senescence stage
-last stage, family is major source of satisfaction
-grandparenting role requires new adaptions and sense of identity, want close relationship but also independency
Causes of Family Stresses
-chronic illness, working mothers (delays care), abuse, divorce (effects on child vary)
Growth and Development in Speech
-3 months: babbling, exploring sounds by air stream
-1 year: recognition of words, one to two word sentence
-Preschool: acquisition of structure of native language, many words language explosion, crucial period for learning
-6 years: ability to speak and understand new sentences, greater control in comprehension and many ways language can be used
-caregivers have enormous potential to influence infants intellect, requires intact physiological functioning
-humans have innate capacity to learn language and speech
Biological Theories of Aging
-autoimmunity, free radical theory, wear & tear, genetic
autoimmunity theory
-body becomes less able to recognize or tolerate self so it produces antibodies against itself
-affected by increase in thymus gland and less ability to produce T cells, reduced efficiency w bone marrow, more WBCs
free radical theory of aging
-highly reactive cellular components, derived from unstable atoms or molecules, cause cellular waste to accumulate
-accelerates aging and results in death, lipofuscin accumulates in organs
wear&tear theory
genetic theory
-if you don't use it you lose it
-life expectancies within families
Psychological Theories
-disengagement, activity, continuity theory
disengagement theory
-natural withdrawal b/w individual and society bc they have nothing else to contribute, allows younger to replace them
-normal, inevitable, universal but can differ in cultures
activity theory
-more active socially allows better life satisfaction and adjustment bc it reinforces self-concept
continuity theory
-ability to maintain previous roles and activities, personality and habits stay the same
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