ABNORMAL PSYCH (CHAPTERS 8,9,10)

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A graph that shows a spike in deaths due to heart attacks on the day in which a community experienced a significant disaster demonstrates that:

the disaster caused the heart attacks.

the community was an unhealthy place to live prior to the disaster.

medical care is not adequate in times of disaster.

stress plays an important role in coronary heart disease and deaths.
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Terms in this set (96)
A graph that shows a spike in deaths due to heart attacks on the day in which a community experienced a significant disaster demonstrates that:

the disaster caused the heart attacks.

the community was an unhealthy place to live prior to the disaster.

medical care is not adequate in times of disaster.

stress plays an important role in coronary heart disease and deaths.
stress plays an important role in coronary heart disease and deaths.
A person who has difficulty expressing unpleasant emotions such as anger or hostility is displaying a ______.

sociocultural stressor

type A personality

type B personality

repressive coping style
repressive coping style
Every time Miguel had a headache, his mother let him miss school. Now, as an adult, his headaches have become more frequent. His head pounds any time he is required to do something he would rather not. This is a ______ explanation of conversion symptoms.

cognitive

biological

behavioral

cultural
behavioral
A woman who is particularly threatened by any display of anger becomes unable to speak when she is most angry with her husband, thereby keeping the anger out of her awareness. According to psychodynamic theorists, she is achieving ______ from her illness.

primary gain

secondary gain

tertiary gain

no gain
primary gain
Disorders that represent the conversion of conflicts and anxiety into physical symptoms would include:

phobia disorders.

dissociative disorders.

psychophysiological disorders.

conversion disorders.
conversion disorders.
If you have a high level of cytokines, we know that:

you have developed antibodies to protect you from infection.

you are at greater risk for heart disease, stroke, and other illnesses.

your liver is not producing bile.

your immune system is unusually healthy.
you are at greater risk for heart disease, stroke, and other illnesses.
Researchers have found a link between Type A personality and:

lack of aggressiveness.

somatoform disorder.

coronary heart disease.

generalized anxiety disorder.
coronary heart disease.
If you were working in the field of psychoneuroimmunology, you would be studying:

the relationship between brain functioning and illness.

the links between stress and illness.

the correlation between immune functioning and health.

the development of the neurological system when one is ill.
the links between stress and illness.
A young woman has become very afraid of being overweight. She has recently reduced her food intake although she feels hungry all the time. As a result, her weight has dropped sharply below average, but she still believes that she is overweight. She is MOST likely experiencing:

bulimia nervosa.

anorexia nervosa.

Carpenter's syndrome.

carbohydrate deprivation.
anorexia nervosa.
If a person says, "I must be perfect in every way. I will be a better person if I deprive myself of food," that person is engaging in:

distorted thinking.

food preoccupation.

obsessive-compulsions.

