Upgrade to remove ads
Only $35.99/year

OTH 5760 Mid Term copy

Terms in this set (59)

three ways to define and classify research
1. major methodological approach (qualitative or quantitative)
2. research design
3. research purposes (basic, applied, or transformative)
qualitative research
-aims to describe and explain individuals' subjective experiences, actions, interactions, and social contexts through various approaches involving interviewing, note-taking of events and actions, examining written and visual documents, and making audio and video recordings.
quantitative research
-create and test theories using standardized and predetermined designs, measures, sampling approaches, and procedures
-test one hypothesis or more and translate reports and observations into numerical data that are analyzed using statistical approaches
-enforce rigor by limiting the influence of subjective bias and other actions and events that interfere with an accurate interpretation of the data
reliability
whether a given instrument provides stable information across different circumstances
validity
whether an instrument measures what it is intended to measure
major types of research articles
literature reviews and experimental reports
levels of evidence: OCEBM
-level 1: systematic reviews
-level 2: randomized trials
-level 3: nonrandomized controlled cohort and follow-up studies
-level 4: case-series, case-control, and historically controlled studies
-level 5: mechanism-based reasoning case studies
5 dimensions of evaluating qualitative evidence using the Multidimensional approach
1. descriptive vividness (the degree to which study methods and findings are clear, credible, complete, and valid)
2. methodologic congruence (extent of rigor in documentation, procedures, and ethics)
3. analytical preciseness (congruence between study data, findings, interpretations, theoretical linkages, and conclusions drawn)
4. theoretical connectedness (extent to which theoretical constructs and their relationships with one another were validated by the data, clearly defined, comprehensive, and sufficient in contributing to the formation of a new theory or in confirming or linking to concepts within an existing theory)
5. heuristic relevance (applicability of findings to practice, intuitive recognition of the described phenomena that is consistent with the field's knowledge base, and the necessity of these new findings and knowledge)
steps in the research process
-conducting a literature review
-generating the research problems and questions
-Defining the research aims and hypotheses
-Selecting the research methods
-Writing the research proposal
-Ensuring ethical research
-Securing samples and performance sites
-Implementing research procedures and collecting data
-Organizing and analyzing data
-Interpreting results and generating findings
-Writing and disseminating findings
difference between a research question, specific aim, and hypothesis
-research question: defines a very specific clinical or scientific problem that the research aims to resolve or a very narrow gap or contradiction in clinical or scientific knowledge that the research aims to address
-specific aim: a precise and concise statement describing what the study will accomplish and what exactly its value will be
-hypothesis: states the expected results of a quantitative study
Difference between evidence retrieved on World Wide Web, Online Public Access Catalogs, and Bibliographic Citation Databases
-world wide web: web search engines and directories (google, yahoo) streamlines processes of publication and dissemination but bypasses traditional processes for evaluating the quality of the information lacks standardized indexing
-online public access catalogs: electronic databases of contents of individual libraries and networks of libraries. searches tend to be more closed-ended, seeking known items at a particular site
-bibliographic citation databases: allow online access to bibliographic records. most content has undergone review process ensuring accuracy, originality, authority, and rigor. not limited to resources located at a particular site
Difference between browsing and querying
-browsing: can be structured or serendipitous and involves entering terms into the search engine, according to either a preplanned approach or an inductive, evolving approach
-querying: seeking matches to a particular text phrase or keyword
Boolean logic
-Boolean relationships specify the inclusion or exclusion of content that matches the text of search terms in search queries
-AND: information items that match the specific text of both search terms
-OR: information items that match the specific text of either of the search terms --NOT: information items that match only the specific text of one of the search terms
The role research plays in the profession
-theory and research evidence guide and support practice
-evidence based practice: an approach to practice that assumes the active application of current, methodologically sound research to inform practice decisions and treatment options in light of a client's preferences, expectations, and values
research producer
-doctorate/ postdoctorate training
-Identify original research questions and design methods for answering them, secure funding for research, supervise research, work with interdisciplinary collaborators, present/publish research reports
research collaborator
-professional training/specialized training
-serve as subjects, refer/screen subjects, collect data, implement services being tested, provide clinical expertise, help negotiate politics/administrative processes, help identify research question and interpret results
research consumer
-professional training
-read research and use findings to guide practice, identify practice knowledge gaps, complete/present critical appraisal
researcher advocate
-appreciate value of research
-serve in professional associations that fund/support research, lobby, donate money
sections of a research proposal
1. statement of the research problem and questions
2. statement of the research aim and hypothesis
3. background and significance
4. methodological approach
5. data analysis approach
6. timeline
7. key personnel
8. budget
single subject research
a group of related methodological approaches that involve in-depth analyses of the behaviors of a single research subject or of a relatively small group of subjects that is considered collectively, with the subjects serving as their own controls
A-B design
-single subject design
-A indicates baseline phase, B indicates treatment phase
A-B-C successive intervention design
second intervention is introduced in the C phase
A-B-C changing-criterion design
has three or more phases, and the criterion for success changes sequentially from one intervention phase to the next
withdrawal design
-A-B-A
-stronger internal validity than A-B and A-B-C designs
-consists of a minimum of three phases: baseline (A), intervention (B), and baseline (A) or, conversely, B- A-B
A-B-A-B design
-baseline and intervention phases reverse twice so that subjects are exposed to both conditions twice.
-causal inferences can be made related to the participant or participants studied
-ethical appeal in situations in which the intervention is effective because you do not end by withdrawing the intervention
multiple baseline designs
-require repeated measures of at least three baseline conditions that typically are implemented concurrently, with each successive baseline being longer than the previous one
-can be across behaviors, across participants, or across settings.