amenorrhea.
distorted thinking.
If a friend were experiencing anorexia nervosa, you wouldn't be surprised to find that she was also experiencing all of the following EXCEPT: substance abuse. a personality disorder. low self-esteem. anxiety.a personality disorder.People who binge: like to eat high protein foods such as steak and nuts. feel powerful before the binge. are usually calm and rational just before and then during a binge. generally consume about 10,000 calories during a binge.generally consume about 10,000 calories during a binge.Someone who fasts or exercises strenuously following a binge is engaging in: compensatory behaviors. purging. enmeshment. exposure and response prevention.compensatory behaviors."I have this vague sense that something isn't right, but I just can't describe it," is a statement MOST likely said by someone experiencing: exposure to response intervention. an enmeshed family. alexithymia. a weight set point.alexithymia.If you are overweight, the development of which of the following is MOST likely to appeal to you? a way to safely block GLP-1 in humans a way to safely activate the lateral hypothalamus in humans a way to safely deactivate the ventromedial hypothalamus in humans a way to safely increase GLP-1 in humansa way to safely increase GLP-1 in humansSerotonin levels are low in those with eating disorders and in those with obsessive-compulsive disorder and depression. This means that: low serotonin causes all three disorders. all the disorders cause serotonin to decrease. there is a relationship, but no evidence of causation. if we raise serotonin levels, we will cure eating disorders.there is a relationship, but no evidence of causation.Sarah brings her young daughter into the emergency room with internal bleeding. The attending physician later concludes that Sarah caused the symptoms in her daughter intentionally, caused by a need to gain attention and praise for her devoted care of her sick child. If this assessment is correct, Sarah would be diagnosed as having: a factitious disorder. a conversion disorder. Munchausen syndrome. Munchausen syndrome by proxy.Munchausen syndrome by proxy.Munchausen syndrome by proxy is MOST likely to adversely affect the physical well-being of: the person experiencing it. the child of the person experiencing it. the spouse of the person experiencing it. the medical personnel caring for the person experiencing it.the child of the person experiencing it.A 35-year-old woman hobbles into the office of a physician complaining of a debilitating illness that has robbed her of the use of her left leg and right arm. The physician finds no physical basis for her symptoms. She appears totally unaware that the cause of her symptoms may be psychological. The diagnosis would be: malingering. factitious disorder. conversion disorder. preoccupation disorder.conversion disorder.Which of the following is a MAIN characteristic of an individual with Munchausen syndrome by proxy? psychotic independent emotionally needy limited intelligence and educationemotionally needyResearchers have found that substance use disorders are more common among some religious groups than others, and in general, are more common among some groups than among others. Together, these findings provide the MOST support for which view of substance abuse disorders? sociocultural cognitive cognitive-behavioral psychodynamicsocioculturalOne longitudinal study found that men who develop alcoholism were initially MORE: antisocial as adults. aggressive as children. impulsive in adolescence. depressed in adolescence.impulsive in adolescence.For which of the following individuals is recovery from anorexia MOST likely? someone who is a teenager rather than a young adult someone who has lost a relatively large percentage of body weight someone who also has sex problems someone who enters therapy late in his or her disordersomeone who is a teenager rather than a young adultWhat is a likely long-term consequence of anorexia? failure to gain weight failure to menstruate continuing concern about weight and appearance inability to succeed at a jobcontinuing concern about weight and appearanceRelapses of bulimia are MOST likely to occur following: exposure to other bulimics. life stresses. periods of stomach sickness. Christmas and other holidays.life stresses.Similarities between bulimia and anorexia include: both tend to begin after a period of dieting among people afraid of becoming obese. both involve a reluctance to think about food, weight, or appearance. both involve an underestimation of one's weight and body size. both tend to be related to personality disorders.both tend to begin after a period of dieting among people afraid of becoming obese.A young woman who is very concerned about being attractive to others, is more sexually experienced, and has relatively few obsessive qualities is: more likely to be experiencing anorexia than bulimia. more likely to be experiencing bulimia than anorexia. equally likely to be experiencing bulimia or anorexia. less likely to be experiencing bulimia or anorexia.more likely to be experiencing bulimia than anorexia.A manager who feels anxious about speaking in front of large groups frequently has a couple of glasses of wine to "relax" before beginning to speak. This "medicinal" use of alcohol can be explained MOST easily: by opponent-process theory. through molecular biological analysis. by operant conditioning. as genetic predisposition.by operant conditioning.The use of narcotic antagonists can be dangerous because of their ability to initiate: respiratory failure. severe withdrawal. neurological damage. addiction to the antagonist.severe withdrawal.Jason, a recovering heavy drinker, has been trained to identify the situations that might cause him to drink and to be aware of when he should stop drinking. This approach is known as: aversive therapy. ego-control therapy. relapse-prevention training. behavioral self-control training.relapse-prevention training.Daniel, an intravenous heroin user, feels intense cravings when he sees hypodermic needles. This may be an example of: modeling. operant conditioning. classical conditioning. observational learning.classical conditioning.Which of the following conclusions about family patterns and eating disorders is MOST supported by systematic research? People with eating disorders come from enmeshed families. Children who take on a "sick role" will likely develop eating disorders. Individuality and independence are related to the development of eating disorders. Families of those with bulimia nervosa and anorexia nervosa vary widely.Families of those with bulimia nervosa and anorexia nervosa vary widely.A study of college men showed that they describe the ideal male as ______ and the ideal female as ______. slim and trim; slim and trim muscular; muscular muscular; thin athletic; strongmuscular; thinPeople who are coping with severe pain by telling themselves that they can get through it by focusing on the pain ending, and by remembering that they have gotten through it before, are MOST likely to have received which of the following therapies? insight therapy cognitive intervention behavioral medicine psychotropic medicationcognitive interventionOne of the MAIN findings from the research on the relationship between psychology and physical illness is: there is no relationship between psychology and physical illness. there is a small and unimportant relationship between psychology and physical illness. there is a strong relationship between psychology and physical illness. the research has been inconclusive on the relationship between psychology and physical illness.there is a strong relationship between psychology and physical illness.Intoxication is actually a form of: tolerance. poisoning. hallucination. substance dependence.poisoning.A person you know has just started experiencing delirium tremens. They will probably last: two or three days, with no significant health risk. two or three days, with a significant risk of problems like seizure or stroke. about a week, with no significant health risk. about a week, with a significant risk of problems like seizure or stroke.two or three days, with a significant risk of problems like seizure or stroke.A newly developed drug causes users to lose some muscle control and slur their speech. The drug also results in a slowing of central nervous system activity. MOST likely, this drug is a: depressant. hallucinogen. stimulant. polydrug.depressantA person who has injected a narcotic feels relaxed, happy, and unconcerned about food, sex, or other bodily needs. This person is experiencing what is known as: a rush. a high. free-basing. endorphin release.a high.The GREATEST danger of LSD use is: the risk of developing drug tolerance. the possibility of very powerful, sometimes negative, reactions. the severity of withdrawal symptoms among even occasional users. the universal occurrence of "flashbacks" among former users.the possibility of very powerful, sometimes negative, reactions.Ellen stopped taking her regular amount of cocaine after using it for months. She will probably experience: letdown, depressed feelings, and "crashing." pain, sweating, mania, and nausea. excitement, insomnia, and hallucinations. dramatic tremors of the hands and face, very rapid heart rate, and convulsions.letdown, depressed feelings, and "crashing."Barbiturates were first prescribed to help people: diet. deal with the stresses of war. sleep. deal with pain.sleepKelly is a long-time serious drinker. In the last year, she has started having frequent memory lapses. When this happens, she makes up wild stories to help her fill in what she does not remember. This symptom is called: confabulation. Korsakoff's syndrome. Wernicke's encephalopathy. alcohol-induced psychotic disorder.confabulationThe drug which, when misused, would MOST quickly result in dependence or addiction would be: Xanax. opium. cannabis. ethyl alcohol.opiumThe pleasant feeling called a "high" produced by using a narcotic is due to: an increase in the release of the neurotransmitter serotonin. the opponent process caused by IV injection. the drug attaching to sites normally receptive to endorphins. the drug flooding neurotransmitter synapses with dopamine.the drug attaching to sites normally receptive to endorphins."Are physical illnesses related to stress?" asks your text. The answer, of course, is "Yes". Summarize research findings that show a clear link between stress levels and physical illnesses.Researchers, Holmes and Rahe, developed the Social Readjustment Rating scale which assigns numerical values (called Life Change Units) to stressful life events. They then used this to examine the relationship between stress and physical illness, and discovered that higher LCU scores were found in sick people than in healthy people. Since then, research studies have found that the greater the amount of stress, the greater the likelihood of illness. They even found a relationship between death and traumatic stress.Ellen stopped taking her regular amount of cocaine after using it for months. She will probably experience: letdown, depressed feelings, and "crashing."Correct answer