alternating treatments design
-fast alternation of two or more different interventions or conditions.
-baseline phase is not essential
-not appropriate when behavior is expected to take time to change, when effects are expected to be cumulative, or when multiple-treatment interference is anticipated
-can be used to compare the effects of intervention and no intervention, or they can be used to compare the effects of two or more distinct interventions
how to present the data
data graphs, phase lengths, visual analysis, statistical significance
advantages and disadvantages of questionnaires
-advantages: low cost, respondent anonymity, no interviewer bias
disadvantages: lower response rate, can't clarify questions, requires literacy
advantages and disadvantages of mailed questionnaires
-advantages: can be completed at responder's convenience, no time constraint
-disadvantages: time consuming, requires follow-ups
advantages and disadvantages of directly administered questionnaires
-advantages: take less time, no mailing cost
disadvantages: limits sampling strategies, less flexible time frame
advantages and disadvantages of online questionnaires
-advantages: fast, web based, can have more advanced features, data analysis
-disadvantages: requires computer, privacy concerns
advantages and disadvantages of interviews
-advantages: greater flexibility for more detail, ensure integrity of questionnaire
-disadvantages: expensive
advantages and disadvantages of telephone interviews
-advantages: short data collection period, cost less, more perceived anonymity, easier to sample large area
-disadvantages: less interviewer control, limited visual aids, requires telephone, more limited opportunity to establish credibility
advantages and disadvantages of face-to-face interviews
-advantages: contact hard-to-reach populations, reduce missing data
-disadvantages: travel cost, longer data collection period, interviewer bias, safety concerns, respondent anonymity
how is survey research administered
questionnaires (administered directly, by mail, or electronically) and interviews (telephone, cell phone, or face to face)
general design of survey research- formatting principles
-The front cover should be clear and attractive.
-The back cover of the questionnaire should not have any questions.
-The survey should have an uncluttered appearance.
-A 12-point type font is preferable.
-Questions need sequentially assigned numbers.
-Clear instructions need to be provided.
-Questions need to be written out in full rather than one word.
-The questions should all start at the left margin.
-All the parts of a question should be on the same page.
-Response categories should have a vertical response format.
-Response choices should have a numerical code to be circled.
-Space generously to avoid a cluttered look
satisfactory response rates
There is no agreed-upon standard minimum for an acceptable response rate
univariate design
data are collected on a single variable or a series of single variables and then characterized with descriptive statistics
correlational design
relationships between two or more variables are examined
group comparison studies
-experimental designs: test if-then statements and provide evidence about probable causality
-nonexperimental group comparison designs: lack the degree of control achieved by experimental designs
what a basic experiment looks like
1. There is one sample that is drawn representatively from one population.
2. There is one categorical independent variable.
3. Study participants are randomly assigned to as many groups as there are conditions to the independent variable.
4. The independent variable is administered as planned.
5. Potentially confounding variables are minimized, and otherwise uncontrollable events are equally likely across the groups.
6. There is one dependent variable on which all subjects are measured or categorized.
7. The experimental hypothesis tested is the probability of a causal effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable within the population
internal validity
the extent to which one variable is directly implicated in an outcome, or change, in a second variable and is free from the influence of extraneous variables
type 1 error
reporting a relationship when there really is no relationship
type 2 error
the failure to find and report a relationship when the relationship actually exists
external validity
generalizability—whether the results of a research project can be applied to the nonresearch environment (the real world).
levels of data
1. nominal/categorical
2.ordinal
3.interval
4.ratio
non-randomized comparison group design
similar to experiments but as using convenient preexisting groupings as the method of assigning participants to conditions of the independent variable, as opposed to randomization.
nominal/categorical data
case numeric labels are assigned to designate specific categories of a given variable
ordinal data
determines the rank order of a variable
interval data
assignment of numbers along a continuum of less to more of a variable divided into equal intervals
ratio data
differs from interval data only in that there is a true zero point at which none of what is being measured exists
approaches to data collection
• Observation,
• Interviews,
• Self-report measures,
• Standardized tests and performance measures,
•Contextual/environmental assessment,
• Focus groups and town hall meetings,
• Biometric measures, and
• Document/records review.
planning and implementing data collection
1. Selecting instruments and procedures for data collection,
2. Developing a data collection plan,
3. Selecting and preparing personnel for data collection.
ethical considerations
-before beginning data collection procedure, adequate rapport with subjects must be established. -must maintain rapport throughout the procedure to the extent that it does not distract or interfere
-respond humanely and empathically to any uncomfortable circumstances or difficult disclosures made by the subject during data collection
-maintain professional boundaries during data collection
meta-analysis definition
a comprehensive study that summarizes the findings of several individual studies to answer scientific (and clinical) questions
steps involved in conducting a meta-analysis
1. problem formulation
2. data collection
3. data evaluation and coding
4. analysis and interpretation
5. reporting results
example of meta-analysis relevant to OT
-"The Results of Clinical Trials in Stroke Rehabilitation Research"
-Knowing that ADL gains were anticipated to come more readily during rehabilitation than cognitive and language gains, she was able to put her experiences with clients into better perspective.
advantages and disadvantages of meta-analysis as a research method in OT
-advantages: Increased statistical power, Obtaining an estimate of the magnitude of experimental effects, Greater insight into the nature of relationships among variables, and The ability to objectively explore contradictions in a group of studies
-disadvantages: meta-analysis involves assumptions that must be made explicit, and if these assumptions are not clear to the user or reader, misleading conclusions may occur, alternate conceptualizations of included treatment variables may rival the one offered, some readers may judge that the quantitative synthesis of results from multiple studies may create an illusion of statistical objectivity that is not justified by the data obtained from the review, nonindependence
Sets found in the same folder