pain, sweating, mania, and nausea. excitement, insomnia, and hallucinations. dramatic tremors of the hands and face, very rapid heart rate, and convulsions.factitious disorderFalse creation of physical psychological symptoms, or deceptive production of injury or disease, in another person or on oneself, even without external rewards (munchausen syndrome and munchausen syndrome by proxy)factitious disorder characteristic linksPoor social support or relationships and little family life Extensive medical treatment in childhood Grudge against medical profession Employment as nurse, lab technician, or aidefactitious disorder causes and treatmentThe precise causes of factitious disorder are not understood. Clinicians have been unable to develop dependably effective treatments for this disorder.Conversion Disorder (Functional Neurological Symptom Disorder)Neurological-like symptoms inconsistent with known neurological or medical disease Usually beginning in late childhood and young adulthood; often appears suddenly during extreme stress Not consciously wanted or purposely producedsomatic symptom disorderAt least one upsetting or repeatedly disruptive physical (somatic) symptom An unreasonable number of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors Physical symptoms usually continue to some degree for more than 6 monthssomatization patternLong-lasting physical ailment with no physical basis; dramatic and exaggerated Treatment sought from doctor to doctor Prevalence: 4 percent Abuse and genetic linkspredominant pain patternPain source known or unknown May develop after an accident or illness that initially caused genuine paincauses of conversion and somatic symptom disordersPreviously called hysterical disorders Widely considered unique and in need of special explanation No explanation has received much research support, and the disorders are still poorly understoodpsychodynamic view of conversion and somatic symptom disorderFirst psychodynamic theory of these two disorders Underlying emotional conflicts converted into physical symptoms and concerns Two defense mechanisms (Primary gain and Secondary gain)primary gainPeople derive primary gain when their bodily symptoms keep their internal conflicts out of awareness. During an argument, for example, a man who has underlying fears about expressing anger may develop a conversion paralysis of the arm, thus preventing his feelings of rage from reaching consciousness.secondary gainPeople derive secondary gain when their bodily symptoms further enable them to avoid unpleasant activities or to receive sympathy from others. When, for example, a conversion paralysis allows a soldier to avoid combat duty or conversion blindness prevents the breakup of a relationship, secondary gain may be at workcognitive-behavioral view of conversion disorder and somatic symptom disorderPoint to three realms to help explain conversion and somatic symptom disorders: Somatic vigilance Rewards Communication skillssomatic vigilancesuggest that some people are more attentive than others to their bodies, and this attentiveness causes them to focus more on their bodily discomforts, experience more arousal in response to them, and worry about them more.rewardscognitive-behavioral theorists propose that the physical symptoms of these disorders yield important benefits to suffererscommunication skillscognitive-behavioral theorists propose that conversion and somatic symptom disorders are forms of self-expression, providing a means for people to reveal emotions that would otherwise be difficult for them to conveyconversion and somatic symptom disorder treatmentsFocus on the cause of the disorder: Insight Exposure Drug therapies Focus on the physical symptoms: Education Reinforcement Cognitive restructuringillness anxiety disorderPerson is preoccupied with thoughts about having or getting a significant illness. In reality, person has no or, at most, mild somatic symptoms. Person has easily triggered high anxiety about health. Person displays unduly high number of health-related behaviors (e.g., keeps focusing on body) or dysfunctional health avoidance behaviors (e.g., avoids doctors). Person's concerns continue to some degree for at least 6 months.psychophysiological disordersAffected persons have a medical condition. Psychological factors negatively affect the medical condition.: Affect the course of the medical condition Provide obstacles to the treatment of medical condition Pose new health risks Trigger or worsen the medical conditiontraditional psychophysiological disordersUlcers Asthma Insomnia Chronic headaches Migraine headaches HypertensionPsychoneuroimmunologyExamines how stressful events result in viral or bacterial infection and connection between psychosocial stress, immune system, and health.anorexia nervosaIndividual purposely takes in too little nourishment, resulting in body weight that is very low and below that of other people of similar age and gender. Individual is very fearful of gaining weight, or repeatedly seeks to prevent weight gain despite low body weight. Individual has a distorted body perception, places inappropriate emphasis on weight or shape in judgments of themself, or fails to appreciate the serious implications of their low weight.Subtypes of Anorexia Nervosarestricting type (lose weight by cutting out sweets, and nearly all food) binge-eating/purging type (lose weight by forcing themselves to vomit after meals or abusing laxatives/diuretics)anorexia nervosa incidence75% occurs in females; onset age between 14-20bulimia nervosaRepeated binge-eating episodes Repeated performance of ill-advised compensatory behaviors (e.g., forced vomiting) to prevent weight gain Symptoms take place at least weekly for a period of 3 months Inappropriate influence of weight and shape on appraisal of oneselfincidence of bulimia nervosa75% cases reported are female; onset between 15-20 years oldbinge-eating disorderRecurrent binge-eating episodes that include at least three of these features: Unusually fast eating Absence of hunger Uncomfortable fullness Secret eating due to sense of shame Subsequent feelings of self-disgust, depression, or severe guilt Significant distress Binge-eating episodes take place at least weekly over the course of 3 months Absence of excessive compensatory behaviorstreatments for anorexia nervosaRestoring weight and normal eating methods: Nutritional rehabilitation Tube and intravenous feedings Behavioral weight-restoration approaches Combination of supportive nursing care, nutritional counseling, and high-calorie diet Motivational interviewing psychotherapy most effectivesubstance use statisticsOverall cost of substance misuse is $740 billion in the United States alone (combing costs of crime, lost work productivity, and health care). 135 million people in the United States have used cocaine, heroin, or another illegal substance; 32 million have used illegal substances with past month. One-quarter of all teenagers have used an illegal substance.drugAny substance other than food affecting our bodies or minds, including alcohol, tobacco, and caffeinesubstance intoxicationCluster of changes in behavior, emotion, or thought caused by substances (DSM-5)substance use disordersMaladaptive behavior patterns and reactions caused by repeated substance use Presence of at least 2 of the following symptoms within a 1-year period: Substance often taken in larger amounts Unsuccessful efforts to reduce or control substance use Much time spent trying to obtain, use, or recover from the effects of substance use Failure to fulfill major role obligations Continued use despite persistent interpersonal problems Reduction of important activities Continuing use in dangerous situations Continued use despite worsening of physical or psychological problems Craving for substance Tolerance effects Withdrawal reactionstoleranceNeed for increasing doses of substances to produce desired effectwithdrawalUnpleasant and sometimes dangerous symptoms occurring with drug stopping or cutting backdepressantsSlow the activity of the central nervous system (CNS) Reduce tension and inhibitions May interfere with judgment, motor activity, and concentrationmost widely used depressantsalcohol, sedative-hypnotic drugs, opioidsstimulantsStimulants increase the activity of the central nervous system (CNS). Increase blood pressure, heart rate, and alertness Rapid behavior and thinkingmost common stimulantscocaine, amphetamines, caffeinehallucinogensProduce powerful changes primarily in sensory perception (trips).natural hallucinogensLysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy)cannabisProduced from varieties of hemp plants Hashish: Solidified resin of the cannabis plant Marijuana: Mixture of buds, crushed leaves, and flowering tops Major active ingredient: Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) Potency influenced by environmental conditions. When smoked, produces a mixture of hallucinogenic, depressant, and stimulant effects, known as cannabis intoxication. Most of the effects last 2-6 hours.polysubstance usetaking more than one drug at a timesociocultural view of causes of substance use disordersPeople who are most likely to develop these disorders. Live in stressful socioeconomic conditions Have families that value or tolerate drug use Are confronted regularly by other kinds of stresspsychodynamic view of causes of substance use disordersPeople who are most likely to develop these disorders. Have powerful early years dependency needs Display substance abuse personalitybiological view of causes of substance use disordersBiological factors play a major role in drug misuse. Genetic predisposition Neurotransmitters Brain reward circuitscognitive-behavioral view of causes of substance use disordersPeople who are most likely to develop these disorders Operant conditioned by tension-reduction, rewarding effects of drugs (self-medication) Have rewards-produced expectancy that substances will be rewarding Influenced by classical conditioning when cues or objects are present during drug usedevelopmental psychopathology view of causes of substance use disordersGenetically inherited predisposition Externalizing or internalizing temperament Numerous stressors throughout childhood Inadequate parenting Rewarding substance use experiences Relationships with peers who use drugsacceptance and commitment therapyuse a mindfulness-based approach to help clients become aware of their streams of thoughts as they are occurring and to accept such thoughts as mere events of the mind.relapse-prevention trainingThe overall goal is for clients to gain control over their substance-related behaviors. Clients are taught to identify and plan ahead for high-risk situations and to learn from mistakes and lapses. This approach is used particularly to treat alcohol use, as well as cocaine and marijuana abuse.aversion therapyIndividuals are repeatedly presented with an unpleasant stimulus at the very moment they are taking a drug. After repeated pairings, they are expected to react negatively to the substance itself and to lose their craving for it. These treatments help clients identify and change the patterns and cognitions contributing to their patterns of use.